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A   HISTORY   OF  BRITISH 

WATER    COLOUR 

PAINTING 

WITH   A   BIOGRAPHICAL   LIST 
OF   PAINTERS 

By  H.  M.  CUNDALL,  I.S.O.,  F.S.A. 


WITH  FIFTY-EIGHT  COLOURED  ILLUSTRATIONS 


NEW    YORK 
E.    P.    BUTTON   AND   COMPANY 

1908 


"-'■'■Dft'B  Km 


PRINTED   BY 

HAZELL,   WATSON   AND   VINEY,    LD., 

LONDON   AND   AYLESBURY, 

ENGLAND. 


^ 


PREFACE 

When  Horace  Walpole  wrote  his  "Anecdotes  of 
Painting  in  England,"  in  1762,  he  remarked  that 
this  country  had  not  a  single  volume  to  show  on  the 
works  of  its  painters,  and  it  had  very  rarely  given 
birth  to  a  genius  in  that  profession,  Flanders  and 
Holland  having  sent  the  great  men.  For  this  latter 
reason  he  apologised  for  not  being  able  to  call  his  work 
"The  Lives  of  English  Painters."  At  the  present 
time,  however,  if  an  apology  be  needed,  it  must  be 
offered  for  adding  yet  another  volume  to  the  vast 
multitude  of  books  which  have  been  written  con- 
cerning English  painters  and  paintings. 

The  earliest  form  of  water  colour  painting  was 
tempera.  It  is  as  old  as  the  early  Memphic  dynasties 
of  Egypt,  i.e.  3,000  years  B.C.  The  Egyptian  painters 
on  papyrus  or  on  walls  mixed  their  colours  with 
water,  and  used  mastic,  wax,  and  various  glues  as  a 
medium  to  fix  them.  The  Greeks  learned  their 
methods  from  the  Egyptians,  which  were  later 
acquired    by    the    Romans,    who   dispersed    the    art 


vi  PREFACE 

throughout  Europe.  The  Byzantine  Empire  followed 
on  the  Greek  traditions,  and  the  manuscripts  of 
Mount  Athos  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  centuries  were 
executed  in  ancient  Greek  methods.  In  early  times 
the  monks  in  England  visited  the  Continent,  and 
were  constantly  bringing  back  with  them  fresh 
advances  on  the  lines  of  ancient  traditions,  so  that  in 
all  probability  the  early  miniature  painters  in  this 
country  employed  the  same  technique  as  that  of  the 
old  Egyptian  tempera  painters.  Owing  probably  to  the 
admixture  of  white  being  employed,  the  term  "painting 
in  body  colour "  came  later  into  use.  Gradually 
less  white  was  used,  the  colours  became  more  trans- 
parent, and  now  what  is  called  painting  in  pure  water 
colour  is  the  general  accepted  meaning  of  **  water 
colour  painting."  All  colours,  however,  must  be 
tempered  by  some  fixing  medium,  otherwise  they 
would  return  to  powder;  and  the  admixture  of  a 
little  white,  however  slight,  gives  to  the  tint  applied 
a  far  greater  equality  of  tone  than  can  be  obtained  by 
washes  of  transparent  pigments  without  it. 

Owing  to  the  great  advance  made  during  recent 
years  in  the  process  of  printing  in  colours  by  the  aid 
of  photography,  it  is  now  possible  to  obtain  reproduc- 
tions of  water  colour  paintings  which  give  a  good 
representation  of  the  originals;  and  it  is  hoped  that,  by 
the  means  of  the  illustrations  inserted  in  this  volume, 
those  who  are  interested  in  the  history  of  water  colour 


PREFACE 


Vll 


painting  in  this  country  may  be  able  to  readily  trace 
the  different  phases  through  which  the  art  has  passed 
from  the  time  of  Holbein  to  the  present  day. 

In  writing  a  history  of  the  art,  I  can  lay  no 
claim  to  any  fresh  discoveries  ;  I  have  simply  given  a 
brief  account  of  the  British  Water  Colour  Painters, 
which,  it  is  trusted,  will  help  to  elucidate  the  work 
of  those  men,  shown  by  the  reproductions  of  their 
paintings. 

A  biographical  list,  alphabetically  arranged,  of  the 
water  colour  painters  has  been  added  ;  and,  in  com- 
piling it,  I  have  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to 
the  writers  of  many  previous  works  on  the  subject, 
especially  Richard  and  Samuel  Redgrave's  "  Century 
of  Painters  of  the  English  School " ;  J.  L.  Roget's 
"  History  of  the  Old  Water  Colour  Society  " ;  Bryan's 
'*  Dictionary  of  Painters";  and  A.  Graves's  "  Diction- 
ary of  Artists." 

I  have  to  thank  the  Secretaries  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours  and  the  Rova» 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours  for  the  kind 
assistance  which  they  have  afforded  me  in  the  com- 
pilation of  the  respective  lists  of  the  members  of  these 
two  Societies.  The  account  of  the  Associated  Artists 
in  Water  Colours  has  been  mainly  acquired  from  the 
minutes  of  the  meetings  of  that  Society  and  other 
manuscripts,  which,  it  is  believed,  have  not  hitherto 
been  published ;  these  documents  are  now  in  the  Art 


vlii  PREFACE 

Library  of  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.  The 
illustrations  have  been  chiefly  reproduced  from  paint- 
ings in  the  National  Collections,  but  some  have  been 
made  through  the  courtesy  of  private  owners ;  and  the 
publishers  beg  to  convey  their  warm  thanks  to  all 
those  who  have  so  cordially  allowed  their  paintings 
to  be  copied,  especially  to  His  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Buccleuch,  K.G.,  for  kindly  permitting  photographs 
to  be  taken  of  some  of  the  fine  miniatures  in  his 
famous  collection.  The  publishers  are  also  indebted 
to  Messrs.  Thomas  Agnew  &  Sons  for  not  only 
allowing  reproductions  to  be  made  from  several 
paintings  In  their  own  possession,  but  also  for  the 
assistance  which  they  have  so  readily  given  in  help- 
ing to  obtain  Illustrations  of  other  works. 

Finally,  I  have  to  tender  my  sincere  thanks  to  my 
friend  Sir  William  Blake  Richmond,  K.C.B.,  R.A., 
for  his  kindness  in  reading  the  proof-sheets  of  this 
work,  and  in  making  many  valuable  emendations. 

H.    M.    CUNDALL. 

October^  1908. 


CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

Preface          v 

List  of  Illustrations xi 

I.    Miniature  Painting i 

,  II.    Topographical  Draughtsmen 21 

^  III.    Girtin,  Turner,  and  Constable  .        .                 ...  41 

IV.     The  Royal  Society  of   Painters    in  Water  Colours         .  55 

V.     The  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Colours         .        .         •  7^ 

^  VI.    CoTMAN,  De  Wint,  Cox,  and  Contemporaries  ...  80 

VII.    The  Middle  of  the  Nineteenth  Century     ....  93 

VIII.     The  Royal  Institute  of   Painters  in  Water  Colours      .  107 

IX.    The  Influence  of  Pre-Raphaelitism 122 

X.    The  Royal  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours  {continued)  135 

XI.    The  Last  Decade  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  .        .        .  146 

APPENDICES 

I.     Chronological    List    of   the    Members    of   the    Royal 

Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours      .        .        -153 

II.     Chronological  List  of  the  Members  of  the  Associated 

Artists  in  Water  Colours 163 

III.  Chronological  List  of  the  Members  of  the  Royal  Insti- 

tute OF  Painters  in  Water  Colours   .         .         .         .165 

IV.  A  Biographical  List  of  British  Water  Colour  Painters 

— alphabetically  arranged   .         .         .         .         .         -177 

Index 273 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 


Title 

Painter 

Owner       Facing  i 

Page 

I. 

Illumination  from  the 
Psalter  of  St.  Augus- 

tine, Seventh  Century          .         .         .         . 

British  Museum 

4 

2. 

King  Henry  VIII.      . 

Hans  Holbein  . 

His  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Buccleuch,  K.G.       . 

6 

3- 

Mrs.  Hilliard      . 

Nicholas  Hilliard 

j>             j> 

8 

4- 

Countess  of  Nottingham  Isaac  Oliver     . 

jj             » 

8 

5- 

Charles  Louis,  Count 

Palatine 

Peter  Oliver    . 

j»             »> 

10 

6. 

King  James  II.  . 

Samuel  Cooper 

>>             >j             • 

10 

7- 

Newmarket  Heath 

Pieter  TiUemans 

Colonel     H.      T.     S. 
Patteson . 

26 

8. 

Eton  College 

Paul  Sandby,  R.A.  . 

British  Museum  . 

30 

9- 

Bury  St.  Edmunds 

M.  A.  Rooker,  A.R.A. 

*V .  and  A.  Museum    . 

32 

lO. 

Richmond  . 

Thomas  Hearne 

)5                           5> 

34 

II. 

Buckingham  House     . 

Edward  Dayes  . 

5>                                J> 

36 

12. 

The  Strand 

Thomas  Malton,  Jun. 

■>■)                                 55 

38 

13- 

The  Gleaners 

F.  Wheatley,  R.A.    . 

Messrs.  Ihos.  Agnew  ij 
Sons 

40 

14. 

A  Swiss  Landscape 

John  R.  Cozens 

Messrs.  Thos.  Agnezu  i^ 
Sons 

42 

15- 

Kirkstall  Abbey  . 

Thomas  Girtin 

V .  and  A.  Museum. 

46 

16. 

Waltham  Cross  . 

J.    M.    W.  Turner, 
R.A.     . 

Messrs.  Thos.  Agnew  \3 
Sons 

48 

17. 

Hastings     . 

J.   M.   W.    Turner, 

R.A.    . 

Joseph  Beecham,  Esq.  . 

SO 

18. 

The  Lake  of  Thun 

].    M.    W.    Turner, 

R.A.     .         .         .     Sir      Donald     Currie, 

G.C.M.G.     Frontispiece 

*  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum. 


xii  LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 


Title 

Painter 

Owner       Facing . 

Page 

19. 

Landscape     with     a 

Cottage 

John  Constable,  R.A. 

V.  and  A.  Museum 

54 

20. 

Deer  in  a  Landscape  . 

George  Barret,  Jun., 

and  R.  Hills . 

5>                           )'                            • 

62 

21. 

A     Landscape     with 

River     . 

John  Varley     . 

W.  H.  Lever,  Esq., 
M.P.     . 

64 

22. 

A    Distant    View    of 

Windsor  Castle 

John  Glover     . 

V.  and  A.  Museum 

66 

23- 

Windermere 

WiUiam  Havell 

British  Museum  . 

68 

24. 

Le  Pont  Neuf,  Paris  . 

HenryEdridge,A.R.A. 

V.  and  A.  Museum 

78 

25- 

L'Institut,  Paris 

Richard  P.  Bonington 

Messrs.  Thos.  Agnew  l^ 
Sons 

80 

26. 

A      Landscape     with 

River 

John  Sell  Cotman     . 

V.  and  A.  Museum 

82 

27. 

Landscape  . 

Peter  De  Wint 

Miss  H.  H.  Tatlock     . 

84 

28. 

Ratisbon  Cathedral     . 

Samuel  Prout  . 

V.  and  A.  Museum 

86 

29.  A  Windmill  on  a  Heath    David  Cox        .         .  British  Museum  .  .     88 

30.  A  Storm  off  Whitby  .     A.  V.  Copley  Fielding  Messrs.  Thos.  Agnezv  iff 

Sons        .         .  .90 

31.  Plums          .         .         .     William  H.  Hunt      .  F.  and  A.  Museum  .     92 

32.  Isola       Bella,      Lago 

Maggiore       .         .     W.ClarksonStanfield, 

R.A.      .         .         .  C.  P.  Johnson,  Esq.  .     94 

33.  Churchof  SanMiguel, 

Xeres       .        .         .     David  Roberts,  R.A.  British  Museum  .  .     96 

34.  Venice        .         .         .    William  J.  Miiller  .  F.  and  A.  Museum  .     98 

35.  On  the  Thames  .         .     George  Chambers     .  „              ,,  .    100 

36.  Fishing-boats      .         .     Charles  Bentley        .  „              „  .   102 

37.  The   Terrace   by   the 

Lake       .          .         .     Francis  O.  Finch      .  British  Museum  .    104 

38.  The  Armourer's  Tale  ,     George  Cattermole   .  F.  and  A.  Museum  .  106 

39.  Speke  Hall  .         .         .     Joseph  Nash     .         .  „              „  .   108 

40.  A  School  at  Cairo        .     John  F.  Lewis,  R.A.  ,,              ,,  .110 

41.  Cattle       .  .         .     T.    Sidney   Cooper, 

C.V.O.,  R.A.        .  Messrs.  Thos.  Agnezv  ^ 

Sons      .         .  .112 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS  xiil 

Title  Painter  Owner        Facing  Page 

42.  Quai  de  la  Greve,  Paris    Thomas  Shotter  Boys    V .  and  A.  Museum.    .   114 

43.  The  Town  Hall,  Bruges    Louis  Haghe,  P.R.I.     J.  H.  Hallam  Murray, 

Esq.        .         .         .118 

44.  Arundel  Park      .         .     Thomas  Collier,  R.I.     V .  and  A .  Museum       .   120 

45.  A    Vineyard  Walk   at 

Lucca      .         ,         .     John  Ruskin     .         .     Mrs.  Arthur  Severn     .    1 22 

46.  The  Borgia  Family     .     Dante  G.  Rossetti    .     V.  and  A.  Museum      .   124 

47.  Elijah    Restoring    the 

Widow's  Son  .         .     Ford  Madox  Brown  „  „  .126 

48.  Venus  Epithalamia      .     Sir  Edward  C.Burne- 

Jones,  Bart., 

R.W.S. 

49.  The  Eve  of  St.  Agnes     Sir  John  E.  Millais, 

Bart.,  P.R.A. 

50.  A      Rainy      Day      at     Frederick       Walker, 

Bisham    .         .         .        A.R.A. . 

51.  The  Gossips       .         .     George  J.  Pinwell     . 

52.  Hawking     .         .         .     Frederick        Tayler, 

R.W.S. 

53.  Arrival    of    Cardinal 

Wolsey  at  Leicester 

Abbey    .         .         .Sir      John      Gilbert, 

R.A.,  P.R.W.S.       .      V.  and  A.  Museum    .    1 38 

54.  The  Winding  Stream     Samuel  Palmer  ,  ,,  „  .    140 

55.  An  Open  Book  .         .     Albert     J.     Moore, 

A.R.W.S.     .         .  „  „  .    142 

56.  A  Surrey  Lane   .         .     Birket  Foster,  R.W.S.   Messrs.  Thos.Agnezvi^ 

Sons       .         .         .    144 

57.  The       Gateway      of 

Kerkuk,    Kurdistan     Arthur         Melville, 

R.W.S.,    A.R.S.A.     Mrs.  Arthur  Melville  .    146 

58.  The  Beach  .         .     J.        A.        McNeill 

Whistler       .         .     Mrs.  Knoules     .         .150 


Messrs.  Thos.  Agnezv 

y 

Sons 

• 

• 

128 

V.  and  A. 

Museum 

• 

130 

5J 

5> 

132 

3> 

5> 

• 

134 

British  Museum  . 

136 

HISTORY    OF    WATER 
COLOUR   PAINTING 

CHAPTER    I 

MINIATURE      PAINTING 

Although  the  Romans,  during  their  occupation  of 
England,  decorated  the  walls  of  their  rooms  with 
frescoes,  the  art  of  painting  possibly  disappeared  for  a 
time  after  their  departure,  and  in  all  probability  it 
was  not  revived  until  it  was  brought  into  Great  Britain 
from  Ireland.  Christianity  is  stated  to  have  become 
known  in  the  latter  island  as  early  as  the  fourth 
century,  and  the  art  of  illuminating  manuscripts 
was  there  developed  in  the  monasteries.  The  finest 
examples  of  these  early  works  which  have  been 
preserved  are  the  celebrated  "  Book  of  Kells "  and 
the  "  Book  of  Durrow  "  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 
Both  of  these  books,  containing  the  Gospels,  were 
written  in  the  seventh  century  on  vellum,  and 
adorned  with  illuminations.  Although  the  Irish 
monks  must  have  possessed  earlier  examples,  pos- 
sibly Roman,  of  the  sacred  text  from  which  they 
copied,  still  their  ornamentations  show  but  little 
trace  of  extraneous  influence.  The  main  features  of 
the  decorations  are  the  Celtic  designs,  consisting 
of  interlaced  ribbon  work,  diagonal  and  spiral 
lines,    and    mythological    animals    in    contorted    and 

I 


2  MINIATURE   PAINTING 

attenuated   forms,  intertwining  in    a    most    intricate 
manner,  and  executed  in  a  faultless  style.     There  is 
very  little  attempt  at  the   human   figure,  and   those 
reproduced    are    immature.     The    colours    employed 
were  chiefly  green,  red,  violet,  and  yellow,  frequently 
paled  with  white  ;  little  or  no  regard  was  taken  of 
the    actual    colours    of   the    objects    represented,   the 
miniature  being  solely  an  ornamental  embellishment 
of  the  manuscript.     The  colours  were  applied  with 
a  brush  in  thick  layers,  dried  between  each  applica- 
tion ;   they  were  mixed   with  a  vehicle — mastic,   or 
white  and  yolk  of  tgg  used  together  or  separately — 
consequently   the    process    was    rather  tempera    than 
water-colour    painting.     The  writing  was  done  with 
a  reed   pen.     It    may  here    be    mentioned   that   the 
word  *'  miniature  "  is  derived  from  the  Latin  minium^ 
vermilion,    this    colour    having    been    used    for    the 
headings    and    initial    letters    of    manuscripts,     into 
which  small  pictorial  scenes  were  introduced.     The 
original  meaning  of  the  word  was  afterwards  expressed 
by  '*  rubrication,"  and   the   word   "  miniature  "  was 
applied   solely  to  the    illuminations.     In    the    course 
of  time,  owing  to  the  small  dimensions  of  the  work, 
especially  portraits,  the  word  became  associated  with 
the   French  mignature^   and   in    the    seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries  miniature  painting  was  frequently 
referred    to    as    "  painting    in    little."      The    word 
to  "  limn  "  was  also  used  in  the  same  sense. 

Merry.     Cannot  you  Limn,  Sir? 
Rambler.     Limn,  what  dost  thou  mean  ? 
Merry.     Why  Limn,  Sir,  draw  pictures  in  little. 

Crowne^s  Country   Wit. 


MINIATURE   PAINTING  3 

A   list  of  King   Charles  I.'s  miniatures  was  headed 
"The  King's  Collection  of  Limnings." 

Miniature  painting  was  carried  by  the  Irish 
monks  into  Northumbria,  and  one  of  the  earliest 
examples  of  the  art  of  an  Englishman  is  a  copy  of 
the  Gospels  of  St.  Cuthbert  produced  at  the  monastery 
on  Lindisfarne  or  Holy  Island,  in  the  seventh  century, 
and  now  preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  Another 
earlv  work  by  an  Englishman  is  a  Psalter  in  Latin, 
probably  written  at  St.  Augustine's  Abbey  in 
Canterbury,  and  contains  the  full-page  illumination 
of  which  an  illustration  is  given  {see  Plate  I.).  It 
represents  King  David  with  a  nimbus,  seated  on  a 
throne,  and  playing  on  a  harp;  on  either  side  of  him 
stands  a  scribe,  one  holding  a  stilus  and  a  roll,  the 
other  a  stilus  and  a  set  of  folding  wax  tablets ;  whilst, 
in  the  foreground,  two  youths  are  dancing,  and  four 
musicians,  said  to  represent  Asaph,  Herman,  Ethan, 
and  Idlthun,  are  blowing  horns.  The  figures  in  this 
illumination  show  traces  of  being  derived  from  classic 
sources,  whilst  the  surrounding  arch  and  columns  with 
their  Interlaced  and  spiral  work  are  Celtic  in  character. 
The  original  Is  profusely  decorated  with  gold,  which 
is  entirely  absent  from  the  Irish  and  Lindisfarne 
manuscripts. 

In  the  tenth  century  Winchester  was  the  chief  centre 
for  the  production  of  illuminations  and  miniatures, 
and  the  style  there  Introduced  became  known  as  the 
"  Opus  Anglicum."  Its  characteristic  ornaments  were 
elaborate  frame  borders  of  bright  gold  bars,  adorned 
with  conventional  foliage  and  interlaced  work.  After 
the   Norman    Conquest   the   figure    drawing    became 


4  MINIATURE   PAINTING 

bolder,  and  in  the  thirteenth  century  a  more  refined 
style  came  into  use.  The  features,  hair,  and  drapery 
of  the  figures  were  more  carefully  treated,  and  repre- 
sentations of  Gothic  architecture  were  introduced  into 
the  illuminations.  This  style  reached  its  finest  period 
in  the  fourteenth  century  and  in  the  early  part  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  when  with  a  basis  of  body  colour 
there  was  a  tendency  to  a  thinner  mode  of  working, 
which  was  known  as  aquarelle  \  but,  owing  to  the 
introduction  of  printing  in  the  middle  of  the  latter 
century,  the  writing  of  missals  gradually  disappeared, 
and  the  art  of  miniature  painting  in  England  became 
rare. 

With  the  advent  of  Henry  VIIL  to  the  throne, 
miniature  painting,  as  an  art  for  portraiture,  rapidly 
revived.  The  King,  who  was  fond  of  magnificence, 
liberally  encouraged  all  the  arts,  and  invited  foreign 
painters  to  England.  Amongst  those  who  settled  in 
this  country  was  Hans  Holbein,  and  to  this  great 
painter  must  be  ascribed  the  honour  of  having  first 
introduced  the  painting  of  portraits  in  miniature,  for 
until  his  time  little  or  no  attempt  had  been  made 
by  the  illuminators  to  reproduce  likenesses  in  their 
miniature  paintings.  Van  Mander,  who  published  a 
life  of  Holbein  at  Amsterdam  in  1604,  states  that 
he  worked  equally  well  in  oil  and  in  water  colours, 
and  that  he  also  painted  miniatures  of  special 
excellence.  Van  Mander  adds  that  Holbein  learnt 
the  art  of  miniature  painting  from  one  Master  Lucas, 
then  in  London,  whom  however  he  soon  surpassed. 
Horace Walpole  in  his  "Anecdotes"  states  that  Holbein 
learnt    the    art    from   Lucas    Cornelii  ;    but,   as   both 


t'l^ATi:.  I 


ILLUMINATION    FROM    THE    PSALTER   OE   ST.    AUGUSTINE, 
SEVENTH   CENTURY 

Sue  of  uiii^inal  7  x  ij  inches 


:-iT,T/. 


bill  8  X  '^  Uitiiynu  lo  axiii 


MINIATURE   PAINTING  5 

artists  were  of  the  same  age,  and  the  latter  was  a 
father  of  seven  children  before  he  came  to  England, 
this  statement  can  scarcely  be  correct.  It  is  more 
probable  that  Lucas  Hornebolt  gave  Holbein  instruc- 
tion in  the  art  of  illuminating  ;  he  was  one  of  a  family 
of  illuminators  who  had  settled  in  London  about 
1529,  and  his  son  was  employed  as  a  painter  at 
the  Court;  but,  however  much  Holbein  may  have 
been  influenced  by  his  teacher  in  England,  he  acquired 
his  early  technique  in  Basle. 

Hans  Holbein  was  born  at  Augsburg,  in  Swabia, 
in  1497,  ^"^  ^^^^  ^^^  younger  son  of  Hans  Holbein, 
a  painter.  About  15 14  the  younger  Hans  Holbein 
went  with  his  brother  to  Basle,  and  he  married  there 
about  1520.  He  determined  to  seek  his  fortune  in 
England,  and  arrived  in  this  country  with  an  intro- 
duction from  Erasmus  to  Sir  Thomas  More  in  1526  ; 
he,  however,  only  remained  here  on  this  occasion  a  little 
more  than  a  year,  as  he  went  back  to  Basle  in  1528. 
He  returned  to  England  about  1531,  and  entered  into 
the  King's  service  some  years  afterwards.  In  1543  a 
plague  broke  out  in  London,  to  which  Holbein  fell  a 
victim  between  October  7  and  November  9  of  that 
year.  Holbein  painted  his  miniatures  with  great  pre- 
cision, and  produced  every  detail  with  much  elabora- 
tion, frequently  making  use  of  gold  ;  the  portrait  of 
Henry  VIII.,  of  which  an  illustration  is  given  {see 
Plate  II.),  is  a  splendid  example  of  his  style ;  this  minia- 
ture, now  belonging  to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  v.as 
once  in  the  collection  of  Charles  I.,  and  is  described  by 
Vertue.  There  are  other  hue  specimens  of  Holbein's 
miniatures  at  Montagu  House  and  also  at  Windsor. 


6  MINIATURE   PAINTING 

Several  Dutch  and  Flemish  painters  who  resided  in 
England  at  this  period  probably  executed  miniatures, 
amongst  them  being  Sir  Antonio  More,  Joost  van 
Cleef,  Guillim  Stretes,  and  a  lady,  Lavina 
Teerlinck.  The  last  named  was  employed  by  the 
Court,  and  Walpole  states  that  "  this  gentlewoman 
presents  the  Queen's  [Elizabeth]  picture  painted 
finely   on  a   card." 

JohnShute  (d.  about  1563),  born  at  CuUompton, 
in  Devon,  was  an  architect  as  well  as  a  painter  ; 
he  is  said  to  have  practised  "  drawing  by  the 
life   in    small   models." 

The  first  English  miniaturist  of  repute,  however, 
was  Nicholas  Hilliard,  who  was  born  at  Exeter 
in  1537.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  goldsmith,  and 
after  having  studied  miniatures  by  Holbein,  he 
became  a  limner.  He  was  appointed  Goldsmith, 
Carver,  and  Limner  to  Oueen  Elizabeth,  and  his 
otfice  was  continued  by  patent  of  James  I.,  with 
the  exclusive  privilege  to  draw  and  imprint  the 
"Royal  Image."  He  died  on  January  7,  161 9,  and 
was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Martin-in-the-Fields. 
The  work  of  Hilliard  is  very  minute,  the  colours 
are  opaque,  and  gold  was  used  for  jewels  and  orna- 
ments on  the  dress  ;  the  faces  are  generally  flat, 
without  any  shadows,  and  lack  expression  ;  but  his 
own  portrait  and  that  of  his  father,  which  were 
formerly  in  the  Meyrick  Collection  and  now  in  the 
possession  of  Mr.  George  Salting,  show  a  consider- 
able amount  of  modelling  in  the  features.  His 
miniatures  are  chiefly  on  portions  of  playing-cards  or 
vellum. 


I'l.All.    1 


KING   HENRY    VIII 

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Si/u  of  uiii;iiial.  'lianiclcr  2 J,  inches 


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N\     'A\\\V\ 


MINIATURE   PAINTING  7 

The  portrait  of  his  first  wife,  of  which  an  illustra- 
tion is  given  {see  Plate  III.),  is  in  the  Montagu  House 
Collection.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  following 
inscription  :  "  Alicia  Brandon,  Nicolai  Hilliardi,  qui 
propria  manu  depinxit,  uxor  prima  Ano  Dni  1578 
i^tatis  sus  22  "  and  signed  N.  H. 

Speaking  of  his  manner  of  working,  Walpole  says, 
"But  though  Hilliard  copied  the  neatness  of  his 
model  [Holbein],  he  was  far  from  attaining  that 
nature  and  force  which  that  great  master  impressed 
on  his  most  minute  works.  Hilliard  arrived  at  no 
strength  of  colouring  ;  his  faces  are  pale,  and  void 
of  any  variety  of  tints  ;  the  features,  the  jewels  and 
ornaments,    expressed    by    lines    as    slender    as  hair." 

Nicholas  Hilliard  was  succeeded  byhis  son  Laurence, 
who  continued  the  royal  licence  granted  to  his  father. 
He  died  about    1640. 

The  next  great  miniature  painters  were  Isaac  and 
Peter  Oliver,  father  and  son  ;  they  appear  to  have 
been  of  French  origin,  and  the  former  was  probably 
born  of  Huguenot  parents,  at  Rouen.  Subsequently 
the  family  settled  in  London,  where  they  were  living 
in  1571  ;  Isaac  is  supposed  to  have  studied  under 
Hilliard,  but  he  soon  surpassed  his  master.  A  round- 
ness and  a  modelling  of  the  features  were  given  by  him 
to  the  faces  which  produced  a  lifelike  character,  and 
the  dresses  were  painted  with  a  more  natural  effect. 
He  executed  a  large  number  of  miniatures,  to  which 
were  usually  added  his  monogram  0,  and  sometimes 
signed  Olivier  or  Ollivier.  He  did  not  confine  himself 
to  heads  alone,  as  there  are  many  full-length  figures 
extant  by  him.     The    portrait    of   the    Countess   of 


8  MINIATURE   PAINTING 

Nottingham  {see  Plate  IV.).  in  the  Duke  of  Buc- 
cleuch's  collection  is  a  fine  example  of  his  work.  She 
was  the  lady  to  whom  the  Earl  of  Essex  entrusted  a 
ring  to  deliver  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  her  failure  to 
do  so  cost  him  his  life.  Isaac  Oliver  died  in  1617 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Anne's  Church,  Blackfriars.  A 
monument  with  his  bust  was  erected  in  the  church  to 
his  memory,  but  it  was  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire  of 
1666.  Peter  Oliver  is  supposed  to  have  been  born  in 
London  in  1594.  He  was  instructed  in  the  art  of 
miniature  painting  by  his  father,  and  his  work  was 
executed  in  the  same  delicate  manner.  Besides  minia- 
ture portraits  he  made  a  number  of  small  water- 
colour  copies  of  noted  oil  paintings  in  the  royal 
collection  for  Charles  I.  His  miniatures  were  fre- 
quently signed  with  a  monogram  j€) .  The  portrait 
of  Charles  Louis,  Count  Palatine  [see  Plate  V.),  is 
an  admirable  specimen  of  Peter  Oliver's  style,  and  it 
is  now  in  the  Montagu  House  Collection.  Charles, 
the  brother  of  Prince  Rupert,  came  to  England  at 
eighteen  years  of  age,  but  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  he  left  his  uncle,  King  Charles  L,  at 
York,  and  fled  to  Holland.  In  1643  he  returned 
again,  and  associated  himself  with  the  Roundhead 
party.  Peter  Oliver  died  in  1648,  and  was  buried 
in  the  same  church  as  his  father,  St.  Anne's,  Black- 
friars. 

Another  miniaturist  of  note  was  John  Hoskins. 
In  Graham's  "  English  School  "  it  is  stated  that  "  he 
was  bred  a  face  painter  in  oil,  but  afterwards  taking 
to  miniature,  he  excelled  what  he  did  before  ;  that 
he  drew  King   Charles,  his  Queen,  and  most  of  the 


MRS.    MILLIARD 

By  Nicholas  Hilliard 

Size  of  original,  diameter  2\  inches 


THE   COUNTESS   OF   NOTTINGHAM 

By  Isaac  Oliver 

Size  of  original  z\  x  2|  inches 


PLATE    III 


PLATE    IV 


HI    MrAJ'l 


71  aT/.ji 


as  his  ta 


MINIATURE   PAINTING  9 

Court,  and  had  two  considerable  disciples,  Alexander 
and  Samuel  Cooper,  the  latter  of  whom  became  much 
the  more  eminent  limner."  Little  is  known  respecting 
Hoskins'  life.  He  died  in  1664,  and  was  buried  in 
Covent  Garden  Church. 

A  much  more  noted  artist  at  this  period  was 
Samuel  Cooper,  who  was  one  of  the  greatest  of  the 
English  miniaturists.  He  was,  as  previously  men- 
tioned, a  pupil  of  John  Hoskins,  who  was  his  uncle. 
In  speaking  of  him,  Walpole  says,  "  If  a  glass  could 
expand  Cooper's  pictures  to  the  size  of  Vandyck's, 
they  would  appear  to  have  been  painted  for  that 
proportion.  If  his  portrait  of  Cromwell  could  be 
so  enlarged,  I  don't  know  but  Vandyck  would 
appear  less  great  by  the  comparison."  There  are 
but  brief  records  of  Cooper's  life  in  existence,  but, 
Samuel  Pepys  having  commissioned  the  miniaturist 
to  paint  his  wife's  portrait,  there  are  fortunately 
several  interesting  entries  in  The  Diary  respecting 
visits  to  the  studio  during  the  sitting  for  the  portrait. 
Cooper  lived  for  a  long  while  in  France  and  in 
Holland,  but  returned  eventually  to  his  native  country, 
where  he  died  in  1672,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Pancras-in-the-Fields.  Besides  being  a  painter. 
Cooper  was  an  accomplished  musician  and  linguist. 
His  portraits  were  executedwith  consummate  care,  and 
the  stern  faces  of  the  men  of  the  Puritan  times  are  ex- 
cellently rendered,  and  Walpole  says  that  he  was  the 
first  w^ho  gave  to  miniature  the  strength  and  freedom 
of  oil  painting.  The  line  portrait  of  James  II.  {see 
Plate  VI.).  in  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch's  collection  was 
painted  by  Cooper  shortly   before  his   death,  as  it  is 

2 


10  MINIATURE   PAINTING 

signed    S.   C,  and    dated    167—   (the    last    figure    is 
indistinct). 

Alexander  Cooper,  a  brother  of  Samuel,  painted 
but  few  miniatures  in  England.  He  resided  chiefly 
abroad,  and  died  at  Stockholm  in  1660. 

In  the  Bodleian  Library,  Oxford,  there  is  an  inter- 
esting manuscript  entitled  "  Miniatura,  or  the  Art  of 
Limning,"  written  by  Edward  Norgate,  an  illu- 
minator and  heraldic  painter.  He  gives  particulars 
of  the  various  colours,  their  nature  and  properties, 
and  the  method  of  grinding  them  ;  he  also  gives 
advice  as  to  choosing  brushes,  and  the  preparation 
of  vellum  on  which  to  paint.  The  MS.  is  dedicated 
to  Henry  Howard,  "  Earle  of  Arundell  and  Surrey," 
who  died  in  1652.  The  preface,  which  is  in  the 
form  of  a  letter  to  him,  states,  "  At  the  request  of 
a  deserving  friend  I  wrote  this  discourse  many  years 
agoe,  since  which  time  it  hath  broke  forth  and 
become  a  wanderer,  and  some  imperfect  copies  have 
appeared  under  another  name  without  my  know- 
ledge or  consent."  There  are  four  copies  known 
to  be  in  existence,  one  in  the  British  Museum, 
called  "  Miniatura,  or  the  Art  of  Limning.  The 
manner  and  use  of  the  Colours  both  for  Picture  by 
ye  life,  Landskip,  History  "  ;  it  is  dedicated  to  Lady 
Mary  Fairfax,  afterwards  Duchess  of  Buckingham,  and 
was  taken  by  Daniel  King  from  Norgate's  MS.,  but 
it  is  not  an  exact  copy  ;  the  arrangement,  however, 
is  the  same  with  but  a  slight  alteration.  Another  is 
amongst  the  Arundel  MSS.  in  the  Royal  Society  ;  it 
was  copied  by  E.  Norgate  himself.  Two  other 
copies   are   in  the  Art  Library  of  the  Victoria  and 


I'LATE    V 


CHARLES    LOUIS,    COUNT   PALATINE 

By  Peter  Oliver 

Size  of  original  2^  x  i|  inchesj 


KING  JAMES   II 
By  Samuel  Cooper 

Size  of  original  35  x  2^  inches 


PLATE    VI 


V   di/..V 


/  ;•! 


I  .'  I  /  ■  1    t 


J '  '.1    r  u.  1 .1 .'  :  1   ) 


23d>ni-|s  J«  If;  Isai^hd^o  axir! 


MINIATURE   PAINTING  ii 

Albert  Museum,  both  of  which  are  in  a  somewhat 
later  handwriting. 

During  the  seventeenth  century  there  were 
numerous  miniature  painters.  Amongst  them  may 
be    mentioned  : — 

Richard  Gibson  the  dwarf,  only  3  ft.  10  in.  high. 
He  was  a  page  to  a  lady  at  Mortlake,  who,  perceiving 
his  taste  for  painting,  put  him  under  the  instruction  of 
F.  Cleyn,  the  designer  at  the  Royal  Tapestry  Works 
at  Mortlake.  He  subsequently  entered  the  service  of 
the  King,  Charles  I.  Gibson  married  Anne  Shepherd, 
the  same  height  as  himself;  the  King  attended  the 
wedding  and  gave  away  the  bride.  They  had  nine 
children,  five  of  whom  arrived  at  maturity  and  were 
of  usual  stature.  Gibson  remained  for  many  years  in 
court  favour,  and  instructed  Princess  Anne  (afterwards 
Queen)  in  painting. 

Thomas  Flatman  was  a  man  of  good  social 
position.  He  was  born  in  London,  and  educated 
at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford.  Besides 
being  a  miniaturist,  he  was  a  poet  of  some  repute,  and 
wrote  "  Poems  and  Songs,"  published  in  1674. 

John  Dixon  was  a  pupil  of  Lely,  and  was  appointed 
by  William  III.  "  Keeper  of  the  King's  Picture- 
closet."     He  was  concerned  in  a  bubble  lottery. 

Lawrence  Crossc  began  his  practice  towards  the 
end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  was  a  well-known 
portrait  painter  during  Queen  Anne's  reign.  He 
gained  notoriety  through  his  portrait  of  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots  ;  he  altered  her  features  in  a  miniature,  given  to 
him  to  restore,  so  much  that  it  ceased  to  be  a  likeness. 

Bernard   Lens  was  considered  to  be  one   of  the 


12  MINIATURE    PAINTING 

best  miniature  painters  of  his  time,  and  he  appears  to 
have  been  one  of  the  first  to  paint  upon  ivory.  Up 
to  this  period  vellum  or  card,  frequently  the  back  of 
a  playing-card,  was  employed;  but  when  ivory  became 
generally  the  accepted  basis  for  water-colour  miniatures, 
transparent  colours  were  more  freely  used.  Lens  made 
numerous  copies  of  the  miniature  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  by  L.  Crosse. 

On  the  accession  of  the  House  of  Hanover  to 
the  throne,  there  was  but  little  encouragement 
given  to  the  Fine  Arts  in  England,  and  during 
the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  there  was 
hardly  a  miniature  painter  of  any  repute,  with  the 
exception  of  Gervase  Spencer  and  Luke  Sullivan. 
The  former  was  a  gentleman's  servant,  and,  having 
made  a  successful  copy  of  a  miniature  of  one  of  his 
master's  family,  was  encouraged  in  the  practice  of 
the  art.  He  eventually  became  a  fashionable  painter 
of  his  time,  and  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  painted  his 
portrait.  Sullivan  is  chiefly  known  as  an  engraver, 
in  which  capacity  he  assisted  Hogarth  ;  but  he  also 
painted  some  miniatures  with  considerable  ability. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  century,  when  the  arts  once 
more  received  the  patronage  of  the  Sovereign  and  the 
Court,  and  when  Reynolds  and  Gainsborough  were  in 
the  zenith  of  their  fame,  there  was  a  great  revival  of 
miniature  painting,  and  it  became  the  fashion  for 
society  to  have  their  portraits  painted  in  miniature. 
As  a  natural  consequence  a  large  number  of  miniature 
painters  sprang  up,  and  the  art  rose  to  its  highest 
state  of  perfection.  The  painter  who  attracted  the 
greatest  attention  was  that  eccentric  genius  Richard 


MINIATURE   PAINTING  13 

CoswAY,  R.A.  He  was  born  about  1740  at  Tiverton, 
where  his  father  was  the  master  of  a  school.  Display- 
ing an  early  taste  for  drawing,  he  was  sent  to  London 
for  instruction. 

Immediately  after  its  formation  in  1754  the  Society 
of  Arts  offered  money  prizes  for  drawings  to  boys  and 
girls.  The  candidates  were  arranged  in  two  classes, 
one  containing  those  under  fourteen,  and  the  other 
those  between  fourteen  and  seventeen  years  of  age. 
The  awards  were  announced  in  the  following  year, 
and  voung  Cosway  obtained  the  first  premium,  and 
John  Smart  the  second.  In  the  list  they  are  both 
specially  described  as  being  under  the  age  of  twelve, 
and  the  following  is  an  extract  from  Dossie's  "Memoirs 
of  Agriculture,"  published  in  1782,  which  contains 
the  first  list  of  prizes  in  the  Polite  Arts : — 

*'  1755- — In  the  first  class,  under  14  years  of  age: 
Richard  Cosway,  then  not  12  years  old,  gave  in  a 
Head  of  one  of  the  Virtues,  expressing  Compassion, 
done  in  Chalks,  and  obtained  the  first  share  of  the 
Premium.  Steady  in  his  pursuits,  he  is  become  a 
Royal  Academician,  a  distinguished  Artist,  and  an 
eminent  Painter  in  Portraits,  either  large  as  life,  or  in 
Miniature.  He  lives  in  Berkley  Street,  near  Piccadilly." 

*'  John  Smart,  who  also  had  not  attained  the  age 
of  12,  offered  an  Academy  Figure,  in  pencil,  for 
which  he  got  the  second  share  of  the  Reward.  He  is 
at  present  F.S.A.,  one  of  the  first  Miniature  Painters  in 
London,  and  lives  in  Berner  Street,  near  Oxford  Road." 

It  is  evident  that  a  mistake  was  made  in  stating 
that  neither  of  the  youths  had  attained  the  age  of 
twelye,  for  it  is  known  that  John  Smart  was  born  in 


14  MINIATURE   PAINTING 

1 74 1,  and  it  is  most  probable  that  the  year  of  Cosway's 
birth  was  cither  1740  or  1741  ;  and  it  is  remarkable 
that  the  error  was  not  detected,  as  WiHiam  Shipley, 
the  founder  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  was  master  of  St. 
Martin's  Lane  Academy,  where  both  youths  attended, 
and  Shipley  must  have  personally  known  both  of  them. 

Cosway  was  awarded  further  prizes  by  the  Society 
of  Arts  in  the  years  1758,  1759,  and  1760.  He 
began  to  earn  his  own  livelihood  as  a  teacher  in 
Parr's  Drawing  School,  but  he  soon  gave  up  that 
drudgery  and  rapidly  became  the  fashionable  minia- 
ture painter  of  the  day.  His  studio,  which  was 
lavishly  filled  with  costly  works  of  art,  was  the  resort 
of  persons  of  rank  and  fashion,  including  the  Prince 
Regent,  many  of  whose  favourite  beauties  Cosway 
painted.  His  miniatures,  exquisitely  produced  on  ivory 
with  great  delicacy  of  colour  and  charm  of  expression, 
excelled  those  of  his  envious  rivals,  who  accused 
him  of  being  a  "  macaroni  "  miniature  painter,  a 
'*  quack,"  and  a  "  charlatan."  The  Royal  Academy, 
which  had  been  recently  founded,  soon  recognised  his 
talent,  and  elected  him  an  Associate  in  1770,  and  a 
full  member  in  the  following  year.  Cosway  rarely 
signed  his  miniatures  on  the  front,  but  frequently 
wrote  his  name  on  the  back,  with  the  following 
pretentious  addition  in  Latin :  "  R*^"*^  Cosway,  R.A. 
et  F.S.A.,  Primarius  Pictor  Serenissimi  Principis 
Wallias."  He  sometimes  executed  full-length  por- 
traits in  pencil,  contenting  himself  with  carefully 
finishing  the  face  in  colour. 

Cosway,  although  small  in  stature,  was  excessively 
vain,    and    on    several    occasions    painted    his    own 


MINIATURE    PAINTING  15 

portrait  in  gorgeous  costumes.  He  believed  in 
animal  magnetism,  and  professed  to  hold  conversations 
through  a  medium  with  departed  spirits.  During 
the  latter  period  of  his  life  he  lived  in  Stratford 
Place,  Oxford  Street,  and  he  died  there  on  July  4, 
1 82 1,  at  upwards  of  eighty  years  of  age.  He  was 
buried  in  Marylebone  Church,  where  there  is  a  tablet 
erected  to  his  memory  by  his  widow. 

His  wife,  Maria  Cosway,  the  daughter  of  an 
English  hotel-keeper  named  Hadfield,  at  Florence, 
was  a  lady  of  considerable  personal  beauty  and  ability, 
and  she  greatly  assisted  her  husband  in  making  his 
social  functions  attractive.  Besides,  she  was  a  clever 
artist,  painting  both  miniatures  and  compositions  for 
book  illustrations.  She  eventually  left  her  husband 
and  resided  for  a  time  in  Paris  ;  finally,  she  became 
lady  superior  of  a  religious  house  at  Lyons.  She 
died  in  1838  at  Lodi,  near  Milan. 

Other  celebrated  miniature  painters  at  this  period 
who  must  be  mentioned  were  Jeremiah  Meyer,  R.A., 
Ozias  Humphrey,  R.A.,  John  Smart,  George  Engle- 
heart,  Samuel  Shelley,  Andrew  and  Nathaniel  Plimer, 
and  Thomas  Richmond. 

Jeremiah  Meyer,  R.A.,  was  born  in  1735  at 
Tubingen,  in  Wiirtemberg.  He  was  the  son  of 
an  obscure  artist,  who  brought  him  to  England 
at  the  age  of  fourteen.  He  studied  for  a  time  at 
St.  Martin's  Lane  Academy,  and  afterwards  in 
Zincke's  studio.  He  worked  both  in  water  colour 
and  enamel,  and  soon  distinguished  himself,  and  for 
some  years  held  the  foremost  position  in  the  profession. 
Meyer  was  appointed   Miniature   Painter  to   Queen 


1 6  iMINIATURE   PAINTING 

Caroline,  and  Enamcller  to  King  George  III.  On 
the  foundation  of  the  Royal  Academy  he  was 
appointed  the  Keeper,  and  he  contributed  several 
portraits  of  members  of  the  Royal  Family  to  its 
exhibitions.  He  died  at  Kew  in  1789,  and  was  buried 
in  the  churchyard  beside  Gainsborough. 

OziAS  Humphrey,  R.A.,  was  born  at  Honiton. 
He  was  sent  by  his  parents  to  study  art  in  London, 
where  he  became  a  student,  like  so  many  other  young 
artists,  at  St.  Martin's  Lane  Academy.  Afterwards 
he  was  articled  to  Samuel  Collins,  the  miniaturist, 
at  Bath,  and  practised  miniature  painting  there  for 
some  time.  In  1764,  on  the  advice  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  he  returned  to  London,  and  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Society  of  Artists.  At  the  exhibi- 
tion in  Spring  Gardens  in  1766  he  contributed  a 
miniature,  which  was  purchased  by  King  George  III., 
who  also  gave  him  a  commission  to  paint  the 
portraits  of  the  Queen  and  other  members  of  the 
Royal  Family.  Six  years  afterwards  Humphrey  met 
with  a  severe  accident,  and  went  for  the  benefit  of 
his  health  to  Italy,  where  he  remained  for  four  years 
studying  the  old  masters.  Two  years  after  his  return 
to  England  in  1777  he  was  elected  an  Associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy.  In  1785  he  went  to  India, 
and  painted  miniatures  of  many  of  the  distinguished 
natives  ;  but  after  staying  there  for  three  years,  he 
was  compelled,  owing  to  ill-health,  to  return  again 
to  London,  where  he  continued  to  paint  miniatures 
until  his  sight  failed.  He  then  turned  his  attention 
to  crayon  drawing,  and  became  one  of  its  ablest 
exponents.     Humphrey  was  elected   a    full   member 


MINIATURE   PAINTING  17 

of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1791,  and  in  the  following 
year  he  was  appointed  Portrait  Painter  in  Crayon 
to  the  King.  In  1797  he  became  totally  blind, 
and  although  incapacitated  for  further  w^ork,  he 
lived  for  thirteen  years  longer,  and  eventually  died 
at  his  residence  in  Thornhaugh  Street,  Bedford 
Square,  on  March  9,  18 10.  Humphrey  worked 
under  the  influence  of  Reynolds,  and  his  miniatures 
were  executed  with  great  refinement  and  charming 
expression.  He  was  for  many  years  one  of  the  most 
prominent  members  in  the  profession. 

John  Smart  was  born  in  Norfolk  in  1741.  He 
was  a  fellow-pupil  with  Cosway  at  St.  Martin's  Lane 
Academv,  and,  like  Coswav,  obtained  one  of  the  first 
premiums  ofi^ered  by  the  Society  of  Arts  in  1755 
to  boys  and  girls  under  the  age  of  fourteen,  for  an 
"  Academy  figure  "  drawn  in  pencil.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  appears  to  have  obtained  a  second 
premium  offered  to  children  "  of  the  unexperienced 
age  of  fourteen,"  but  he  certainly  must  have  been 
beyond  the  limit  of  age  [see  page  13).  In  1757  he 
obtained  a  premium  in  a  class  under  seventeen  years 
of  age,  and  in  1758  under  eighteen  years.  Smart 
soon  became  successful  in  miniature  painting,  and  was 
elected  a  Vice-President  of  the  Incorporated  Society 
of  Artists,  to  whose  exhibitions  he  contributed  many 
specimens  of  his  art.  In  1788  he  followed  the 
footsteps  of  Ozias  Humphrey,  and  embarked  for 
India ;  here  he  met  with  great  success,  remaining 
in  the  East  for  five  years.  Smart  usually  signed  his 
miniatures  with  his  initials,  J.S.,  and  added  the 
letter  I  to  those  executed  in  India.     On   his   return 


1 8  MINIATURE   PAINTING 

to  London  he  received  numerous  commissions  from 
the  Royal  Family,  and  he  became  one  of  the  most 
fashionable  miniature  painters  of  the  day.  He  died 
in  Russell  Place,  Fitzroy  Square,  on  May  i,  1811. 

George  Engleheart  was  born  at  Kew  in  1752. 
When  still  a  youth  he  entered  the  studio  of  George 
Barret,  R.A.,  and  under  his  teaching  made  some  draw- 
ings of  landscapes  and  cattle  ;  afterwards  he  was 
placed  under  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  copied  many 
of  his  portraits  in  miniature.  He  became  one  of  the 
most  successful  miniature  painters  of  the  period,  and 
a  large  number  of  persons  of  distinction  sat  to  him, 
their  names  being  recorded  in  a  fee  book  which 
he  kept.  Engleheart  succeeded  Jeremiah  Meyer  as 
Miniature  Painter  to  King  George  HI.  He  died  at 
Blackheath,  and  was  buried  in  the  family  vault  at  Kew. 

Samuel  Shelley  was  born  in  Whitechapel,  and 
was  a  self-taught  artist.  He  copied  the  paintings  of 
Reynolds,  and  in  a  measure  his  style  as  a  miniature 
painter  is  founded  upon  the  latter's  work.  In  addition 
to  portraits,  he  painted  poetic  subjects  on  a  small 
scale,  and  he  was  one  of  the  four  artists  who  were 
instrumental  in  founding  the  Society  of  Painters 
in  Water  Colours. 

Andrew  Plimer  was  the  son  of  a  Shropshire 
clockmaker,  and  was  brought  up  in  his  father's  busi- 
ness. He  ran  away  from  home  with  his  elder  brother 
Nathaniel,  and  the  two  youths  for  a  considerable 
period  wandered  about  the  country  with  a  party  of 
gipsies.  Eventually  they  found  their  way  to  London, 
where  Andrew  obtained  employment  as  a  servant  to 
Cosway,  and  afterwards  became  a  pupil  of  his  master. 


MINIATURE   PAINTING  19 

He  executed  a  large  number  of  miniatures  of  beautiful 
women,  and  he  is  noted  for  having  painted  a  fine 
group  of  three  ladies  of  the  Rushout  family.  Nath- 
aniel also  became  a  miniature  painter,  but  very  little 
is  known  either  of  his  life  or  work. 

Other  miniature  painters  who  were  working 
towards  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  and 
during  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century 
were  : — 

Samuel  Cotes,  brother  of  Francis  Cotes,  R.A.  ; 
Richard  Collins,  a  pupil  of  Jeremiah  Meyer,  Chief 
Miniature  and  Enamel  Painter  to  George  III.;  Adam 
Buck,  an  Irishman  born  at  Cork  ;  John  Bogle,  a 
Scotchman  who  came  to  London  in  1772,  and  who 
has  been  described  as  "  a  little  lame  man,  very  poor, 
very  proud,  and  very  singular";  John  Thomas 
Barber,  who  afterwards  assumed  the  name  of 
Beaumont  and  became  Miniature  Painter  to  the 
Duke  of  Kent  and  York  ;  Mrs.  Anne  Mee,  patron- 
ised largely  by  the  Royal  Family,  and  many  of  whose 
miniatures  are  at  Windsor  ;  Andrew  Robertson, 
an  admirable  musician  as  well  as  a  miniature  painter, 
{at  the  age  of  sixteen  he  was  Director  of  Concerts  at 
Aberdeen;  he  came  to  London  about  1801,  and  was 
introduced  by  Benjamin  West  to  the  Royal  Family)  ; 
John  Cox  Dillman  Engleheart,  a  nephew  and 
pupil  of  George  Engleheart ;  Sir  William  John 
Newton,  Miniature  Painter  to  Queen  Adelaide,  and 
knighted  in  1837;  and  Sir  William  Ross,  R.A., 
pupil  of  Andrew  Robertson,  who  painted  a  large 
number  of  miniatures,  including  many  portraits  of  the 
Royal  Family. 


20  MINIATURE   PAINTING 

The  principal  miniature  painters  In  enamel  were 
Christian  Friedrich  ZiNCKE,who  wasborn  at  Dres- 
den, and  came  to  England  about  1706;  Nathaniel 
Hone,  R.A.,  painted  both  In  enamel  and  water  colour 
(he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Royal  Academy,  but 
quarrelled  with  that  body  by  painting  "  The  Con- 
jurer," satirising  Reynolds  and  Angelica  Kauffmann); 
his  son  Horace  Hone,  A.R.A.,alsopaInted  miniatures; 
Henry  Bone,  R.A.,  Enamel  Painter  to  George  III., 
and  three  of  his  sons,  Henry  Pierce  Bone,  William 
Bone,  and  C.  R.  Bone  ;  and  William  Essex,  who 
was  Enamel  Painter  to  Queen  Victoria  and  the 
Prince  Consort. 

Miniature  painting,  which  had  been  practised 
by  so  many  great  artists  for  nearly  three  centuries, 
suddenly  collapsed  In  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  owing  to  the  introduction  of  the  cheap 
mechanical  processes  of  photography.  A  revival, 
however,  has  taken  place  during  recent  years,  and  the 
art  is  being  fostered  by  two  Societies  of  Miniature 
Painters. 


CHAPTER  II 

TOPOGRAPHICAL  DRAUGHTSMEN 

As  has  been  stated,  the  earhest  mediasval  pictures 
in  missals  were  wrought  with  pigments  soluble  in 
water,  mixed  with  the  gum  of  the  fig-tree,  mastic, 
white  or  yolk  of  egg,  or  some  other  adhesive  medium 
to  give  the  proper  consistency  and  the  necessary  fixity; 
this  method  was  called  tempera  or  gouache  painting. 
Whilst  this  means  was  still  in  common  use,  the  mode 
of  painting  with  pigments  ground  in  water  was  also 
employed  by  artists  throughout  Europe,  especially 
the  Germans  and  Dutch,  in  making  sketches  or 
studies  for  oil  paintings ;  a  revival  of  the  old 
tempera  painting  on  panels  or  canvas  applied  to 
paper,  the  same  technique  being  employed.  At  first 
a  white  pigment  was  added  to  the  colours,  which 
rendered  them  opaque,  and  this  style  is  known  as 
painting  in  body  colour.  In  the  Print  Room  at  the 
British  Museum  there  are  two  admirable  sixteenth- 
century  drawings  in  this  manner  by  Albrfxht  Durer 
(1471-1528).  One  is  "A  View  of  the  Weier  Haus, 
near  Nuremberg."  The  greater  part  of  the  drawing 
is  filled  up  with  the  River  Pegnitz,  in  the  foreground 
some  sedge  and  grasses  are  carefully  drawn,  whilst 
in    the   middle  distance  towards   the  left   is   a  small 

21 


22         TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN 

island,  on  which  stands  a  narrow  plaster  and  timber 
house,  strongly  reflected  in  the  water.  This 
drawing  was  used  by  Diirer  for  the  background  of 
his  engraving  *'  The  Virgin  with  a  Monkey."  The 
other  is  a  landscape  study,  in  which  a  stormy  sky  and 
a  deep  blue  pool  with  some  pine-trees  on  the  right 
bank  have  been  washed  in  with  the  utmost  freedom 
by  this  great  German  master.  There  may  also  be 
seen  in  the  Print  Room  some  carefully  finished  draw- 
ings in  body  colour,  executed  in  the  following  century 
by  the  Dutch  artist  Adriaan  van  Ostade  (1610- 
1685).  This  painter  also  made  studies  in  water 
colour — i.e.  the  pigments  are  almost  transparent,  the 
white  ground  of  the  paper  being  the  source  of  their 
luminosity.  These  studies  were  first  outlined  with 
a  reed  pen,  with  slight  local  colours  afterwards  added. 
Cornelius  du  Sart  (i 655-1704)  and  other  Dutch 
painters  also  executed  drawings  in  the  same  manner  ; 
but  probably  the  finest  example  of  an  early  water- 
colour  drawing  of  the  Dutch  school  extant  is  a  pano- 
rama of  Amsterdam  from  the  river  Y,  with  the  yachts 
of  Peter  the  Great  and  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam  ; 
it  is  on  three  sheets  of  paper  mounted  in  one  length, 
and  is  executed  in  a  broad  manner  with  luminous 
effects.  In  the  front  is  the  city  yacht,  in  which  the 
Czar,  surrounded  by  distinguished  personages,  is  seated, 
and  close  to  it  is  the  royal  yacht,  whilst  in  the  back- 
ground is  the  city  of  Amsterdam.  It  was  painted  in 
1702  by  Ludolf  Bakhuisen  (1631-1708),  assisted  in 
the  architectural  portions  by  J.  van  Call,  an  architect 
and  etcher. 

As  miniature  portrait  painting  may  be  said  to  have 


TOPOGRAPHICAL    DRAUGHTSMEN         23 

been  introduced  into  England  by  a  foreigner,  Hans 
Holbein,  so  in  like  manner  the  tinting  of  drawings  with 
water  colour,  in  all  probability,  w^as  brought  into  this 
country  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century 
by  Wenceslaus  Hollar,  a  native  of  Prague,  who 
came  to  England  with  the  Earl  of  Arundel  on  his 
return  from  the  embassy  at  Vienna.  Hollar  became 
Drawing  Master  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  the  Duke 
of  York,  and  during  the  troubled  times  he  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Basing  House,  but  he  managed  to  escape 
to  Antwerp.  After  the  Restoration  he  returned  to 
England,  where  he  resided  until  his  death.  Although 
.he  is  best  known  by  the  large  number  of  etchings 
which  he  produced,  he  made  many  topographical 
drawings  in  outline  with  a  reed  pen,  to  which  he 
afterwards  added  slight  local  colours.  Admirable 
examples  of  these  drawings,  "  The  Quadrangle  at 
Windsor  Castle,"  "  Whitehall,"  and  "  The  Tower," 
mav  be  seen  at  the  British  Museum. 

In  an  interesting  seventeenth-century  manuscript 
styled  "  An  Inventorie  of  the  Personall  Estate  of  ye 
late  King,  which  was  sold  by  Act  of  ParP,"  ^  numer- 
ous water-colour  drawings  belonging  to  Charles  I. 
are  mentioned  with  the  prices  at  which  they  were 
appraised  ;  for  instance  : — 

One  piece,  of  Christ  on  the  Cross  Water  Cullours     i  .  o  .  o 

A  landskape  w^''  water  cullours  2.0.0 
A  picture  in  water  collours  of  the  beheading 

the  Queen  of  Scotts  12.0.0 

X"^  feeding  the  people  water  colours  2.0.0 

Spanish  Fleet  in  88  water  colours  3.0.0 

Tobias  in  water  colours  by  )'c  King's  Niece  2.6.0 

^  In  the  Art  Library  at  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum. 


24         TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN 

The  following  is  the  description  of  the  last-named 
painting  given  in  the  Catalogue  of  the  King's  Collec- 
tion, the  MS.  of  which  is  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum 
at  Oxford.  "No.  71.  Item  sent  also  by  the  Princess 
Louisa,  his  Majesty's  niece,  a  landscape  piece  wherin 
the  angel  is  conducting  Tobias  with  a  fish  under  his 
arm,  the  angel  being  in  a  red  and  w^hite  habit,  a  little 
dog  following  :  which  picture  being  without  glass,  in 
a  black  frame,  was  presented  to  his  Majesty.  Length 
4-2-  in.,  breadth  7  in.  Done  in  the  Hague  by  the 
King's  niece  the  said  Princess."  Another  painting, 
representing  "  a  faulkner,"  sent  to  the  King  as  a  token 
from  his  niece  Princess  Louisa,  who  was  a  daughter 
of  Elizabeth,  Queen  of  Bohemia,  is  stated  to  be  "  in  a 
square  frame  with  isinglass  over  it." 

Amongst  the  earliest  Englishmen  to  take  up  this 
style  of  tinted  drawing  was  a  versatile  genius,  Francis 
Barlow,  who  was  born  in  Lincolnshire  about  1626. 
He  practised  portrait  painting,  but  his  talent  lay  in 
animal  painting,  and  he  drew  horses,  dogs,  birds,  and 
fishes  with  great  spirit,  introducing  clever  landscapes 
in  the  backgrounds  ;  he  also  designed  some  painted 
ceilings,  and  some  monuments  for  Westminster  Abbey. 
Haifa  century  later  a  marine  painter,  Peter  Monamy, 
who  came  from  Jersev,  executed  some  clever  draw- 
ings. Speaking  of  *' The  Old  East  India  Wharf"  by 
him  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  Mr. 
Samuel  Redgrave  said,  "  It  is  almost  identical  with 
some  of  the  works  of  the  Dutch  artists,  and  aptly 
illustrates  the  gradation  from  cold  monochrome  tints 
till  warmer  colour  in  the  foreground  is  reached,  grey 
being  used  as  the  shadow  colour  in  the  distance,  cool 


TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN         25 

brown  in  the  mid  distance,  culminating  in  warmer 
browns,  and  even  a  reddish  tint  in  some  foreground 
tiles,  the  whole  being  laid  on  in  such  clean,  sharp 
washes,  and  with  such  transparent  pigments,  that  it 
might  have  been  executed  a  century  later,  when  the 
art  was  in  its  full  excellence  in  England." 

The  drawing  of  racehorses  exercising  on  New- 
market Heath  {see  Plate  VII.)  by  Pieter  Tillemans 
shows  that  painting  in  water  colour  must  have 
been  practised  in  this  country  early  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  Tillemans  was  a  Flemish  painter,  born  at 
Antwerp  in  1684,  and  came  to  England  in  1708.  He 
painted  portraits,  hunting  scenes,  horses,  dogs,  and 
views  of  country  seats ;  he  also  drew  many  illustra- 
tions for  Bridge's  "  History  of  Northamptonshire," 
published  in  171 9.  Tillemans  was  a  friend  of  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Cox  Macro,  a  chaplain  to  King  George  II., 
and  Macro  employed  him  to  decorate  with  paintings 
the  walls  of  the  staircase  of  his  residence,  Little 
Haugh  Hall,  at  Norton,  near  Bury  St.  Edmunds.  He 
resided  with  Dr.  Macro  for  a  considerable  period,  and 
there  still  exists  a  painting  of  his  studio  in  that  house 
executed  by  himself.  He  died  there  suddenly  on 
December  5,  1734,  having  been  working  up  to  the 
previous  day  on  a  portrait  of  a  horse.  Tillemans 
was  buried  in  the  churchyard  of  the  adjoining  parish, 
Stowlangtoft,  and  the  following  is  the  entry  in  the 
register  of  that  parish  :  "  Peter  Tillemans  of  Richmond 
in  County  of  Surrey  was  Buried  De^  y®  7  day." 
In  a  book  preserved  in  the  vestry  chest  at  Norton 
is  a  record  of  a  distressing  dispute  between  Dr.  Cox 
Macro  and  the  Rector  of  Norton  of  that  time  about 


26         TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN 

the  land  tax  assigned  to  the  rectory.  The  rector 
writes  as  though  one  special  year  had  been  a  year 
of  painful  and  agonising  experiences,  and  it  may  be 
that  alienation  from  each  other  (as  is  indicated  in  the 
pathetic  record)  influenced  Dr.  Macro  in  arranging 
for  his  friend  the  artist  not  to  be  buried  in  Norton 
churchyard.  At  one  time  there  was  a  bust  of  Tille- 
mans  by  Rysbrach  in  a  niche  at  the  top  of  the  stair- 
case at  Little  Haugh,  and  although  it  has  disappeared, 
the  inscription,  "  Tillemansio  suo  Rysbrachius,"  still 
remains.  With  reference  to  the  statement  in  the 
burial  register  that  Tillemans  belonged  to  Richmond 
Dr.  John  Evans,  writing  in  i  824,  says  :  "  In  the  collec- 
tion of  Archdeacon  Cambridge  there  was  a  view  of 
'T^clunond  Hill,  interesting  not  only  as  one  of  the  best 
works  of  the  master  Tillemans,  but  from  the  accuracy 
with  which  it  represents  every  object  seen  from  that 
much  admired  spot  near  a  century  ago.  It  was 
painted  from  the  house  in  which  Tillemans  lived,  for 
his  patron,  Lord  Radnor,  whose  house  at  Twickenham 
is  introduced,  also  the  portraits  of  some  of  the  prin- 
cipal persons  then  resident  in  the  neighbourhood, 
particularly  that  eccentric  character  Lady  Wortley 
Montague  on  her  favourite  horse  on  which  she 
hunted  with  the  staghounds  in  Richmond  Park." 
There  was  a  portrait  of  Tillemans  by  Wissing  at 
Strawberry  Hill,  and  an  engraving  was  made  after  it 
by  T.  Chambers. 

"  Newmarket  Heath,"  although  it  may  be  classed 
as  a  topographical  drawing,  is  executed  in  a  free  style 
with  washes  of  colour,  without  any  outlines  with  a  pen 
and  without  grey  tints,  and  in  technique  it  is  in  advance 


PL  ATI'.    \11 


NEWMARKET   HEATH 

By  Pwfc?-  Tiilenia7is 

Size  of  original  36 j  x   11^  inches 


11/    ITAJS 


-Vl\?i\'\    V?. 


>  '  i 


TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN         27 

of  the  work  of  the  English  topographical  draughts- 
men  of  the    middle   of  the   eighteenth   century. 

Another  foreigner  who  painted  topographical  draw- 
ings was  J.  Maurer,  a  native  of  Switzerland  ;  he 
came  to  England  about  1745,  and  drew  many  views 
of  buildings  in  London.  There  are  some  tinted 
drawings  of  St.  James's  Park  in  the  Royal  Collection 
at  Windsor. 

During  this  century  it  became  a  fashion  for  the 
nobility  and  other  important  personages  to  have 
engravings  made  of  their  country  seats,  and  numerous 
antiquarian  publications  were  at  the  same  period 
produced,  illustrated  with  engravings  of  views  of 
family  mansions,  churches,  and  other  buildings.  This 
fashion  created  a  demand  for  topographical  draughts- 
men to  assist  the  engravers,  and  a  large  number  of 
these  soon  sprang  up.  The  architectural  portions 
of  their  drawings  were  carefully  outlined  with  a  pen, 
and  local  colours  were  frequently  washed  in  afterwards 
with  a  slight  tint. 

In  the  catalogues  of  the  exhibitions  of  the  Society 
of  Artists  of  Great  Britain,  the  first  of  which  was 
held  at  the  Society  of  Arts  in  1760,  these  topo- 
graphical works  are  described  as  being  *'  stained," 
"  tinted,"  or  "  washed "  drawings.  At  first  the 
washes,  being  mere  indications  of  colour,  were  very 
sparingly  laid  on  these  outline  drawings  ;  they  were 
chiefly  employed  in  the  foreground,  with  sometimes 
a  slight  indication  of  blue  for  the  sky,  but  never 
covering  the  whole  surface  of  the  paper.  Gradually 
more  colour  was  added,  and  by  degrees  a  more  artistic 
character  was  given   to  the  work.     Edward  Dayes, 


28        TOPOGRAPHICAL    DRAUGHTSMEN 

in  his  "  Instructions  for  Drawing  and  Colouring 
Landscapes,"  published  after  his  death  in  i  805,  ex- 
plains the  manner  in  which  these  drawings  were 
executed.  "  Supposing,"  he  says,  "  the  outline  com- 
plete, and  ready  to  work  on,  there  are  two  ways  of 
working  it  up.  The  first,  and  most  easy  way,  is  to 
make  all  the  shadows,  and  middle  tints,  with  Prussian 
blue  and  brown  Indian  ink.  The  other  is,  by  dead 
colouring  it  all  over,  making  light,  shade,  and  middle 
tint,  as  is  done  in  oil  painting  (only  preserving  the 
lights),  and  which  is,  of  course,  most  complex,  and  so 
proceed  strengthening  each  part,  till  the  whole  is 
finished.  .  .  .  The  grey  colour,  or  srial  tint,  may  be 
first  washed  over  every  terrestrial  part  of  the  drawing 
required  to  be  kept  down ;  that  is,  before  colouring  ; 
as  colour  laid  over  the  grey  will,  of  course,  not  be  so 
light  as  where  the  paper  is  without  it."  After  giving 
other  minute  directions  for  colouring  and  drawing 
landscapes,  he  finishes  the  chapter  by  recapitulating 
his  instructions  as  follows  :  "  First,  then,  in  making 
the  outline,  everything  that  relates  to  shapes  of  the 
objects  must  be  settled,  as  the  student  will  then  have 
the  advantage  of  doing  it  without  the  interference  of 
light  and  shadow,  or  colour  ;  and  so  far  his  attention, 
being  less  engaged,  may  be  more  vigorously  applied. 
Secondly,  he  will  consider  light  and  shadow  inde- 
pendent of  form  or  colour,  and  carry  on  the  drawing  as 
directed  under  Light  and  Shade;  and  thirdly,  having  only 
the  colouring  to  regard,  it  is  but  reasonable  to  expect 
that  his  success  will  be  greater  than  if  he  had  to  attend 
to  all  the  different  parts  at  one  and  the  same  time." 
Whilst    outline  drawings,  slightly  tinted,  were  in 


TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN         29 

every  way  suitable  for  the  purpose  of  the  engraver, 
the  lack  of  colour  gave  them  a  cold  and  weak  ap- 
pearance when  hung  on  the  same  walls  with  oil 
paintings  at  an  exhibition,  and  one  may  not  be  far 
wrong  in  assuming  that  the  development  of  water- 
colour  painting  was  to  a  great  measure  stimulated 
by  these  exhibitions  inaugurated  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Up  to  that  period 
the  stained  drawings  by  the  topographical  artists  were 
executed  for  the  use  of  the  engraver,  and  the  chalk 
or  charcoal  sketches  slightly  tinted  with  water  colour 
made  by  painters  in  oil  were  chiefly  designs  for  their 
paintings.  It  was  not  until  the  last  decade  of  the 
century  that  water-colour  paintings,  apart  from 
miniatures,  were  produced  as  finished  works  of  art. 
Exception  may  perhaps  be  made  in  the  case  of 
the  miniature  copies  of  oil  paintings  in  the  Royal 
Collection  produced  by  Peter  Oliver  for  King  Charles  I. 
One  of  the  chief  difficulties  with  which  the  early 
water-colour  painters  had  to  contend  w^as  the  colours. 
The  manufacture  of  colours  was  an  unknown  trade, 
and  the  artist  had  to  prepare  them  himself  as  best 
he  could.  In  the  "  Art  of  Drawing  and  Painting  in 
Water  Colours,"  published  in  1770,  the  writer  states 
that  colours  are  to  be  distinguished  as  follows :  white, 
yellow,  orange,  red,  purple,  blue,  and  black  ;  he  pro- 
ceeds to  give  the  artist  minute  directions  for  the 
preparation  of  these  colours  from  natural  materials — 
viz.  roots,  and  mineral  and  other  compounds  ;  also  the 
means  of  purchasing  these  materials  in  their  raw 
state  from  the  druggist  or  herbalist.  In  1781 
the  artist  colourman  was  already  established,  for  we 


30         TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN 

find  in  that  year  that  Messrs.  Thomas  and  William 
Reeves  were  awarded  a  silver  palette  by  the  Society 
of  Arts  for  their  improved  water  colours  ;  but  for  a 
considerable  period  afterwards  artists  continued  to 
make  their  own  colours,  for  as  late  as  1797  Paul 
Sandby,  writing  to  a  friend,  speaks  of  a  grand  dis- 
covery. "  A  few  weeks  ago  I  had  a  French  brick 
for  breakfast :  the  crust  was  much  burnt  in  the 
baking.  I  scraped  off  the  black,  and  ground  it  with 
gum-water ;  it  produced  an  excellent  warm  black 
colour  like  mummy,  and  bears  out  with  great  vigour. 
.  .  .  The  day  after  this  great  discovery  I  had  pork 
and  peas-pudding  for  dinner.  I  tried  some  split  peas 
in  the  evening  in  a  shovel  over  the  fire,  and  parched 
them  quite  black.  This  also  answers  well,  very  dark 
and  warm,  not  opaque  like  ivory  black :  you  will, 
I  know,  thank  me  when  you  try  it,  and  throw 
your  Indian  ink  aside." 

Another  difficulty  with  which  these  early  water- 
colour  painters  had  to  contend  w^as  the  paper.  At 
first  what  was  termed  wire-wove  paper  was  used,  but 
it  was  not  at  all  adapted  for  the  purpose,  as  it  was 
only  made  in  small  dimensions,  and  the  surface  was 
not  sufficiently  sized  to  bear  repeated  washings  with 
water  colours.  Later  a  white  cartridge  paper  was 
used,  but  it  was  too  smooth  and  too  hard  in  texture  ; 
besides,  it  was  only  partially  absorbent,  so  that  after 
a  wash  had  been  laid  over  it,  the  paper  dried  in 
patches,  and  thus  disfigured  the  drawings.  It  was  not 
until  a  paper  was  specially  manufactured  suitable  for 
the  use  of  water-colour  painters  that  satisfactory 
results  were  obtained. 


PLATE   VIII 


SOUTH-WEST   VIEW   OF   ETON   COLLEGE 

By  Paul  Sandby,  R.A. 

Sizu  of  original  8^  x   15  inches 


IIIV    HT/.Ji 


7/31/    T.?:it/-HTUOfe 


-jiiDili  tl    x   *6  isaiai  to  lo-aJkIC 


ft^s^r 


TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN         31 

Several  artists  have  been  claimed  to  be  the  "  father  " 
of  the  English  school  of  water-colour  painting, 
amongst  them  William  Tavener,  an  amateur 
painter.  He  was  the  son  of  a  proctor  in  the  Doctors' 
Commons,  whose  profession  he  followed.  His 
drawings  usually  represent  woody  scenes  ;  they  WTre 
never  topographically  correct,  and  he  exaggerated 
buildings  in  order  to  give  them  a  classic  character. 
He  painted  both  in  bodv  colour  and  in  water  colour  ; 
"  A  Woody  Landscape  "  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum,  and  "  Sandpits,  Woolwich,"  in  the  British 
Museum,  are  executed  in  the  former  medium,  whilst 
"  A  View  from  Richmond  Hill  "  at  the  Whitworth 
Institute,  Manchester,  is  in  the  latter.  Smollett  praises 
his  drawings  in  *'  Humphry  Clinker."  Tavener  was 
also  a  writer  of  plays,  and  produced,  amongst  others, 
''The  Maid  and  the  Mistress"  and  "The  Artful 
Husband." 

Another  early  painter  for  whom  the  title  has  been 
claimed  is  Samuel  Scott.  He  was  considered  to 
be  the  best  marine  painter  of  his  time  in  England  ; 
he  worked  chiefly  in  oil  colours,  but  he  also  produced 
drawings  in  water  colour  called  by  Walpole  **  washed 
drawings,"  of  which  there  is  an  excellent  example, 
"  Twickenham-on-the-Thames,"  in  the  Whitworth 
Institute,  Manchester.  Scott  w^as  a  friend  of  Hogarth, 
and  was  one  of  the  party  in  the  celebrated  "  Five  Days' 
Peregrination  "  in  the  Isle  of  Sheppey.  Scott  supplied 
two  of  the  illustrations  to  the  account  of  that  journey. 

Alexander  Cozens  has  also  been  styled  "father" 
of  our  water-colour  school.  He  was  a  natural  son 
of    Peter    the     Great,    and    born    in    Russia    of   an 


32         TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN 

Englishwoman  from  Deptford,  who  accompanied 
Peter  on  his  return  to  his  own  country.  Cozens  was 
sent  by  the  Czar  to  study  art  in  Italy,  and  he  came 
from  that  country  to  England  in  1746,  where  he 
painted  landscapes  in  water  colour.  He  was  drawing 
master  at  Eton  for  some  years,  and  gave  lessons  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  George  IV.  Subse- 
quently he  resided  for  a  time  at  Bath,  and  here  he 
became  a  very  popular  teacher  to  the  dilettanti  at  that 
fashionable  resort.  He  professed  to  teach  amateurs 
how  to  produce  pretty  pictures  without  imposing 
upon  them  the  necessity  of  study.  His  process  was 
to  "  dash  out  upon  several  pieces  of  paper  a  number 
of  accidental  large  blots  and  loose  flourishes,  from 
which  he  selected  forms,  and  sometimes  produced 
very  grand  ideas."  ^  Cozens  demonstrated  this  pro- 
cess in  a  small  tract  entitled  "  A  New  Method  of 
drawing  Original  Landscapes."  Dayes,  in  his  "  Pro- 
fessional Sketches,"  calls  him  *'  Blotmaster-General  to 
the  Town." 

The  painter,  however,  who  is  most  generally 
known  as  **  the  father  of  the  water-colour  art  "  was 
Paul  Sandby,  R.A.,  a  descendant  of  an  old  Notting- 
ham family.  Through  the  influence  of  Mr.  Plumtre, 
the  borough  member,  he  and  his  elder  brother 
Thomas  obtained  employment  in  the  Military  Draw- 
ing Office  of  the  Tower  of  London.  In  1746  he  was 
engaged  as  draughtsman  on  the  survey  of  the  roads 
of  the  Highlands,  which  was  commenced  after  the 
suppression  of  the  rebellion,  and  made  many  sketches 
of  the  scenery  and  antiquities  of  Scotland.  He  quitted 
^  Edwards,  "Anecdotes  of  Painting." 


PLATE   IX 


BURY   ST.   EDMUNDS,   WITH    ST.  JAMES'S   CHURCH    AND 
"SIX   BELLS"    INN 

By  Michael  ''Angela"  Rooker,  A.R.A. 

Size  of  original  14^  x   \%\  inches.      Signed 


XI   aTAJ4 


I 


J IV 


>.-Mtgt^sasi!aM^ 


:f 


! 


TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN         33 

the  service  of  the  survey  in  1 751,  and  for  a  time  took 
up  his  abode  with  his  brother  at  Windsor.  Here  he 
made  a  large  number  of  views  of  Windsor  Castle,  and 
of  the  principal  objects  of  interest  in  the  parks  and 
neighbourhood,  including  Eton  and  its  college  [see 
Plate  VIII.).  In  1760  the  two  brothers  took  up  their 
residences  in  London,  and  Paul,  after  living  in  Drifour's 
Court,  Broad  Street,  Carnaby  Market,  and  in  Poland 
Street,  eventually  purchased  a  house,  No.  4,  St. 
George's  Row,  Oxford  Road,  overlooking  Hyde  Park 
(now  23,  Hyde  Park  Place),  where  he  resided  until 
his  death,  according  to  an  article  in  T/ie  Magazine 
of  Fine  Arts,  published  in  1833.  Paul  Sandby's  early 
style  of  drawing  was  effected  by  carefully  delineating 
the  forms  of  all  the  objects  of  his  composition  with 
a  penned  outline,  and  all  was  shadowed  in  a  simple 
effect  of  light  and  shade  with  Indian  ink.  The 
chiaroscuro  thus  wrought,  the  whole  was  coloured 
with  simple  washes,  approximating  the  general  tint 
of  each  locality.  These  were  designated  "  tinted 
drawings."  His  second  and  improved  style  of  re- 
presenting his  views  and  pictorial  compositions  was 
by  subduing  the  rigid  appearance  of  the  outline,  and 
adding  richness,  though  with  cautious  timidity,  so  as 
to  emulate  the  effect  of  a  picture.  This  step  in 
improvement  was  effected  by  a  careful  repetition  of 
the  tinting,  and  by  compounding  a  greater  variety 
of  hues,  deepening  his  repetitions  as  the  objects 
approached  the  foreground.  His  superior  style,  and 
that  on  which  he  hoped  to  establish  a  lasting 
reputation,  was  that  in  which  he  wrought  in  body- 
colour  painting.     Some  of  the  subjects  which  he  pro- 

5 


34         TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN 

duced  in  the  pigments  thus  prepared  were  executed 
with  great  mastery  and  skill.  Paul  Sandby  also 
painted  in  oil,  and  contributed  many  pictures  in  oil 
as  well  as  in  water  colours  to  the  Royal  Academy, 
of  which  he  was  one  of  the  original  members.  He 
was  a  spirited  etcher,  and  produced  numerous 
etchings,  in  many  of  which  he  ridiculed  Hogarth's 
caricatures  with  considerable  humour  and  wit.  Sand- 
by  was  also  the  first  artist  to  practise  aquatint  in 
England.  The  Hon.  Charles  Greville  purchased  the 
secret  from  the  French  painter  and  engraver  Jean 
Baptiste  le  Prince,  and  communicated  it  to  Sandby. 
From  1768  to  1796  Sandby  held  the  post  of  Chief 
Drawing  Master  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at 
Woolwich,  and  he  was  also  appointed  by  King 
George  III.  to  instruct  the  young  Princes  in  drawing. 
A  large  collection  of  Sandby 's  drawings  is  preserved 
at  Windsor. 

Thomas  Sandby,  R.A.,  the  elder  brother  of  Paul 
Sandby,  was  also  born  at  Nottingham,  and  was 
appointed  at  the  same  time  with  him  in  the  Military 
Drawing  Office  of  the  Tower  of  London.  Subse- 
quently he  became  Draughtsman  and  Private  Secre- 
tary to  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  and 
accompanied  him  in  his  campaigns  in  Flanders  and 
Scotland.  In  1746  Thomas  Sandby  was  appointed 
Deputy  Ranger  of  Windsor  Great  Park,  which  posi- 
tion he  held  until  his  death.  This  post  placed  him  in 
comparative  independence,  and  afforded  scope  for  the 
employment  of  his  talent  both  as  an  artist  and 
architect.  For  several  years  after  his  appointment 
a  large  part  of  his  time  was  occupied  in  the  construe- 


PLATK    X 


RICHMOND 

By  Thomas  Hearne 

Size  of  original  7|  x   lof  inches.     Signed  and  dated  1790 


X   JiTA.M 


a;ioMH3i>f 


ais  can 


TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN  35 

tion  of  the  Virginia  Water.  He  became,  like  his 
brother,  one  of  the  foundation  members  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  he  was  appointed  its  first  Professor  of 
Architecture.  Although  Thomas  Sandby  was  chiefly 
an  architect,  he  executed  many  topographical  draw- 
ings, some  of  which  are  preserved  in  the  Royal 
Library  at  Windsor.  He  died  at  the  Deputy 
Ranger's  Lodge  in  1798,  and  was  buried  in  the 
churchyard  of  Old  Windsor.  A  brass  plate  was 
placed  in  the  church  to  his  memory  some  years  since, 
recording  the  chief  events  of  his  life. 

One  of  the  most  successful  followers  of  Paul 
Sandby  was  his  pupil  Michael  Rooker,  A.R.A., 
more  commonly  known  as  Michael  Angelo  Rooker, 
the  additional  Christian  name  having,  it  is  said,  been 
given  to  him  by  his  master.  He  was  the  son  of 
Edward  Rooker,  an  engraver,  to  whose  profession  he 
was  brought  up ;  subsequently  he  studied  at  St. 
Martin's  Lane  Academy  and  under  Sandby.  He  was 
amongst  the  early  students  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  in  1770  was  elected  an  Associate  of  that  body. 
In  1788  he  commenced  a  series  of  pedestrian  tours 
through  England,  and  executed  a  large  number  of 
water-colour  drawings,  which  are  remarkable  for 
accurate  and  delicate  detail,  as  shown  in  *'  Bury  St. 
Edmunds  "  {see  Plate  IX.).  A  contemporary  with 
Rooker  was  Thomas  Hearne,  who  was  an  apprentice 
to  W.  Woollett,  the  engraver.  In  1771  he  went  to 
the  Leeward  Islands  as  draughtsman  to  the  Governor, 
and  executed  many  drawings  for  him.  He  afterwards 
exhibited  a  number  of  drawings  which  were  engraved 
by   W.    Payne    for  "  Antiquities   of  Great    Britain." 


26  TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN 

Hearne's  drawings  were  accurately  executed,  but  his 
colouring  was  weak,  and  "  Richmond  "  {see  Plate  X.) 
is  a  good  example  of  his  style. 

Edward  Dayes  engraved  in  mezzotint,  executed 
miniatures,  and  wrote  several  works  on  art,  besides 
making  topographical  drawings.  An  engraving  of 
"  Buckingham  House,  St.  James's  Park  "  {see  Plate  XI.) 
was  published  in  1793  under  the  title  of  "The 
Promenade  in  St.  James's  Park."  Dayes  died  by  his 
own  hand  in  May,  1804. 

Another  topographical  artist  of  the  same  period 
was  Joseph  Farington,  R.A.,  the  son  of  a  Lanca- 
shire parson.  When  sixteen  years  of  age  he  was 
placed  under  Richard  Wilson  ;  he  became  one  of  the 
first  students  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  was  elected 
an  Associate  in  1783,  and  a  full  Academician  two 
years  later,  although  he  chiefly  painted  topographical 
subjects  in  water  colours.  He  died  in  1821  from  the 
effects  of  a  fall  from  a  horse. 

During  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century 
it  was  the  fashion  for  distinguished  persons  travelling 
abroad  to  be  accompanied  by  artists,  who  were 
employed  to  depict  scenes  in  the  countries  visited. 
Many  of  the  drawings  produced  by  them  were  after- 
wards engraved.  The  following  were  amongst  the 
most  noted  of  these  travelling  artists:  John  Smith, 
who  visited  Italy  with  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  from 
which  he  acquired  the  appellation  of  "  Warwick  "  or 
*'  Itahan  "  Smith.  William  Pars,  A.R.A.,  who  went 
with  Dr.  Chandler  to  Greece  as  draughtsman  for  the 
Dilettanti  Society  ;  subsequently  he  was  sent  by  that 
Society   to    Rome,   where    he    died   in    1782.     Pars 


PLATE   XI 


BUCKINGHAM    HOUSE,    ST.   JAMES'S   PARK 
By  Edward  Dayes 
Engraved  by  S.  D.  Soiron,  1793,  under  the  title  of  "  Promenade  in  St.  James's  Park 
Size  of  original  15I  x  25I  inches.     Signed  and  dated  1790 


IZ   MTAJI 


A 'A  ..I8U0H   UAHDVLiyiDUd 


UNIVERSITY 

OF 


TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN         37 

executed  many  drawings  in  Ireland.  John  Cleveley, 
a  pupil  of  Paul  Sandby,  painted  seascapes  and 
shipping,  whilst  holding  an  appointment  at  Deptford 
Dockyard.  He  accompanied  Sir  J.  Banks  on  his 
voyage  to  Iceland  in  1772,  and  was  draughtsman  to 
the  North  Sea  expedition  of  Captain  Phipps,  after- 
wards Lord  Mulgrave,  in  1774.  Robert  Clevelev, 
his  twin  brother,  also  painted  marine  subjects,  and 
was  appointed  Marine  Painter  to  the  Prince  of  Wales. 
He  died  from  a  fall  from  a  cliff  at  Dover  in  1809. 
John  Webber,  R.A.,  was  the  son  of  a  Swiss  sculptor 
named  Weber,  but  he  altered  the  spelling  of  his 
name.  He  sailed  with  Captain  Cook  on  his  third 
and  last  voyage  in  1776,  and  was  present  at  the  great 
navigator's  death.  A  painting  of  the  event  by  Webber 
was  engraved  by  Byrne  and  Bartolozzi.  His  drawing 
was  correct,  but  the  general  effect  of  his  works  was 
weak.  William  Alexander,  an  artist  who  drew 
with  refined  taste,  accompanied  Lord  Macartney's 
embassy  to  China  in  1792,  and  illustrated  Sir  George 
Staunton's  account  of  that  embassy,  and  also  Barrow's 
"Travels  in  China." 

Other  water-colour  painters  working  during  the 
latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  were  Anthony 
T.  Devis,  a  teacher  of  drawing;  George  Barret, 
Sen.,  R.A.,  a  self-taught  Irish  painter  who  was  induced 
by  Edmund  Burke  to  come  to  London  in  1762,  and 
became  a  friend  of  Sawrey  Gilpin,  R.A.,  the  animal 
painter,  who  sometimes  added  horses  and  cattle  to  the 
former's  landscapes;  Thomas  Malton,  Jun.,  and 
James  Malton,  the  sons  of  a  topographical  draughts- 
man, who  followed  their  father's  footsteps  and  painted 


38  TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN 

many  architectural  views ;  the  former  is  known  for 
his  street  scenes  similar  to  "  The  Strand,  with  Somerset 
House  and  St.  Mary's  Church  "  (see  Plate  XII.)  ; 
Nicholas  Pocock,  chiefly  a  marine  painter,  who  was 
the  son  of  a  Bristol  merchant,  and  when  young  com- 
manded merchant  vessels  sailing  from  that  port,  but 
later  left  the  sea  to  devote  himself  to  art,  and  re- 
ceived some  encouragement  from  Reynolds  ;  and  John 
Alexander  Gresse,  a  fashionable  drawing  master 
who  numbered  amongst  his  pupils  the  daughters  of 
George  III. 

John  Thomas  Serres,  the  son  of  Dominic  Serres, 
R.A.,  was  a  marine  painter  like  his  father,  but  prac- 
tised painting  chiefly  in  water  colours.  He  became 
marine  painter  to  King  George  III.,  and  draughtsman 
to  the  Admiralty,  the  latter  being  a  lucrative  post, 
but  unfortunately  he  married  a  Miss  Wilmot  of  War- 
wick, who  passed  herself  off  as  the  Princess  of  Cum- 
berland ;  her  intrigues  and  extravagances  ruined  him, 
and  he  died  within  the  Rules  of  the  King's  Bench  in 
1825.  His  brother  Dominic  M.  Serres  was  also 
a  water-colour  painter. 

In  the  eighteenth  century  the  painters  of  figure 
subjects  in  water  colours  were  not  numerous.  The 
principal  were  :  John  Collet,  who  painted  mainly 
humorous  drawings  of  considerable  merit,  and  may 
be  said  to  have  plagiarised  Hogarth ;  Giovanni 
Battista  Cipriani,  R.A.,  an  Italian,  who  came  to 
England  in  1755,  and  who  drew  many  graceful 
figure  subjects,  and  gained  a  widespread  reputation 
by  the  engravings  made  after  them  by  his  fellow 
countryman  Bartolozzi ;  Francis  Wheatley,  R.A., 


PLATE    XII 


THE  STRAND,  WITH  SOMERSET  HOUSE  AND  ST.  MARY'S  CHURCH 

By  Thomas  Malton,  Jun. 

Size  of  original  13  x   19  inches 


UX   MTA^CM 


IlMUJ!  !/I  .TS  aVlA  aaUOII  T32^3M08  IITIW  ,<: 


^  \ 


TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN         39 

who,  besides  making  topographical  drawings,  painted 
numerous  genre  subjects  \see  Plate  XIII.),  many  of 
which,  including  *'  The  Cries  of  London,"  were  en- 
graved; and  that  eccentric  genius,  William  Blake, 
who  executed  wonderful  drawings  for  his  own  poetical 
works,  and  other  publications. 

Three  artists,  Henry  Williaivi  Bunbury, 
Thomas  Rowlandson,  and  Isaac  Cruikshank,  were 
noted  for  their  caricatures.  The  first  named  belonged 
to  an  old  Suffolk  family,  and  became  Equerry  to  the 
Duke  of  York.  As  an  artist  he  excelled  in  humorous 
drawings,  but  they  were  somewhat  weak  in  execution. 
Rowlandson,  however,  although  he  lived  a  somewhat 
dissipated  life,  and  ran  through  a  considerable  property, 
displayed  great  talent  in  his  caricatures  and  was  a 
prolific  worker.  Many  of  his  drawings  were  repro- 
duced in  aquatint,  and  amongst  them  his  illustrations 
to  "  The  Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax  "  were  very  popular. 
The  original  drawings  for  this  work  are  in  the  Dyce 
Library  at  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.  Isaac 
Cruikshank  was  a  Scotchman  born  in  Edinburgh. 
He  came  to  London  and  worked  as  a  caricaturist. 
He  illustrated  works  by  Dean  Swift,  Joe  Miller,  and 
others. 

Another  well-known  caricaturist  of  this  time  was 
James  Gillray,  who  produced  more  than  twelve 
hundred  political  and  satirical  drawings;  he,  how- 
ever, did  but  little  painting  in  water  colours,  his 
works  being  chiefly  executed  in  chalk  and  pen-and- 
ink. 

Three  ladies  must  be  mentioned  as  belontrins:  to 
this  period  :   Lady  Diana   Beauclerk,  an  amateur 


40         TOPOGRAPHICAL   DRAUGHTSMEN 

painter  in  water  colours,  who  was  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Charles  Spencer,  the  second  Duke  of 
Marlborough.  She  was  first  married  to  Viscount 
Bolingbroke,  whom  she  divorced  in  1768,  and 
married  again  two  years  later  Dr.  Johnson's  friend, 
Topham  Beauclerk.  She  made  studies  of  children, 
which  were  engraved  by  Bartolozzi.  Mary  Moser, 
R.A.,  one  of  the  two  original  lady  members  of  the 
Royal  Academy.  She  was  noted  for  her  flower 
painting,  in  which  she  displayed  considerable  taste. 
The  other  original  lady  member  of  the  Royal  Academy 
was  Angelica  Kauffmann,  the  daughter  of  a 
Tyrolese  portrait-painter.  She  first  studied  in  Italy, 
and  afterwards  accompanied  the  wife  of  the  English 
Ambassador  at  Venice  to  England  in  1766.  She 
was  deceived  into  a  marriage  with  a  valet,  who 
passed  himself  off  as  his  master  the  Count  de  Horn. 
The  impostor  was,  however,  finally  persuaded  to 
leave  her  and  went  away  to  Germany.  Angelica 
Kauffmann  was  principally  a  painter  in  oils,  but 
executed  some  drawings  in  wash. 


ri.ATli   XIII 


THE   GLEANERS 

By  Francis   Wheatley,  R.A. 

Size  of  original  ili  x  67^  inches.     Signed 


I  HZ    -IT  All 


bafigi?.     .aartoni  ^d  x  |  F  i  Ir.riigiio  lo  ssiJi 


CHAPTER    III 

GIRTIN,    TURNER,    AND    CONSTABLE 

Richard  Wilson  and  Thomas  Gainsborough  may 
be  said  to  be  the  first  landscape  painters  in  England  to 
break  away  from  topographical  lines,  and  to  add  poetic 
sentiment  to  their  pictures.  Both  chiefly  worked  in 
oils  ;  the  former  is  known  by  his  classic  landscapes, 
and  the  latter,  not  only  by  his  portraits,  but  also  by 
his  paintings  of  English  rural  scenery.  Wilson  also 
executed  some  vigorous  sketches  in  chalk,  and  Gains- 
borough made  drawings  in  chalk  and  pencil  to  which 
local  tints  in  water  colour  were  added.  These  drawings 
by  Gainsborough  became  very  popular,  and  were 
largely  imitated  by  amateurs.  "  The  Gainsborough 
mania,"  says  W.  H.  Pyne  in  the  'The  Somerset  House 
Gazette^  "  was  long  the  rage,  and  there  are  yet  some 
antique  beaux  and  belles  of  haut  ton  who  recollect 
their  many  friends  who,  with  themselves,  were  stricken 
with  the  sketching  frenzy,  and  smile  at  Bath  and  its 
vanities,  as  they  talk  of  the  days  that  are  gone." 

Another  artist,  although  a  much  younger  man,  was 
also  at  the  same  time  exercising  considerable  influence 
on  landscape  painting — namely,  John  Cozens,  the 
son  of  Alexander  Cozens.  He  studied  chiefly  in  Italy 
and  Switzerland,  and  his  drawings,  although  belong- 

41  6 


42       GIRTIN,   TURNER,    AND    CONSTABLE 

ing  to  the  "  grey  school,"  with  little  more  in  actual 
colour  than  tinted  light  and  shade,  were  executed 
wdth  poetic  feeling,  and  displayed  atmospheric  effects 
which  had  hitherto  been  unknown  in  water-colour 
paintings  [see  Plate  XIV.).  Little  is  known  of  Cozens's 
later  life,  except  that  he  paid  a  second  visit  to  Italy 
in  company  with  William  Beckford,  the  author  of 
"  Vathek,"  in  1782,  and  that  on  his  return  he 
gradually  lost  his  reason.  He  was  assisted  until  his 
death  by  the  two  great  art  patrons.  Sir  George  Beau- 
mont and  Dr.  Thomas  Monro.  The  latter  inherited 
from  his  father  an  extensive  collection  of  paintings, 
which  were  kept  at  Adelphi  Terrace,  where  he  lived 
for  many  years.  Here  he  befriended  many  young 
artists,  not  only  by  allowing  them  to  make  copies  of 
these  paintings,  but  also  by  giving  them  supper  and 
half-a-crowna-piece  for  their  drawings.  Manyayoung 
man,  at  that  time  in  his  early  struggles,  who  after- 
wards became  well  known  as  a  water-colour  painter — 
such  as  Varley,  Edridge,  Francia,  De  Wint,  Cotman, 
Linnell,  Hunt,  and  others — received  a  helping  hand 
from  the  worthy  doctor,  but  the  names  of  his  two 
proteges,  Girtin  and  Turner,  will  always  stand  out 
beyond  the  others  in  connection  with  this  great 
art  patron. 

Thomas  Girtin  was  born  in  Southwark  on 
February  18,  1775.  His  father,  who  possessed  a  rope 
manufactory,  died  when  the  boy  was  about  eight 
years  old,  and  as  he  displayed  a  taste  for  drawing,  his 
mother,  after  he  had  received  some  elementary  in- 
struction from  a  man  named  Fisher,  apprenticed  him 
to  Edward  Dayes,     The  master,  a  sour-tempered  man, 


PLATE    XIV 


A   SWISS   LANDSCAPE 

By  John  Robert  Cozens 

Size  of  original  12  x   17^  inches 


IfADSClVlAJ   S8IV/r'    ! 

■yt'  'I'l    [TI      '    1.1    W.ril-i!,,    !;■     'm: 


^ 


GIRTIN,   TURNER,    AND   CONSTABLE       43 

and  the  light-hearted  apprentice  could  not  agree,  and 
Daves  had  Girtin  imprisoned  for  refractory  behaviour. 
He  did  not,  however,  suffer  in  prison  for  long,  as, 
according  to  Thornbury,  young  Girtin  was  released 
by  the  Earl  of  Essex,  who  cancelled  his  indentures 
and  continued  to  befriend  him  until  his  death. 
Girtin  appears  next  to  have  been  employed  by 
Raphael  Smith  in  colouring  prints,  and  it  was  at  this 
establishment  that  he  probably  first  met  Turner,  and 
that  the  two  young  men  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Dr.  Monro.  They  employed  their  leisure  hours 
during  the  daytime  in  sketching  on  the  banks  of  the 
Thames,  and  their  evenings  at  Adelphi  Terrace, 
copying  drawings  either  at  Dr.  Monro's  house  or 
at  that  of  another  art  patron,  Mr.  John  Henderson, 
who  lived  two  doors  away. 

Girtin  assisted  in  starting  a  club  for  practising 
landscape  painting.  The  members  met  in  the  evening 
at  each  other's  houses  in  rotation.  A  subject  was  chosen, 
and  each  treated  it  according  to  his  own  idea.  The 
sketches  became  the  property  of  the  member  at  whose 
house  they  met,  and  it  is  said  that  for  this  reason 
Turner  declined  to  be  one  of  the  party.  On  the  back 
of  a  moonlight  composition  by  Louis  Francia,  now  in 
the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  is  the  follow^ing 
inscription  : — 

This  drawing  was  made  on  Monday  May  the  20th 
1799  at  the  room  of  Robert  Ker  Porter  of  No.  16 
Great  Newport  Street,  Leicester  Square,  in  the  very 
painting  room,  that  formerly  was  Sir  Josuah  (sic) 
Reynolds's,  and  since  has  been  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson's  ; 
and  for  the  first  time  on  the  above  day  convened  a 
small  and  select  society  of  Young  Painters  under  the 


44       GIRTIN,   TURNER,   AND   CONSTABLE 

title  (as  I  give  it)  of  the  Brothers  ;  met  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  by  practice  a  school  of  Historic  Land- 
scape, the  subjects  being  designs  from  poetick  passages; 
L**.  Francia. 

The  Society  consists  of — VVorthington,  J.  C\ 
Denham — Treasurer,  R^  K"".  Porter,  T^  Girtin,  T^. 
Underwood,  G".  Samuel  &  L^  Francia,  Secret''. 

Of  these  confreres,  Louis  Francia,  a  Frenchman, 
who  settled  in  early  life  in  London,  became  a  member 
of  the  Associated  Artists,  and  was  appointed  Painter  in 
Water  Colours  to  the  Duchess  of  York. 

Sir  Robert  Ker  Porter  was  a  painter,  traveller, 
and  author  ;  he  executed  a  panorama,  120  ft.  in 
length,  representing  the  storming  of  Seringapatam, 
and  others  of  the  same  kind.  He  travelled  in 
Russia,  was  appointed  Historical  Painter  to  the 
Czar,  and  married  a  Russian  princess.  He  also 
toured  through  Finland,  Sweden,  and  Germany, 
accompanied  Sir  John  Moore  through  the  Corunna 
campaign,  and  wrote  an  account  of  his  journeys. 
Later  he  visited  the  East,  and  published  his  travels. 
A  water-colour  drawing  by  Turner  entitled 
"  Babylon  "  was  painted  by  that  artist  from  a  sketch 
made  by  Porter.      He  was  knighted  in  1813. 

Little  is  known  respecting  Worthington,  J.  C. 
Denham,  G.  Samuel,  and  Thomas  Underwood. 
Mention,  however,  is  made  of  the  last  named  in 
"  Archives  de  I'Art  Fran^ais,  recueil  de  documents 
inedits  relatifs  a  I'histoire  des  Arts  en  France,  public 
sous  la  direction  de  M.  Anatole  de  Montaiglon," 
1862,  under  the  heading,  "Deux  Paysagistes  An- 
glais, prisonniers  de  Guerre  (1803-13).  Lettres 
communiquees    par  M.  le    Baron   de   Girardot."      It 


GIRTIN,    TURNER,   AND   CONSTABLE       45 

appears  that  on  returning  from  Italy  in  1803  Under- 
wood was  taken  prisoner  in  France.  He  painted 
for  two  summers  at  Ussc,  near  Tours  ;  and  in  18  13 
a  passport  was  granted  to  him,  with  permission  to 
exercise  his  talents  in  landscape  painting  at  Roucy, 
in  the  department  of  Aisne.  A  foot-note  states, 
'*  C'est  un  vrai  nom  de  paysagiste  de  s'appeler  M. 
Sous-Bois."  The  other  artist  to  whom  reference  is 
made  was  M.  Schmith  (probably  Smith,  as  he  is 
stated  to  have  been  an  Englishman),  and  it  is  recorded 
that  he  discovered  the  beauties  of  Fontainebleau 
prior  to  the  foundation  of  the  Barbizon  and  Marlotte 
schools. 

Girtin  toured  in  the  north  of  England  and  Scot- 
land in  company  with  James  Moore,  and  also  visited 
other  parts  of  England  and  Wales.  He  made  many 
drawings  of  cathedrals  and  other  ecclesiastical  build- 
ings, but  he  was  more  attracted  by  the  grandeur  of 
mountain  and  moorland  scenery.  About  1797  he 
painted  a  panorama  of  London,  which  was  exhibited 
at  Spring  Gardens,  and  many  of  his  original  sketches 
for  it  are  now  in  the  British  Museum.  In  November, 
I  80 1,  he  went  to  France  for  the  benefit  of  his  health, 
and  returned  to  London  in  the  spring  of  the  following 
year,  bringing  with  him  many  views  of  Paris,  some 
of  which  he  subsequently  etched  on  soft  ground ;  but 
the  change  led  to  no  improvement  in  his  health. 
After  gradually  failing,  he  died  suddenly  at  his  studio 
in  the  Strand  on  November  9,  1802,  in  his  twenty- 
eighth  year,  and  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  of  St. 
Paul's,  Covent   Garden. 

Girtin,  doubtless,  commenced  water-colour  painting 


46       GIRTIN,   TURNER,    AND   CONSTABLE 

by  first  laying  in  the  cold  greys  in  the  manner  of 
the  topographical  artists  of  his  time ;  but  both  he 
and  Turner  soon  abandoned  this  method,  and  sought 
to  impart  to  their  paintings  the  luminosity  and  true 
colours  of  nature  with  perfect  clearness  and  trans- 
parency. It  has,  however,  been  asserted  by  a  recent 
critic  that  Girtin  made  no  attempt  to  reverse  the  tra- 
ditional practice,  the  only  difference  being,  that  instead 
of  using  Indian  ink  he  employed  sepia  or  burnt  sienna, 
although  the  writer  also  states  that  one  of  Girtin 's 
late  drawings  is  underpainted  with  washes  of  Indian 
ink,  the  local  colour  being  put  over  the  black  in  the 
traditional  way;  but  W.  H.  Pyne,  a  water-colour 
painter  himself,  who  was  exhibiting  at  the  Royal 
Academy  during  the  same  years  as  Girtin,  and  was 
probably  well  acquainted  with  his  method  of  working, 
as  Girtin  was  open-minded  and  made  no  secret  of 
his  technique,  tells  a  diff'erent  tale.  In  writing  in 
The  Somerset  House  Gazette^  in  1823,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  Ephraim  Hardcastle,  he  states  that 
*'  this  artist  prepared  his  drawings  on  the  same 
principle  which  had  hitherto  been  confined  to  paint- 
ing in  oil,  namely,  with  the  local  colour,  and  shadow-  . 
ing  the  same  with  the  individual  tint  of  its  own 
shadow.  Previous  to  the  practice  of  Turner  and 
Girtin,  drawings  were  shadowed  first  entirely  through, 
whatever  their  component  parts — houses,  castles,  trees, 
mountains,  fore-grounds,  middle-grounds,  and  dis- 
tances, all  with  black  or  grey,  and  these  objects  were 
afterwards  stained  or  tinted,  enriched  and  finished, 
as  is  now  the  custom  to  colour  prints.  It  was  this 
new  practice,  introduced  by  these  distinguished  artists. 


PLATE    XV 


KIRKSTALL  ABBEY— EVENING 

By  Thomas  Girtin 
Size  of  original  12  x  20^-  inches 


VX   3TAJ1 

the  mann 

I  !t    ..:  ;    but  ^ 

and  T'  lod.  nr 

to  im]  • 

colour  iicss   and   i 

par:  "  '^  ^-"  ^ 

crv' 

.  that  instc; 

-   of  I 


ith    the   individual    tint 
Previous   to    : 


It  w. 


GIRTIN,   TURNER,   AND   CONSTABLE       47 

that  acquired  for  designs  in  water  colour  upon  paper 
the  title  of  paintings:  a  designation  which  many 
works  of  the  existing  school  decidedly  merit,  as  we 
lately  beheld  in  the  Exhibition  of  the  Painters  in 
Water  Colours,  where  pictures  of  this  class  were 
displayed  in  gorgeous  frames,  bearing  out  in  effect 
against  the  mass  of  glittering  gold  as  powerfully  as 
pictures  in  oil." 

It  was  more  than  probable  that  the  custom  of 
the  Royal  Academy  of  hanging  tinted  drawings  and 
oil  paintings  in  juxtaposition  first  determined  Girtin 
and  Turner  to  break  away  from  the  grey  under- 
painting  in  order  to  give  more  brilliancy  to  their 
works,  to  be  subsequently  followed  by-  other  water- 
colour  painters,  so  that  their  drawings,  when  hung 
on  the  walls  of  an  exhibition,  might  not  be  totally 
eclipsed  by  paintings  executed  in  a  more  powerful 
medium. 

Girtin  had  a  partiality  for  painting  in  a  low  tone 
of  colour,  and  manv  of  his  drawings,  as  "  Kirkstall 
Abbey  "  {see  Plate  XV.),  were  executed  on  a  rough 
wire-marked  cartridge  paper,  which  assisted  in  im- 
parting to  his  works  a  largeness  of  manner  and  that 
gloomy  grandeur  so  characteristic  of  his  style. 

Joseph  Mallord  William  Turner,  R.A.,  the 
son  of  a  hairdresser  at  26,  Maiden  Lane,  Covent 
Garden,  was  born  on  April  23,  1775,  and  was  con- 
sequently two  months  younger  than  Girtin.  As  a 
boy  he  received  little  or  no  general  education,  but 
developed  artistic  proclivities  at  an  early  age.  He  was 
taught  drawing  by  Thomas  Malton  for  a  short  time, 
and  when  fourteen  years  old  he  was  sent  to  the  Royal 


48       GIRTIN,   TURNER,    AND    CONSTABLE 

Academy  Schools.  It  is  said  that  he  first  gained  a 
means  of  livelihood  by  colouring  engravings  at  Raphael 
Smith's  establishment,  where,  as  has  already  been  stated, 
Turner  probably  met  his  comrade  Thomas  Girtin 
and  his  patron  Dr.  Thomas  Monro.  He  also  ex- 
hibited drawings  for  sale  in  the  window  of  his 
father's  shop,  and  washed  in  backgrounds  to  archi- 
tectural drawings.  The  leisure  hours  in  his  early 
days  were  passed  in  sketching  on  the  banks  of  the 
Thames  with  Girtin,  and  a  result  of  these  labours 
was  that  in  1790,  when  only  fifteen,  "A  View  of 
the  Archbishop's  Palace  at  Lambeth "  was  hung 
in  the  Royal  Academy  Exhibition.  Shortly  after- 
wards Turner,  like  many  other  artists,  started  to 
make  tours  about  the  country  in  order  to  draw 
cathedral  churches,  castles,  and  mansions  for  topo- 
graphical works,  which  were  so  much  in  vogue  at 
that  time  ;  and  between  1790  and  1799,  when  he 
was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  he 
exhibited  forty-nine  drawings  ranging  over  twenty- 
six  counties  in  England  and  Wales.  The  first 
engraving  after  one  of  his  drawings  appeared  in 
The  Copper  Plate  Magazine  in  1794,  and  was  fol- 
lowed by  others  in  subsequent  years  up  to  1798.  In 
the  next  year  he  made  a  drawing  for  The  Oxford 
Almaiiac^  and  continued  at  intervals  to  do  so  for  ten 
years.  Up  to  this  time  Turner  worked  at  a  studio 
in  Hand  Court,  close  to  his  father's  abode ;  but  he 
now  moved  to  more  commodious  premises  at  64, 
Harley  Street,  where  he  resided  until  1 8 1 1  ;  in  that 
year  he  built  himself  a  house  in  Queen  Anne  Street, 
which  became  his  residence  for  the  rest  of  his  life. 


PLATE    XVI 


WALTHAM   CROSS 

By  Joseph  Mallord  WiJlia7n  Turner,  R.A. 

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I  GIRTIN,   TURNER,   AND   CONSTABLE      49 

He  lived  for  a  time  in  the  Upper  Mall,  Hammersmith, 
and  at  Twickenham. 

In  1802  Turner,  who  had  made  a  reputation  as 
a  painter  in  oil  as  well  as  water  colour,  became  a  full 
member  of  the  Academy.  In  this  year  he  first  visited 
the  Continent,  and  in  1803  exhibited  six  paintings 
of  foreign  scenes  at  the  Academy.  Although  from 
this  period  he  worked  largely  in  oils,  and  most  of 
I  the  paintings  which  he  exhibited  at  the  Academy 
were  in  this  medium,  he  was  busily  engaged  in 
making  drawings  in  water  colour  for  his  "  Liber 
Studiorum,"  the  first  part  of  which  appeared  in  1807. 
The  *'  Liber  "  consists  of  a  series  of  plates  executed  from 
his  drawings  by  etching  and  mezzotint.  The  drawings 
being  completed  by  his  own  hand,  he  employed 
the  best  engravers  of  the  day  to  translate  them  ; 
at  the  same  time  he  made  additions  and  copious 
alterations  on  the  proofs.  Turner  was  stimulated 
to  undertake  this  work  in  rivalry  to  Claude's  "  Liber 
Veritatis."  Although  it  was  issued  in  parts,  which 
extended  over  twelve  years,  the  publication  was  never 
completed.  During  this  period  he  w^as  engaged 
in  making  drawings  for  Cooke's  "Southern  Coast"; 
this  work  appeared  in  parts  from  18 14  until  1826, 
when  he  quarrelled  with  his  publisher.  Many  other 
books  were  published  with  engravings  after  Turner's 
drawings,  amongst  which  must  be  mentioned  Whi- 
taker's  "  History  of  Richmondshire,"  in  1823,  with 
twenty  plates;  "The  Rivers  of  England,''  in  1824, 
with  sixteen  plates;  Turner's  *' England  and  Wales," 
issued  in  parts  from  1827  till  1838,  with  ninety-four 
plates ;    "  The  Ports  of  England,"  with  six   mezzo- 

I  7 


so       GIRTIN,   TURNER,   AND   CONSTABLE 

tints  by  Lupton  ;  Finden's  "  Illustrations  of  the  Bible/' 
with  twenty-six  plates ;  "  Italy,"  a  poem  by  Sam 
Rogers,  in  1830,  with  twenty-five  plates;  "Rivers 
of  France — The  Annual  Tours,"  with  sixty  plates, 
which  appeared  during  the  three  years  1833-5  »  ^^'^ 
a  poem  by  Rogers,  with  thirty-three  plates,  Prose 
Works  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  with  forty  plates,  and 
Poetical  Works  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  with  twenty- 
four  plates — all  three  appearing  in    1834. 

In  1 8 1 9  Turner  first  visited  Italy,  and,  influenced  by 
the  nature  and  art  of  that  country,  began  to  exhibit 
a  bolder  scheme  of  colour.  Previously  his  paintings 
were  in  subdued  tones,  but  now  they  were  executed 
in  a  light  key  of  bright  colours,  the  style  with  which 
his  name  is  generally  associated.  From  this  date 
until  about  1838  Turner  painted  his  grandest  oil 
pictures,  many  of  which  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  During  this  period  he  executed  his  finest 
paintings  in  water  colour  for  the  engravings  in  the 
numerous  publications  which  have  been  mentioned. 
These  works,  which  are  now  so  highly  prized,  were 
not,  however,  seen  by  the  public,  for  Turner  rarely 
sent  them  for  exhibition  at  the  Academy,  and,  with 
the  exception  of  a  few  oil  paintings  contributed  to 
the  British  Institution,  he  showed  his  pictures  at  no 
other  gallery. 

Turner  strove  hard  at  his  art  all  his  life,  and  left 
behind  him  more  works  than  any  other  artist,  but  he 
became  a  disappointed  and  miserly  man.  He  allowed 
his  house  in  Queen  Anne  Street,  where  he  lived  a 
solitary  life  with  only  a  housekeeper,  to  fall  into  dis- 
repair.    William  Callow  narrates  that  when  he  visited 


FLATI-;    XVII 


HASTINGS 

By  Jose-ph  Mallord  William  Turner,  R.A. 

Engraved  by  R.  Wailis,  1851 

Size  of  original  i5f  x  23!  inches.     Signed  and  dated  i8ib 


dlAti4 


■  UViv    \\-\< 


GIRTIN,   TURNER,   AND   CONSTABLE        51 

Turner's  studio  as  early  as  1838  he  was  painfully- 
shocked  at  its  dilapidated  state.  The  walls  reeked  with 
damp,  and  the  paper  hung  down  in  strips,  whilst 
many  of  his  paintings  lay  on  the  floor  in  a  cracked 
and  damaged  condition — in  fact,  the  whole  studio  was 
in  a  state  of  chaos. 

Towards  the  end  of  his  life  Turner  became  more 
and  more  eccentric  and  secretive.  He  possessed  another 
residence,  a  small  cottage  facing  the  river  at  Chelsea, 
unknown  to  his  friends,  and  passed  himself  off  there 
under  the  name  of  Mr.  Booth.  Here  he  was  found 
in  a  dying  condition  in  a  small  attic  on  December  18, 
1 85 1,  and  he  breathed  his  last  on  the  following  day. 

According  to  his  wish,  Turner  was  buried  in 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  ^1,000  was  expended  on 
his  monument.  His  will,  with  its  numerous  codicils, 
was  so  confused  that  it  could  not  be  decided  what 
Turner  intended  should  be  done  with  all  the  money 
which  he  had  saved.  After  a  long  litigation  a 
compromise  was  effected,  and  the  National  Gallery 
acquired  all  his  pictures  and  water-colour  drawings 
found  in  his  studio,  paying  several  hundreds  of  pounds 
for  them,  and  the  Royal  Academy  received  the  sum  of 
/^  20,000,  with  which  the  Turner  Annuity  Fund  was 
founded,  in  accordance  with  his  requests  in  his  will. 

Illustrations  are  given  of  Turner's  three  periods. 
The  first,  '^Waltham  Cross"  (see  Plate  XVI.),  was 
executed  in  his  earliest  style  with  slight  tinted  washes ; 
a  pencil  study,  made  in  1794  from  nature,  upon  which 
this  drawing  is  based,  is  in  the  Turner  Bequest  at  the 
National  Gallery.  On  the  back  of  it  is  written  in 
Turner's  handwriting  :  "Revd  Thos  Leman,  Crescent, 


52       GIRTIN,   TURNER,   AND   CONSTABLE 

Bath,  8g.,"  which  is  probably  a  note  of  the  patron 
who  commissioned  the  water-colour  drawing,  and 
the  price  to  be  paid  for  it.  The  second  illustration, 
"Hastings"  (see  Plate  XVII.),  painted  in  1818,  shows 
his  best  or  middle  period ;  Turner  afterwards  made 
a  replica  in  oils  for  Mr.  Sheepshanks  of  this  water- 
colour  painting,  with  some  alterations  in  the  ships 
and  boats ;  it  now  hangs  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum.  The  third,  "The  Lake  of  Thun  "  ^  {see 
Frontispiece,  Plate  XVIIL),  is  an  example  of  his  last 
period,  when  he  had  developed  those  bold  schemes 
of  colour  which  are  more  abstract  and  poetical  than 
accurate  or  materialistic,  and  by  many  people  this 
period  is  regarded  to  be  the  most  individual  of 
the  great  painter's  life. 

Another  landscape  painter  who  greatly  influenced 
the  water- colour  art,  although  he  worked  principally 
in  oils,  was  John  Constable,  R.A.  His  ideals 
were  totally  opposed  to  those  of  Turner.  Whilst 
the  latter  painted  golden  visions  in  bright  fiery 
colours,  and  scenes  so  idealised  as  to  render  it 
often  difficult  to  recognise  the  locality  which  they 
purport  to  represent.  Constable  was  a  realist,  and 
delineated  what  he  saw  with  the  utmost  fidelity, 
so  much  so  that  his  effects  are  often  cold  and 
watery,  causing  Fuseli  to  ask  for  his  umbrella, 
*'  as  he  was  going  to  look  at  "  Mr.  Constable's 
pictures.       He    loved    to    paint    the    full    foliage    of 

I  1  This  painting  has  been  called  "  Pallanza,  Lago  Maggiore,"  but, 
by  comparing  it  with  "  Ville  de  Thun — Switzerland"  in  the  "Liber 
Studiorum,"  it  is  evident  that  Turner  intended  it  for  a  view  on 
this  lake. 


GIRTIN,   TURNER,   AND   CONSTABLE       S3 

summer,  with  the  sun  high  in  the  heavens,  and 
skies  with  masses  of  breezy  clouds.  *'  His  greatest 
pecuh'arity  in  the  eyes  of  his  critics  arose  more  par- 
ticuhirly  from  the  habit  he  had  adopted  of  painting 
u/h/t'r  the  sun — that  glitter  and  sparkle  of  white  lights 
on  his  foliage,  which  by  those  who  had  never  ob- 
served nature,  or  had  no  eyes  to  read  her  aright,  was 
nicknamed  *  Constable's  snow ' — was  laughed  at  as 
spotty,  and  ever  treated  with  ridicule  by  those  who 
loved  the  patina  of  brown  pictures,  and  in  whose 
eyes  all  freshness  was  a  sin  against  both  taste  and 
truth."! 

Constable  was  born  at  East  Bergholt  in  Suffolk  on 
June  II,  1776.  His  father,  a  wealthy  miller,  after 
sending  his  son  to  school  at  Lavenham  and  Dedham, 
intended  that  he  should  enter  the  Church,  but  as  the 
son  had  no  inclinations  in  that  direction,  he  was  placed 
in  his  father's  business.  He  became  acquainted  with 
the  village  plumber  and  glazier,  who  painted  land- 
scapes, and  with  him  young  Constable  went  on 
sketching  expeditions.  Sir  George  Beaumont,  who 
was  accustomed  to  visit  his  mother  at  Dedham,  was 
attracted  by  the  youth's  drawings ;  he  gave  him 
encouragement,  and  lent  him  some  water-colour 
drawings   to  copy. 

In  1795  Constable's  parents  were  induced  by  Sir 
George  to  let  their  son  study  art  in  London.  Four 
years  later  he  became  a  student  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  where  he  exhibited  his  first  work  in  1802. 
Thus,  unlike  those  of  Turner  and  Girtin,  Constable's 
talents  for  painting  were  not  developed  at  an  early 
^  See  "  A  Century  of  Painters,"  by  Richard  and  Samuel  Redgrave. 


54       GIRTIN,   TURNER,   AND   CONSTABLE 

age,  nor  were  they  fully  appreciated  by  the  members 
of  the  Royal  Academy  until  comparatively  late  in  his 
life,  for  he  was  not  elected  an  Associate  till  1819,  and 
an  Academician  until  ten  years  later,  when  he  was 
fifty-three  years  old. 

The  neighbourhood  around  his  native  village  had 
always  great  attractions  for  Constable,  and  many  of 
the  scenes  in  his  paintings  were  from  the  valley  of 
the  river  Stour.  After  his  marriage  he  went  to  reside 
at  Hampstead,  and  he  resorted  to  the  Heath  for  land- 
scapes on  many  occasions.  In  1824  "  The  Hay  Wain" 
and  another  painting  by  Constable  were  exhibited 
at  the  Louvre,  and  for  these  he  was  awarded  a  gold 
medal  by  King  Charles  X.  of  France.  The  success  he 
thus  gained  in  Paris  had  a  marked  effect  on  his  country- 
men, and  his  reputation  considerably  increased. 
Constable  died  suddenly  at  his  residence  in  Charlotte 
Street,  Fitzroy  Square,  on  April  i,  1837.  ^^  painted 
a  few  water-colour  drawings  in  the  old  method  of 
outline  tinted  with  colour,  but  he  frequently  used 
this  medium  for  making  notes  for  his  oil  pictures. 
A  large  number  of  these  sketches  were  presented  to  the 
Victoria  and  Albert  Museum  by  his  daughter,  Miss 
Isabella  Constable  ;  they  are  executed  in  a  broad  and 
vigorous  manner,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  accompany- 
ing illustration  [see  Plate  XIX.).  His  pencil  drawings 
of  trees  are  exceedingly  interesting  ;  in  even  his  most 
hasty  sketches  in  black  and  white  there  is  always 
a  sense  of  "light." 


I 


I'LATK    XIX 


LANDSCAPE   WITH    A   COTTAGE 

By  John  Constable,  R.A. 
Size  ul"  original  5x8  inches 


I  /..I'l 


)/.l  IM  )  A  HTIW  aiADgaviAJ 


UMIVERSITY 

OF 


CHAPTER    IV 

THE  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF   PAINTERS   IN  WATER  COLOURS 

The  Foundling  Hospital  in  Guilford  Street,  Russell 
Square,  was  erected  in  1745,  a  few  years  after  it 
had  been  incorporated  by  a  charter;  but  as  the 
income  of  the  charity  could  not  be  expended 
upon  decorations,  many  well-known  artists  of  that 
day  presented  some  of  their  pictures  for  the  adorn- 
ment of  the  principal  apartments  of  the  Hospital. 
!  Amongst  the  first  contributions  was  a  full-length 
portrait  of  its  founder,  Captain  Coram,  by  Hogarth, 
and  that  artist's  celebrated  painting  '*  The  March  to 
Finchley  "  also  became  the  property  of  the  Hospital 
through  his  generosity.  The  picture  was  sold  by 
lottery  ;  Hogarth  gave  the  unsubscribed  chances  to 
the  governors  of  that  institution,  including,  as  it 
afterwards  proved,  the  lucky  number.  The  collection 
was  opened  on  view  to  visitors,  and  this  novel 
spectacle  was  so  great  an  attraction  that  the  Hospital 
became  a  favourite  resort  of  rank  and  fashion.  The 
popularity  of  these  pictures  suggested  to  a  group  of 
artists  the  idea  of  holding  a  display  of  their  works, 
and  after  one  or  two  abortive  attempts  the  first 
exhibition  of  pictures,  sculpture,  drawings,  and  en- 
gravings   was    opened    to    the    public    in    the    great 

55 


$6  THE   OLD   SOCIETY 

room  of  the  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts, 
Manufactures,  and  Commerce  on  April  21,  1760, 
the  principal  exhibitors  being  Reynolds,  Paul  Sandby, 
Richard  Wilson,  Mary  Moser,  and  William  Pars. 
Visitors  were  admitted  gratis,  the  catalogues  being 
sold  at  the  price  of  sixpence  to  those  who  required 
them.  The  exhibition  was  a  great  success,  and  the 
public  crowded  the  rooms  ;  but  owing  to  differences, 
this  body,  who  styled  themselves  in  the  catalogue 
as  "  the  present  painters,"  broke  up  in  the  follow- 
ing year  into  two  sections.  The  chief  members, 
calling  themselves  "  The  Society  of  Artists  of  Great 
Britain,"  opened  their  exhibition  in  Spring  Gardens, 
Charing  Cross  ;  whilst  the  others,  amongst  whom 
were  William  Pars,  Dominic  Serres,  Alexander 
Cozens,  and  Richard  Cosway,  then  a  young  man  of 
about  twenty  years  of  age,  remained  at  the  rooms 
of  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  styled  themselves  "  The 
Free  Society  of  Artists."  The  former  society  held 
its  exhibitions  for  seven  years  at  Spring  Gardens. 
Hogarth  drew  the  frontispieces  to  the  first  two 
catalogues,  and  Dr.  Johnson  wrote  a  preface  to  the 
second.  In  1767  it  was  incorporated  by  a  royal 
charter,  and  after  that  year  exhibitions  were  held 
from  time  to  time  in  various  galleries  until  1791, 
when  the  society  closed  its  doors  owing  to  the  want 
of  public  support.  The  Free  Society  had  ceased  to 
exist  eight  years  previously  for  the  same  reason.  The 
termination  of  these  two  societies  was  doubtless 
caused  by  the  popularity  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
which  had  been  founded  in    1768. 

Amongst    the    original    members    of    the    Royal 


THE   OLD   SOCIETY  57 

Academy  there  were  a  few  artists  who  painted 
principally  in  water  colours — namely,  Paul  and  Thomas 
Sandby,  George  Barret,  Sen.,  and  Mary  Moser; 
W.  Pars  and  M.  A.  Rooker  were  amongst  the  first 
to  be  elected  associate  members,  and  before  the  end 
of  the  eighteenth  century  P.  J.  de  Loutherbourg, 
Joseph  Farington,  John  Webber,  H.  Fuseli,  Francis 
Wheatley,  Richard  Westall,  Sawrey  Gilpin,  and 
Turner,  who  were  painters  in  w^ater  colours  as  well 
as  in  oils,  had  been  admitted  into  the  Academy.  As, 
however,  artists  who  worked  only  with  water  colours 
were  excluded  from  receiving  the  honour  of  election 
to  the  Academy,  and  as  their  works  were  never 
placed,  in  their  opinion,  in  prominent  positions  on 
the  walls  of  the  galleries,  a  feeling  of  discontent 
gradually  arose  amongst  the  water-colour  painters, 
and  a  desire  was  created  to  establish  an  independent 
exhibition  where  their  works  might  be  seen  to  better 
advantage. 

The  first  to  project  the  formation  of  a  new  society 
was  William  Frederick  Wells,  who  was  born  in 
London,  and  was  first  taught  drawing  by  J.  J.  Barralet. 
He  afterwards  became  a  great  friend  of  Turner,  and 
first  suggested  to  the  great  painter  the  idea  of  his 
"  Liber  Studiorum."  About  1806  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Drawing  at  Addiscombe  Military 
Academy,  and  held  the  post  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  at  Mitcham.  As  early  as  the  first  or  second 
year  of  the  nineteenth  century  Wells  sent  a  printed 
letter  to  the  principal  artists  practising  in  water 
colours  ;  in  it  he  disclaimed  all  antagonism  and 
rivalry  with  the  Royal  Academy,  and  proposed  that 

8 


58  THE   OLD   SOCIETY 

they  should  unite  in  forming  a  separate  society  solely 
for  the  promotion  of  their  own  art.  At  first  his 
efforts  met  with  a  lukewarm  reception,  but  eventu- 
ally he  persuaded  Samuel  Shelley,  Robert  Hills,  and 
W.  H.  Pyne  to  rally  round  him ;  and  later  W.  Sawrey 
Gilpin,  J.  C.  Nattes,  F.  Nicholson,  N.  Pocock,  and 
John  and  Cornelius  Varley  joined  the  movement. 
Preliminary  meetings  were  held  at  Shelley's  house 
in  George  Street,  Hanover  Square,  where  matters 
were  discussed;  and  on  November  30,  1804,  these 
ten  artists  met  at  the  Stratford  Coffee-house  in  Oxford 
Street,  and  united  themselves  into  a  body  styled 
"The  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours." 
Sawrey  Gilpin  was  elected  president,  Shelley  treasurer, 
and  Hills  secretary.     Not  long  afterwards  six  more 


Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Coloitrsy 

Consisting  of  the  following  Members. 

G.  BAKUETT,  J.  HAVELL,  T.  NICHOLSON,  \Y.  H.PYNE, 

J.  CHRYSTALL,  R.   HILLS,  S.  RIGAUD,  J.  VAIILEY, 

W.S.GILPIN,  J.   nOLV/ORTIIY,  S.  SHELLEY",  C.  VAllLEY, 

J.  GLOVER,  J.  C.  NATTES,  N.  POCOCK,  W.  F.  WELLS. 


Ths  Exhibition  wU!  open  en  MONDAY,  the  £2d  of  ApniL,  1805,  nt  the  noon's. 
No.  20,  LOWER  BROOK  STREET,  Bond  Street,  where  upwards  cf  T\YO 
HUNDRED  DRAWINGS  will  be  submitted  to  the  Public, 

Adir.l'.tizncc  One  ShiUing—Calab^ue  induded. 


Facsimile  of  tlie  announcement  oi  the  first  exhibition  in  1805, 


THE   OLD   SOCIETY  59 

members  were  added  to  tlie  society — viz.  G.  Barret, 
Jun.,  J.  Cristall,  J.  Glover,  W.  Havell,  J.  Holworthy, 
and  S.  F.  Rigaud,  and  the  first  exhibition  was  opened 
on  April  22,  1805,  in  a  room  built  by  Vandergucht, 
at  20,  Lower  Brook  Street.  The  exhibition  con- 
sisted mainly  oF  topographical  drawings  in  outline 
with  grey  tints  and  washes  of  colour,  and  a  few 
figure  subjects  by  Shelley  and  Rigaud  to  relieve  the 
monotony.  It  surpassed  all  the  expectations  of  the 
projectors,  and  attracted  a  large  number  of  visitors, 
the  rooms  being  crowded  daily  by  lovers  of  art  and 
people  of  influence  and  fashion ;  and  during  the 
seven  weeks  it  was  open  to  the  public  nearly  twelve 
thousand  persons  paid  for  admission.  Besides,  what 
was  more  satisfactory  to  the  promoters  was  that  it 
became  an  excellent  market  for  the  sale  of  drawings 
to  the  public — an  experience  which  the  water-colour 
artists  had  not  hitherto  enjoyed.  After  all  expenses 
had  been  paid,  there  was  a  surplus  of  nearly  £2j2y 
which  was  divided  into  shares  according  to  the  value 
set  upon  their  works  by  the  respective  artists.  This 
arrangement  was  in  accordance  with  a  rule  originally 
laid  down.  The  wisdom  of  such  a  proceeding  was 
decidedly  doubtful,  and  it  subsequently  led,  as  might 
be  expected,  to  disagreements  amongst  the  members 
of  the  society. 

At  the  first  anniversary  meeting  of  the  members 
held  on  November  30  it  was  decided  to  increase  the 
number  of  contributors  to  the  exhibitions  by  adding 
a  new  class,  styled  "  Fellow  Members,"  a  title  after- 
wards altered  to  *'  Associate  Members."  They  were 
not  to  exceed  sixteen,  and  from  this  body  additional 


6o     ,  THE   OLD   SOCIETY 

members  were  to  be  chosen,  not  exceeding  two  yearly, 
until  a  maximum  of  twenty  was  reached.  At  the  next 
meeting  the  following  fellow  members  were  elected ; 
Anne  Frances  Byrne,  John  James  Chalon,  William 
Delamotte,  Robert  Freebairn,  Paul  Sandby  Munn, 
Ramsay  Richard  Reinagle,  John  "  Warwick  "  Smith, 
Francis  Stevens,  and  John  Thurston. 

Early  in  the  year  1806  W.  Sawrey  Gilpin,  having 
been  appointed  Drawing  Master  to  the  Royal  Military 
College  at  Great  Marlow,  resigned  the  post  of 
president,  and  Frederick  Wells  was  chosen  in  his 
place.  The  second  exhibition  was  equally  successful 
as  the  first,  and  there  was  a  substantial  surplus  for 
division ;  but  the  principle  of  the  apportionment  had 
already  begun  to  be  criticised,  and  it  was  considered 
that  Shelley  Vv^as  not  entitled  to  a  full  share  of  the 
profits  on  the  large  number  of  portraits  which  he 
exhibited.  In  consequence  Shelley  resigned  the 
treasurership,  and  his  place  was  filled  by  Reinagle. 

In  1807  Thomas  Heaphy  and  Augustus  Pugin 
were  elected  associates,  and  the  third  exhibition  was 
opened  at  118,  Pall  Mall,  in  rooms  which  had  been 
previously  used  by  the  Royal  Academy.  Success  still 
attended  the  exhibition,  and  the  dividend  was  larger 
than  ever.  Unfortunately,  Nattes,  in  order  to  obtain 
a  greater  share,  exhibited  some  drawings  by  others 
under  his  own  name,  and  he  was  expelled  from  the 
society  in  consequence.  At  the  anniversary  meeting 
J.  Glover  was  elected  president  in  the  place  of  Wells, 
who  had  resigned  the  post,  and  Heaphy  and  Chalon 
were  made  full  members. 

In  the  next  year,  as  the  rooms  in  Pall  Mall  were 


THE   OLD   SOCIETY  61 

reported  to  be  in  a  dangerous  condition,  the  society 

was  compelled  to  find  other  quarters  for  its  exhibition, 

and   galleries  were  secured  at    16,   Old   Bond  Street, 

opposite  Stafford  Street.    In  "Microcosm  of  London," 

published  by  Ackermann  in  1808,  there  is  an  inter- 

.  esting    coloured  aquatint  of  the  exhibition    in   these 

i  rooms,  executed  by  Pugin,  with  the  figures  introduced 

;  by   Rowlandson.       At   the   annual   meeting   Reinagle 

.  was  elected  to  the  post  of  president  instead  of  Glover, 

and  J.  A.  Atkinson  and  William  Turner  "  of  Oxford," 

who  had  been   elected  associates  earlier  in  the  year, 

were  made  full  members. 

The  society  only  remained  at  Old  Bond  Street 
for  one  year,  and  again  shifted  their  quarters  to 
the  rooms  in  Spring  Gardens,  where  the  Incorporated 
Society  of  Artists  had  for  some  time  held  their  ex- 
hibitions. They  remained  for  eleven  years  in  Spring 
Gardens  ;  the  first  three  exhibitions  held  there  met 
with  great  success,  the  numbers  of  visitors  increased, 
and  the  surpluses  to  be  divided  amongst  the  members 
were  larger  than  any  of  the  previous  amounts.  Some 
rising  water-colour  painters  were  also  added  to  the 
ranks  of  the  society. 

In  1809  T.  Uwins,  W.  Payne,  E.  Dorrell,  and 
C.  Wild,  and  in  the  following  year  Frederick  Nash, 
Peter  De  Wint,  Copley  Fielding,  W.  Westall,  and 
W.  Scott  were  made  associates ;  whilst  in  1 8 1 2 
David  Cox,  Luke  Clennell,  and  Charles  Barber  were 
elected  to  the  society.  In  this  year,  however,  there 
was  a  sudden  turn  in  the  tide  of  the  prosperity  of  the 
society  ;  the  renewal  of  the  war  with  France  had 
limited    the    resources    of   the    public,    the    general 


62  THE   OLD   S0CIP:TY 

depression  of  the  times  reacted  on  the  exhibition,  and 
there  was  but  a  small  profit  to  be  divided  amongst  the 
members.  Anticipating  further  disaster,  a  meeting 
was  held  at  Robert  Hill's  house  to  discuss  the  future 
of  the  society.  It  w^as  first  proposed  that  the  scope 
of  the  exhibition  should  be  extended  so  as  to  include 
all  painters  in  water  colours,  but  this  proposal  was 
rejected.  It  was  next  moved  that  members  should 
be  allowed  to  send  oil  paintings  as  well  as  water- 
colour  drawings,  and  this  motion  was  carried  by  a 
small  majority ;  and  at  a  subsequent  meeting  held  at 
Glover's  house  in  Montagu  Square  the  motion  was 
confirmed,  but  only  by  the  casting  vote  of  the 
chairman.  Four  days  later  another  meeting  was  held, 
at  which  this  decision  to  admit  oil  paintings  was 
rescinded,  and  it  was  resolved  to  dissolve  the  society. 
A  final  meeting  took  place  at  the  residence  of  the 
secretary,  Robert  Hills.  The  chair  was  taken  by 
R.  Havell,  and  the  following  resolution  w^as  carried : 
**  That  the  Society,  having  found  it  Impracticable  to 
form  another  Exhibition  of  Water  Colour  Paintings 
only,  do  consider  itself  dissolved  this  night." 

There  was  much  division  of  opinion  In  this  deter- 
mination, and  a  number  of  the  members  had  already 
met  before  the  extinction  of  the  society,  and  deter- 
mined to  carry  it  on  under  the  proposed  scheme  of 
the  admission  of  oil  paintings.  At  a  subsequent 
meeting  at  the  residence  of  John  Glover,  who  had 
taken  up  oil  painting  and  whose  persistence  in 
advocating  the  change  in  the  conditions  of  the  society 
had  been  the  chief  cause  of  its  downfall,  the  members 
present — amongst  them  being  George   Barret,  David 


PLATE   XX 


DEER    IX    A   LANDSCAPE 

By  George  Barret,  Jjin . 

The  animals  hy  RORERT  Hii.i.s 

Size  of  original    \o\  x   17^  inclies 


i 


X    HTAjq 


■\  ]  L'  \><  r/-  r    •      '       /  i       I 

:>  I  iiH  raaaoyl  (d  zlcruinr.  sriT 


\. 


THE   OLD   SOCIETY  63 

Cox,  Joshua  Cristall,  Copley  Fielding,  William  Havell, 
John  Linnell,  F.  Nicholson,  John  Smith,  William 
Turner,  Thomas  Uwins,  and  John  Varley — constituted 
themselves  the  "  Society  of  Painters  in  Oil  and 
Water  Colours."  It  was  decided  that  the  body  should 
consist  of  twenty  members,  and  that  a  certain  number 
of  other  artists  should  be  invited  to  contribute  to  the 
icxhibitions.  Francis  Nicholson  was  elected  president, 
and  John  Smith  secretary.  The  new  society  obtained 
possession  of  the  lease  of  the  premises  in  Spring 
Gardens ;  they  there,  in  1 8 1 3,  opened  their  exhibition, 
which  was  styled  "  The  Ninth,"  and  the  only  differ- 
ence in  the  catalogue  was  the  addition  of  the  words 
"  Oil  and  "  before  *'  Water  Colours "  on  the  title- 
page.  The  two  classes  were  not  even  distinguished  in 
the  catalogue,  so  it  is  impossible  to  identify  the  water- 
colour  from  the  oil  paintings. 

Under  these  conditions  the  exhibitions  were  held 
annually  for  the  next  eight  years  in  Spring  Gardens 
with  varying  success.  In  181  3  John  Smith  succeeded 
Nicholson  as  president,  the  latter  retiring  from  the 
society.  Other  members  who  became  presidents 
during  the  period  were  J.  Glover,  J.  Cristall,  and 
G.   F.  Robson. 

After  the  close  of  the  exhibition  of  1820  it  was 
found  necessary  to  remove  to  other  premises,  as  the 
lease  of  those  at  Spring  Gardens  had  expired  and  the 
buildings  were  about  to  be  pulled  down.  A  new 
home  was  found  in  the  Egyptian  Hall,  Piccadilly. 
In  this  year  there  was  another  crisis  in  the  society, 
and  it  was  decided  to  abandon  oil  paintings  and  to 
revert  to   the   old   title    of  **  Society    of  Painters  in 


64  THE   OLD   SOCIETY 

Water  Colours  "  ;  it  was  further  resolved  also  to 
re-establish  the  associate  exhibitors,  and  lady  artists, 
to  be  called  members,  were  to  have  the  rights  of 
associates,  being  subject  to  no  expense  nor  trouble  in 
connection  with  the  business  of  the  society.  The  reason 
for  this  change  was  given  in  the  catalogue  of  the 
first  exhibition  held  in  the  Egyptian  Hall  ;  it  was  as 
follows  :  "  The  lease  of  the  Rooms  at  Spring  Gardens, 
lately  occupied  by  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours,  having  expired,  and  their  new  Exhibition 
Room  being  less  spacious  than  the  former,  they  have 
taken  the  opportunity  to  revert  to  the  original  plan 
on  which  the  Society  was  established  in  1804,  by 
confining  their  exhibitions  to  works  executed  by  the 
members    of   the  Society  and    in  Water    Colours 

ONLY." 

The  next  exhibition  in  the  following  year  was 
also  held  at  the  Egyptian  Galleries  ;  but,  as  neither 
of  these  two  ventures  met  with  much  success,  the 
necessity  of  obtaining  more  commodious  rooms  was 
fully  realised.  Eventually  the  society  obtained  a 
lease  of  the  premises  in  Pall  Mall  East  in  December, 
1822,  and  in  the  spring  of  the  following  year  the  first 
exhibition  was  held  in  these  galleries,  which  have 
ever  since  been  the  permanent  home  of  the  society. 

A  short  account  must  be  given  of  the  principal 
men  who  had  guided  the  society  through  the  early 
years  of  its  precarious  existence.  Of  the  ten  founders, 
mention  has  already  been  made  of  W.  F.  Wells,  at 
whose  instigation  a  movement  was  made  in  starting 
the  society.  The  first  president,  William  Sawrey 
Gilpin,  came  from  an  artistic  family,  as  both  his 


PLATK    XXI 


A    LANDSCAPE   WITH    RIVER 

By  John    Varley 

Size  of  original  6  x  4^^  inches 


lAJ  i 


THE   OLD   SOCIETY  65 

fluher,  Savvrey  Gilpin,  R.A.,  and  his  uncle,  the  Rev. 
William  Gilpin,  were  both  painters  of  repute  ;  but 
he  himself  was  more  successful  as  a  teacher,  and  was 
for  some  years  Drawing  Master  at  the  Military  College 
at  Great  Marlow,  and  afterwards  at  Sandhurst. 
Samuel  Shelley,  the  society's  first  treasurer, 
painted  some  figure  subjects  in  water  colours,  such 
as  **  Memory  gathering  the  Flowers  mown  down  by 
Time,"  shown  at  the  first  exhibition,  and  now  in  the 
Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  but  is  better  known  by 
his  portraits  and  poetic  subjects  in  miniature,  which 
are  very  elegant  and  highly  finished.  Robert  Hills, 
who  held  the  post  of  secretary  for  the  first  eight  years, 
was  a  painter  of  animals,  which  he  sometimes  added 
to  landscapes  by  other  artists  ;  an  example  of  this 
is  shown  in  the  illustration  "  Deer  in  a  Landscape  " 
(set'  Plate  XX.),  the  latter  being  painted  by  George 
Barret,  Jun.  Hills  also  executed  a  large  number 
of  etchings  of  animals,  of  which  more  than  twelve 
hundred  are  in  the  British  Museum.  William 
IIf.nry  Pyne  was  a  landscape  painter,  but  made  his 
reputation  chiefly  as  an  author  ;  he  published  numerous 
works,  including  "Microcosm  of  Great  Britain,"  and 
7/ie  Som'rset  House  Gazette  ;  he  edited  the  latter  under 
jthe  pseudonym  of  Ephraim  Hardcastle.  Francis 
!  Nicholson  was  also  a  landscape  painter,  and  his 
,  favourite  subjects  were  rushing  streams  and  waterflills; 
■he  also  executed  some  seascapes  with  shipwrecks. 
JHe  became  president  of  the  society  in  1812,  and 
continued  to  hold  the  post  for  another  year  after 
.the  reconstitution. 

Of  the  ten  men,  however,  who  started  the  society, 

9 


66  THE   OLD   SOCIETY 

the  name  of  John  Varley  stands  out  beyond  the 
others.  He  was  born  at  Hackney  on  August  17, 
1778.  His  father,  an  accompUshed  man  of  scientific 
attainments,  discouraged  his  son's  love  of  art, 
apprenticed  him  to  a  silversmith,  and  later  placed 
him  with  a  law  stationer.  Subsequently,  however, 
Varley  obtained  employment  with  a  portrait  painter 
in  Holborn,  and  studied  under  J.  C.  Barrow,  a 
teacher  of  drawing,  from  about  1794.  Varley  was 
one  of  the  young  artists  patronised  by  Dr.  Monro. 
After  visiting  Peterborough  with  Barrow,  he  ex- 
hibited a  view  of  Peterborough  Cathedral  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1798.  About  this  time,  too,  he 
paid  his  first  visit  to  Wales.  His  style  is  broad  and 
simple,  deriving  great  freshness  from  pure  tints  and 
facility  of  treatment  {see  Plate  XXL).  Varley  pub- 
lished works  on  drawing,  perspective,  and  astrology, 
and  had  a  considerable  reputation  as  an  art  teacher, 
numbering  among  his  pupils  Turner  of  Oxford, 
David  Cox,  John  Linnell,  and  Mulready,  who 
married  his  sister;  but  his  life  ended  in  poverty 
on  November  17,  1842.  Altogether  he  contributed 
more  than  seven  hundred  paintings  to  the  *'  Old 
Society,"  and  he  greatly  aided  it  during  its  early 
period  by  sending  an  average  of  about  forty  drawings 
annually  to  the  exhibitions. 

Cornelius  Varley,  a  younger  brother  of  John, 
inherited  from  his  father  a  taste  for  science,  and  was 
at  first  placed  under  his  uncle,  a  maker  of  scientific 
instruments,  but  about  1800  he  quitted  him  to  join 
his  brother  in  studying  art.  He  eventually  obtained 
a    good    practice    as    a    teacher    of    drawing.       His 


rLATK    XXII 


A  DISTANT    VIEW  OF    WINDSOR   CASTLE 

By  John  Glover 

Size  of  original  16?  x   24^  inches 


Ti/y   'rr/ 


rV7Q\v)     \\s,\ 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 

^^flLlFOB^""'- 


THE   OLD    SOCIETY  67 

paintings  were  chiefly  landscapes,  with  architecture 
and  groups  of  figures.  He  continued  his  scientific 
pursuits  throughout  his  hfe,  and  improved  the  micro- 
scope and  the  camera  hicida,  and  invented  a  graphic 
telescope.  He  died  at  Highbury  on  October  2, 
I  873,  at  the  age  of  ninety-two,  being  the  last  survivor 
of  the  original  members  of  the  "  Old  Society." 

Of  the  six  artists  who  joined  the  society  before 
the  opening  of  tlie  first  exhibition,  George  Barret, 
Jun.,  Joshua  Cristall,  John  Glover,  and  William 
Havell  greatly  added  to  its  strength,  and  they  all 
eventually  became  noted  water-colour  painters. 

George  Barret,  Jun.,  was  born  in  London  in 
1767,  or  early  in  1768.  He  began  life  under 
great  difficulties,  as  his  father,  George  Barret, 
Sen.,  R.A.,  died  and  left  the  family  destitute 
whilst  he  was  still  a  youth.  By  perseverance  he 
became  known  as  an  artist  of  a  poetic  temperament, 
and  in  later  life  his  classical  compositions  were  painted 
in  a  broad  and  simple  manner.  His  friend  Robert 
Hills  sometimes  added  animals  to  his  paintings  [see 
Plate  XX.,  "Deer  in  a  Landscape").  Barret  was 
treasurer  to  the  "Old  Society"  in  18 12-13,  ^^^ 
again  in  1 815-16,  and  nearly  six  hundred  of  his 
works  appeared  at  its  exhibitions.  In  1840,  shortly 
before  his  death,  he  published  the  *'  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Water-colour  Painting." 

Joshua  Cristall  was  the  son  of  a  master  of  a 
small  trading  vessel,  who  opposed  his  love  of  art,  and 
apprenticed  him  to  a  china  dealer  in  Aldgate ;  but, 
secretly  assisted  by  his  mother,  the  youth  was  enabled 
to  practise  painting,  and  became  a  china  painter  at 


68  THE   OLD   SOCIETY 

Turner's  manufactory  near  Broseley.  On  returning 
to  London  he  was  befriended,  like  many  other  young 
artists,  by  Dr.  Monro.  In  early  years  his  subjects 
were  mainly  classical  figures  with  landscapes,  but  he 
afterwards  painted  genre  and  rustic  groups.  He 
became  president  of  the  society  in  i8 15-16  and 
18 1 8—19,  and  treasurer  in  1819-20,  and  was  again 
president  from  1820  till  1831. 

John  Glover,  the  son  of  a  small  farmer,  was  born 
at  Houghton-on-the-Hill,  Leicestershire,  in  1767. 
He  was  self-taught  in  art,  and  painted  landscapes 
both  in  water  colours  and  oil  {see  Plate  XXII. ,  "A 
Distant  View  of  Windsor  Castle  ").  He  became 
president  of  the  society  in  the  years  1807—8  and 
1 8 14-15.  Two  years  later  he  left  the  "Old 
Society";  in  1824  helped  to  found  the  Society  of 
British  Artists,  and  exhibited  there  until  1830.  In 
the  following  year  he  suddenly  departed  for  Australia, 
and  took  up  his  abode  in  the  Swan  River  Settlement, 
where  he  continued  to  follow  his  profession.  He 
died  at   Launceston,  Tasmania,  in    1849. 

William  Havell,  the  son  of  a  drawing  master, 
was  born  at  Reading  in  1782,  and  was  the  youngest 
of  the  sixteen  artists  who  contributed  to  the  first 
exhibition,  being  only  twenty-three  years  of  age  at 
the  time.  He  painted  landscapes  in  oil  and  water 
colours  {see  Plate  XXIH.).  He  retired  from  the  society 
about  1 8 14,  and  two  years  later  he  was  appointed 
artist  to  Lord  Amherst's  embassy  to  China,  but  soon 
after  his  arrival  there  he  resigned  his  post  and  went 
to  India,  where  he  practised  portrait  painting.  In 
1827  he  rejoined  the  '*01d  Society,"  but  retired  again 


PLA'l'K    XXIII 


WINDERMERE 

By   William  Have II 

Size  of  original  9j  x  13I  inches.     Sij^ned  and  dated  1811 


-iM:ii/.;id<mi  // 

ii8i  bah. 


UNIVERSITY 

OF 

sEalifobv*}^ 


THE   OLD   SOCIETY  69 

In  1829,  during  which  period  he  lived  in   Italy.      He 
died  at  Kensington  on  December  16,  1857. 

Amongst  the  artists  who  joined  the  "  Old  Society  " 
after  its  foundation,   R.  R.  Reinagle,  W.  Delamotte, 
G.  F.  Robson,  and  J.  D.  Harding  contributed  to  the 
[advancement  of  water-colour  painting. 
j     Ramsay   Richard    Reinagle,   R.A.,   the  son  of 
iPhilip  Reinagle,  R.A.,  was  born  in  1775.     He  studied 
,art  under  his  father,  and  became  a  painter  both  in  oils 
and  water  colours.      He  was  elected   an  associate  of 
the  '*  Old  Society  "  in  1805,  and  a  full  member  in  the 
next   year,  and    was    president   from    i8o8~i2.     He 
afterwards  joined  the  Royal  Academy,  but  was  called 
upon    to  resign   in    1848    because   he    had   sent   in   a 
picture    for    exhibition    which    was    not    entirely   his 
own  work.      He  died  at   Chelsea  in    1862. 
j     William    Delamotte,   born    at    Weymouth    in 
1775,  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy,  and  under  Ben- 
jamin   West  ;    his   early  works  were    in    the  style  of 
Girtin.      He  was  appointed  drawing  master  in    1803 
lat  the  Military  College  at  Great  Marlow,  and  became 
:an  associate  of  the  "Old   Society"   in    1805,  but  re- 
signed in  1808.      He  resided  for  many  years  at  Oxford 
where  he  died  in  1863. 

George  Fennel  Robson,  the  son  of  a  wine  mer- 
chant, was  born  at  Durham  in  1788.  He  came  to 
London  at  an  early  age,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
"Old  Society"  in  181 3,  and  its  president  in  18 19. 
His  landscape  paintings,  of  which  he  exhibited  over 
six  hundred  at  the  society's  galleries,  were  treated 
with  considerable  breadth  and  grandeur  of  composi- 
tion.    He    died   in    London    in    1833,    having    been 


70  THE   OLD   SOCIETY 

taken  ill  on  a  steamer  whilst  voyaging  to  the  North, 
and  was  buried  at  Durham. 

James  Duffield  Harding  was  born  at  Deptford 
in  1797.  After  receiving  some  lessons  from  S.  Prout 
he  was  placed  under  John  Pye  the  engraver.  He 
became  an  associate  of  the  "Old  Society"  in  1820, 
and  a  member  in  the  following  year.  Harding  ex- 
celled as  a  lithographer,  and  executed  a  set  of  litho- 
graphs entitled  ''Sketches  at  Home  and  Abroad" 
in  1836  ;  he  also  published  several  books  on  instruc- 
tion in  art.      He  died  at  Barnes  in  1863. 


CHAPTER    V 

THE    ASSOCIATED    ARTISTS    IN    WATER    COLOURS 

The  success  with  which  the  annual  exhibitions  of 
the  Old  Water  Colour  Society  met  in  the  early  years 
of  its  existence  doubtless  stimulated  other  water- 
colour  painters,  who  were  unable  to  obtain  admission 
into  that  close  body,  to  endeavour  to  bring  their  own 
works  before  the  public  by  similar  exhibitions.  On 
June  24,  1807,  a  preliminary  meeting  of  ten  artists 
was  held  at  the  Thatched  House  Tavern,  Great  St. 
James's  Street,  at  which  "  the  state  of  the  arts  and 
the  probable  benefits  that  might  result  from  a  new 
c  tablishment  in  London,  having  for  its  principal 
i)l))ect  an  exhibition  of  the  works  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours,  were  taken  into  consideration,"  and 
it  was  resolved  that  "such  an  establishment  would 
he  likely  to  prove  advantageous  to  the  individuals  and 
agreeable  to  the  Public."  These  artists  were  W.  J. 
Bennett,  H.  Pierce  Bone,  James  Green,  Hiiet  Villiers, 
y.  la  Porte,  Andrew  Robertson,  W.  J.  Thomson, 
\V.  H.  Watts,  H.  W.  Williams,  an4  W.  Wood.  The 
hi>t  named,  a  miniature  painter,  was  in  the  chair. 

At  the  second  meeting,  held  on  July  i  at  the  same 
ta\crn,  the  ten  again  met  and  founded  a  society 
(Which  was  called  the  '*  New  Society  of  Painters  in 


72  THE   ASSOCIATED   ARTISTS 

Miniature  and  Water  Colours,  instituted  in  London." 
Subsequent    meetings  were   lield   at  Brunet's   Hotel, 
Leicester  Square,  when   the  laws  and  regulations  by 
which  the  society  was  to   be  governed  were   drawn 
up.      Some  of  them  are  worthy  of  being  quoted,  as 
they    show     the    somewhat     quaint    views     of    the 
organisers    of   these   early   exhibitions.      One   of  the 
first  resolutions  was  as  follows :  *'  Although  works  of 
imagination  should  be  considered  as  the  basis  of  the 
intended  Exhibition,  the  Society  are  of  opinion  that 
Portraits  will  increase  its  attractions  and  are  therefore 
proper    to    be    admitted."     There    was    no    idea    of 
limiting  the  number  of  works  a  member  might  send 
for  exhibition,  for  it  was  decided  that  "  each  member 
is  to  furnish  five  original  subjects  at  leasts  of  which 
or   any   greater  number,    two-thirds   may  consist    of 
Portraits,  but  the  remainder  must  be  works  of  imagi- 
nation."    There  appears  to  have  been  no  commission 
charged  for  the  sale  of  pictures,  for  one  of  the  rules 
was    that    "  the   artists    who    may    exhibit    with    the 
members  of  the  society  will  have  an  equal  opportunity 
of  selling  their  works  free  of  expense."     The  hanging 
committee  were  evidently  desirous  of  consulting  the 
wishes  of  the  exhibitors,  for  every  picture  and  drawing 
had  to  have  afiixed  to  the  back  of  it,  in  addition  to 
the  name  of  the  artist,  '*  a  conspicuous  number,  taking 
the  first  for  the  work  which  he  may  be  most  desirous 
of  showing  to  advantage,  and  preserving  the  gradation 
of  rank  they  may  acquire  in  his  own  opinion  through- 
out the  list."     It  was  agreed  that  lady  artists  should  be 
eligible  for  election  as  members,  but  they  were  not  to 
be  allowed  to  attend  the  meetings  of  the  society.     A 


I  THE   ASSOCIATED   ARTISTS  73 

resolution,  however,  was  subsequently  passed  permitting 
female  members  of  the  society  to  vote  bv  proxy,  such 
vote  being  clearly  expressed  in  writing.  This  rightwas 
duly  exercised,  for  on  August  22,  1808,  Mrs.  Green 
wrote  giving  her  vote  for  the  election  of  J.  Clarendon 
Smith  and  Peter  De  Wint  as  members. 

At  these  meetings  the  following  additional  members 

were  elected:  Alfred  Chalon,  Mrs.  James  Green,  Miss 

Emma  Smith,  H.  Barnard  Chalon  (who  resigned  in 

November  of  the   same   year),  Andrew   Wilson,  and 

Samuel  Owen.      William  Wood  was  elected  president, 

James     Green,     a     portrait     painter,     treasurer,     and 

■Andrew  Robertson,   the  miniature  painter,  secretary. 

The   following    agreement   was   also   drawn   up,    and 

signed   by   the    members:    *' We,   whose    names    are 

^undersigned,    being     members    of    the    Society    of 

: Painters    in    Water    Colours    instituted    on    Jufy    i, 

1 1 807,  and  for  the  government  of  which  several  Rules 

land    Orders  have  been  establlsh'd,  do  hereby  collec- 

[tively  and  individually  express  our  assent  to  them  up 

fto  the  dates  accompanying  our  respective  signatures, 

!and    do    also    hereby    record   our    submission   to    the 

:penalties  of  the  ninth  article    of  the  sixth   meeting 

Ishould  we  neglect  to  comply  with  those  laws  which 

may   hereafter    be    exacted  'by    the    Society."      The 

iUinth   article   of  the  sixth   meeting  was   as  follows : 

I**  That  should  any  member  refuse  or  neglect  to  comply 

iwith  the  decisions  of  the  Society,  regularly  confirmed, 

•agreeably  to  the  sixth  article  of  the  second  meeting, 

:he  or  she  shall  be  considered  as  having  quitted  the 

[Society  and  forfeiting  all   claims  upon   it."     All  the 

! members    already    mentioned    signed    the  document. 


10 


74  THE   ASSOCIATED   ARTISTS 

and  in  addition  the  following,  subsequently  elected, 
annexed  their  signatures — viz.  John  Papvvorth,  an 
architect,  William  Westall,  James  Holmes,  Frederick 
Nash,  and  Peter  De  Wint,  the  last  three  signing 
on  February  8,  1809. 

The  first  exhibition  was  opened  on  April  z^y  1808, 
at  20,  Lower  Brook  Street,  Grosvenor  Square,  in  the 
same  rooms  in  which  the  "  Old  Society  "  had  held  its 
first  exhibition  three  years  previously.  The  name 
of  the  society  was  finally  designated  as  *'  The 
Associated  Artists  in  Water  Colours,"  and  two 
hundred  and  seventy-three  works  were  shown  by  the 
eighteen  members  and  by  eighteen  exhibitors  who 
were  invited  to  contribute  drawings.  Amongst  the 
latter  were  Peter  De  Wint,  L.  Francia,  and  J.  Claren- 
don Smith. 

The  society  was  anxious  to  be  on  good  terms 
with  their  fellow-artists,  for  they  presented  tickets  of 
free  admission  to  the  exhibition  to  all  the  members 
of  the  Royal  Academy,  the  ofiicers  and  governors  of 
the  British  Institution,  and  the  members  of  the  Old 
Water  Colour  Society  ;  but  the  last-named  society 
did  not  reciprocate  the  kindly  feeling,  for  R.  Hills 
wrote  :  '*  I  beg  to  express  my  acknowledgments  to 
the  gentlemen  comprising  the  Society  of  Associated 
Artists  in  Water  Colours  for  the  ticket  of  admission 
with  which  they  have  complimented  me.  The 
reasons  which  I  stated  when  I  had  the  pleasure  of 
seeing  you  in  Gerrard  Street  will  I  trust  be  considered 
sufiicient  apology  for  declining  to  accept  it  "  ;  whilst 
S.  Rigaud  begged  to  be  excused  making  use  of  it, 
giving  for  his  reason  that  *'  he  thinks  they  ought  to 


THE    ASSOCIATED    ARTISTS  75 

have  full  reward  for  their  labours  "  ;  and  T.  Heaphv 
declined  to  accept  the  ticket  because  '*  the  laws  of 
the  Society  of  P.  W.  C.  do  not  allow  the  compliment 
to  be  return'd." 

The  exhibition  met  with  considerable  success.  The 
receipts  for  admission  amounted  to  £'2.1,1  i  i-f.,  the 
sale  of  catalogues  produced  ;^6o,  and  with  the  sub- 
scriptions of  the  members  (which  were  four  guineas 
each)  a  surplus  was  shown  of  ;f  13.  The  following 
introduction  was  inserted  in  the  catalogue:  "The 
members  of  this  Society  think  it  proper  to  state  that 
in  forming  the  present  exhibition  they  were  not 
influenced  by  any  sentiment  of  hostility  or  opposition 
to  the  Society  which  originated  a  few  years  ago  under 
a  similar  appellation.  The  rapid  advance  which  this 
class  of  Art  had  made  ;  Its  powers  of  reaching  greater 
excellence,  if  judiciously  employed  ;  and  the  pro- 
priety of  separating  Drawings  and  Pictures  in  Water 
Colours  from  the  immediate  contact  of  those  pro- 
duced with  other  materials ; — the  same  opinions, 
the  same  feelings  led  to  the  association  of  the  artists 
who  now  for  the  first  time  (as  a  distinct  body) 
submit  their  works  to  the  public  inspection.  Some 
works  by  other  artists,  who  could  not  join  the  Society 
in  its  infancy,  have  also  been  admitted  to  whose 
merits  the  Committee  were  anxious  to  do  justice 
in  their  arrangement.  .  .  .  The  Society  will  listen 
with  respectful  deference  to  the  public  opinion ; 
and  repeat  or  withdraw  their  pretensions  accord- 
ingly-" 

The  second  exhibition  was  held  in  the  following 
year,    1809,   at    10 1,    New    Bond    Street.      Andrew 


76  THE   ASSOCIATED    ARTISTS 

Robertson  had  in  the  meanwhile  resigned  the 
secretaryship,  and  his  phice  was  taken  by  John 
Papworth  ;  and  Peter  De  Wint  and  F.  Nash  had 
been  elected  members.  The  secretary  and  treasurer 
waited  on  Benjamin  West,  who  was  then  president 
of  the  Royal  Academy,  to  request  the  honour  of 
his  presence  at  the  private  view  on  April  22,  and 
his  company  to  dine  with  the  society  at  the  Port- 
land Coffee-house  in  Great  Portland  Street  on  the 
same  day  at  five  o'clock  precisely.  West  duly  ac- 
cepted the  invitation,  and  at  the  dinner  the  following 
toast  was  drunk,  "  The  Father  of  Arts,  the  President 
of  the  Royal  Academy,"  and  he  was  thanked  for 
the  honour  he  had  done  the  society  by  his  presence 
at  the  table.  Although  the  exhibition  was  successful, 
there  were  signs  of  internal  troubles  amongst  the 
members,  as  may  be  gathered  from  the  following 
extracts  from  a  letter  dated  June  22,  1809,  to  the 
secretary  from  Andrew  Wilson,  the  landscape  painter, 
who  w^as  at  that  time  Drawing  Master  at  Sandhurst 
Military  College  : 

"  Dear  Sir — 

*'  I  consider  Mr.  De  Wint's  motion  of  such 
importance  to  the  Society  that  it  ought  in  my  opinion 
to  form  the  basis  of  our  proceedings  in  regard  to 
another  exhibition ;  from  a  full  conviction  that  a 
great  number  of  drawings  is  the  only  mode  by  which 
we  can  engage  the  attention  of  the  Public.  If  fifteen 
members  agree  to  do  twelve  drawings  each  and  as 
many  more  as  they  may  have  it  in  their  power  to 
contribute  I  have  no  doubt  of  our  success.  ...  In 


THE   ASSOCIATED   ARTISTS  77 

the  next  place  how  are  the  affairs  of  the  Society  to 
be  conducted  ?  for  on  this  much  depends ;  is  the 
same  worthy  and  indefatigable  gentleman  to  continue 
in  the  chair  ?  but  on  this  I  shall  not  enlarge  having 
only  deemed  it  necessary  to  hint  at  circumstances  on 
which  I  feel  desirous  of  knowing  the  sentiments  of 
the  Society  before  I  took  on  myself  an  obligation 
of   such    importance. 

"  I  am,  dear  sir,  with  much  esteem,  yours  truly, 

"Andrew  Wilson." 

The  result  was  that  in  18 10  David  Cox  became 
president,  and  Andrew  Wilson  the  secretary.  The 
exhibition  in  this  year  was  held  at  16,  Old  Bond 
Street,  where  the  "Old  Society"  was  quartered  in  1808. 
The  names  of  J.  S.  Cotman  and  of  Samuel  Prout 
appeared  in  the  catalogue  as  exhibitors,  and  the  title 
of  the  society  was  changed  to  "  Associated  Painters 
in  Water  Colours." 

In  181 1  further  changes  were  made.  H.  Richter 
became  president,  W.  J.  Bennett  treasurer,  and 
L.  Francia  secretary.  There  were  already  evidences 
of  financial  difficulties,  for  the  price  of  the  catalogue, 
which  had  hitherto  been  sixpence,  was  raised  to  one 
shilling,  and  an  explanatory  note  was  inserted  stating 
that  "  the  expenses,  owing  to  the  situation,  exceed 
those  incurred  bv  any  other  body  of  artists  in  the 
United  Kingdom.  They  have,  therefore,  ventured 
to  add  to  the  price  of  their  Catalogue  as  a  trifling 
means  of  lessening  their  expense." 

The  fifth  and  last  exhibition  was  held  at  the 
rooms  in  Old   Bond  Street   in    18 12,  the  same  year 


78  THE   ASSOCIATED   ARTISTS 

in  which  the  **  Old  Society "  found  themselves  in 
difficuhies,  and  as  it  did  not  meet  with  the  success 
which  was  anticipated,  the  Associated  Painters  in 
Water  Colours  ultimately  disbanded. 

In  1 8 14,  owing  doubtless  to  the  collapse  of  the 
Associated  Society,  and  to  the  admission  of  oil 
paintings  to  the  exhibitions  of  the  "  Old  Society," 
which  had  caused  many  of  its  members  to  secede 
from  it,  an  enterprising  individual,  named  William 
Laxton,  seized  the  opportunity  of  holding  an  Exhi- 
bition of  Paintings  in  Water  Colours  at  his  Public 
Room,  23,  New  Bond  Street.  He  issued  invitations  to 
the  artists  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  was  successful 
in  procuring  works  from  Samuel  Prout,  L.  Francia, 
F.  Nicholson  (who  had  retired  from  the  presidentship 
of  the  "  Old  Society  "),  G.  F.  Robson,  F.  Nash,  John 
Martin,  William  Etty,  and  others.  The  exhibition, 
which  was  opened  on  the  first  Saturday  in  February, 
was  on  the  same  lines  as  those  of  the  "  Old  Society," 
even  the  catalogue  being  produced  in  a  similar  style. 
It  was  announced  that  it  was  unconnected  with  any 
society  or  establishment  whatever,  the  only  motive 
being  that  of  introducing  artists'  works  to  public 
estimation  at  a  period  when  no  other  exhibition  of 
a  like  description  was  open.  This  exhibition,  however, 
was  not  solely  confined  to  water  colours,  as  an  apology 
was  inserted  in  the  catalogue  for  placing  an  oil 
painting  of  the  old  school  over  the  door,  the  space 
being  too  elevated  for  a  subject  in  water  colours. 

Another  exhibition  was  held  in  the  same  gallery 
in  the  following  year,  but  Mr.  Laxton  evidently 
found  a  difficulty  in  obtaining  sufficient  water-colour 


LE   rONT   NHUF,    PARIS 

By  Henry  Edridg.!.   A.R.A. 

Size  of  original  \l\  x    19^  inches 


I'LATK    XXIV 


THE   ASSOCIATED   ARTISTS  79 

paintings  to  cover  the  walls,  for  the  exhibition, 
which  was  opened  on  May  3,  was  announced  as  being 
that  of  Oil  and  Water  Colours,  and  the  following 
note  was  inserted  in  the  catalogue :  "  An  unique 
Exhibition  of  performances  in  Water  Colours  only 
being  the  original  intention  of  this  Institution,  an 
apology  for  introducing  other  works  may  appear 
necessary.  From  some  cause,  which  is  not  attempted 
to  be  determined,  a  sufficient  number  of  works  did 
not  arrive  w^ithin  the  time  limited  to  form  a  re- 
spectable Exhibition  ;  being  thus  diverted  from  the 
original  intention  the  manager  trusts  the  introduction 
of  works  in  oil  with  a  few  Old  Masters  will  not  be 
considered  an  intrusion."  The  exhibition  was  con- 
sequently of  a  very  mixed  character,  containing,  as 
it  did,  old  masters  by  Rubens,  Murillo,  and  Carracci, 
modern  oil  paintings  by  Wilson,  Gainsborough,  and 
Morland,  and  water  colours  by  S.  Prout,  J.  D. 
Harding,  F.  Nicholson,  John  Martin,  F.  Nash,  and 
others. 

This  enterprise  apparently  did  not  meet  w^ith 
success,  for  in  spite  of  Mr.  Laxton  having  announced 
that  he  looked  with  confidence  for  the  period  when 
he  should  be  enabled  to  gratify  the  public  bv  the 
fulfilment  of  his  original  intention  of  holding  ex- 
hibitions of  paintings  in  water  colour  only,  and  begged 
leave  to  inform  artists  that  their  works  will  be  re- 
ceived for  exhibition  between  April  i  and  14  in  each 
succeeding  year,  no  further  exhibition  appears  to 
have  been  held  at  23,  New  Bond  Street. 


CHAPTER   VI 

COTMAN,    DE    WINT,    COX,    AND    CONTEMPORARIES 

In  the  introduction  to  the  catalogue  of  the  exhibition 
of  the  *' Old  Society"  held  in  1821,  it  is  stated  that 
"Painting  in  Water  Colours  may  justly  be  regarded 
as  a  new  art,  and  in  its  present  application  the 
invention  of  British  Artists ;  considerations  which 
ought  to  have  some  influence  on  its  public  estimation 
and  encouragement.  Within  a  few  years  the  materials 
employed  in  this  species  of  painting,  and  the  manner 
of  using  them,  have  been  equally  improved,  by  new 
chemical  discoveries,  and  successful  innovations  on 
the  old  methods  of  practice.  The  feeble-tinted 
drawings  formerly  supposed  to  be  the  utmost  efforts 
of  this  art  have  been  succeeded  by  pictures  not 
inferior  in  power  to  oil  paintings,  and  equal  in  delicacy 
of  tint  and  purity  and  airiness  of  tone."  It  will  be 
well  to  take  into  consideration  the  men  who  had 
been  chiefly  instrumental  in  bringing  about  this 
development  of  water-colour  art,  to  cause  it  to  be- 
come "not  inferior  in  power  to  oil  paintings."  Girtin 
had  been  dead  for  many  years ;  but  Turner  had 
entered  his  best  period,  and  was  greatly  influencing 
the  minds  of  others.  Amongst  those  who  were 
doubtless  influenced  by  him,  and  whose  names  will 

80 


I'LATK    XX\ 


L'INSTITL'T,    PARIS 

By  Richard  Parkes  Bnnmgfon 

Size  of  original  8  >'  6j  inches 


7X7    aTAJ'l 


^T5TA4    T'lTl' 


^xr\-s\9v  t'. 


COTMAN,    DE   WINT,    COX,    ETC.  8i 

alwavs  be  associated  with  the  progress  of  the  art 
at  this  period,  were  H.  Edridge,  A.R.A.,  R.  P. 
Bonington,  J,  S.  Cotman,  P.  De  Wint,  S.  Prout, 
D.  Cox,  Copley  Fielding,  and  W.  H.  Hunt.  All 
these  artists — who,  with  the  exception  of  Bonington, 
had  been  born  in  the  eighteenth  century — had  thrown 
on  one  side  the  restraints  of  the  old  tinted  system ; 
each  in  his  own  peculiar  style  had  given  freedom 
and  brilliancy  to  water-colour  painting,  and,  with  the 
exception  of  the  two  first  named,  they  all  became 
members  of  the  "  Old  Society." 

Henry  Edridge,  A.R.A.,  was  born  at  Paddington 
in  1769.  After  serving  an  apprenticeship  witli 
William  Pether,  the  mezzotint  engraver,  he  became 
a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy  Schools,  where  he 
won  the  silver  medal,  and  attracted  the  notice  of 
Reynolds,  who  allowed  him  to  copy  his  pictures  in 
miniature.  For  some  time  he  worked  as  a  miniature 
painter,  at  first  on  ivory,  somewhat  in  the  manner 
of  Cosway,  and  afterwards  he  drew  portraits  in 
pencil,  slightly  tinting  the  faces  with  water  colour. 
Edridge  subsequently  became  a  friend  of  Thomas 
Hearne — there  is  a  portrait  in  pencil  of  Hearne  in 
the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum  by  Edridge,  dated 
1800 — and  from  him  he  acquired  the  art  of  painting 
landscapes.  During  the  years  i  8  1 7  and  1 8 1 9  Edridge 
visited  France,  and  made  studies  in  Paris  and  in  towns 
in  Normandy,  from  which  he  produced  water-colour 
paintings.  "  Pont  Neuf,  Paris  "  {see  Plate  XXIV.),  was 
executed  from  a  sketch  made  during  his  first  tour, 
and  bears  the  date  1817  ;  the  sketch  and  the  finished 
painting  are  both  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum. 

II 


82  COTMAN,   DE   WINT,   COX,   ETC. 

In  1820  Edridge  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  fj 
Royal  Academy ;  but  he  did  not  live  long  to  enjoy 
the  honour  conferred  upon  him,  as  he  died  early  in 
the  following  year,  and  was  buried  beside  his  friend 
Hearne,  in  Bushey  churchyard.  Edridge's  early  land- 
scapes were  mostly  rural  scenes  with  rustic  buildings, 
whilst  his  French  paintings  were  principally  of  an 
architectural  character. 

Richard  Parkes  Bonington  was  born  at  the 
village  of  Arnold,  near  Nottingham,  in  1801.  His 
father,  who  was  for  a  time  governor  of  the  county 
gaol  at  Nottingham,  subsequently  attempted  to  gain  ^, 
a  livelihood  by  painting  portraits,  and  took  his  family 
to  Paris  in  18 16.  Here  young  Bonington  studied  at 
the  Louvre  and  at  the  "  Institut "  {see  Plate  XXV.) ; 
he  also  worked  under  Baron  Gros,  and  received  some 
instruction  at  Calais  from  Louis  Francia,  who  had 
returned  from  London  to  his  native  town. 

About  1824  Bonington  commenced  painting  in  oils, 
and  in  1826  he  sent  two  paintings  of  French  coast 
scenery  for  exhibition  at  the  British  Institution.  They 
attracted  so  much  attention  in  London  that  he  con- 
tributed four  pictures  to  the  Royal  Academy  in  the 
two  following  years.  His  career,  however,  was  cut 
short,  for  he  was  seized  with  rapid  consumption,  from 
which  he  died  in  the  spring  of  1828,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  James's  Church,  Pentonville. 

Bonington  made  one  visit  to  Italy,  but  his  pictures 
were  almost  exclusively  painted  in  France,  where  his 
landscapes,  like  those  of  Constable,  exercised  consider- 
able influence  on  French  painting.  It  is  stated  that 
he  was  the  first  to  show  the  French  the  capabilities  of 


A  landscai'p:  with  river 

By  'Joh-!!  Sell  Cottnan 
Size  of  original  8§  x  1 2^  inches.     Signed 


F*[,ATE    XXVI 


-'/jnoiu  ^i-i 


COTMAN,    DE   WINT,    COX,    ETC.  83 

water  colours.  He  practised  lithography,  and  produced 
views  of  Rouen,  Caen,  Evreux,  Gisors,  and  other  towns 
in  Normandy.  Bonington  evidently  visited  Scotland 
probably  shortly  before  his  death,  as  Messrs.  Colnaghi 
published  in  1829  a  series  of  **  Scotch  sketches  drawn 
on  the  stone  by  the  late  R.  P.  Bonington." 

John  Sell  CoTMAN,born  at  Norwich  on  May  16, 
1782,  was  the  son  of  a  silk  mercer.  After  assisting 
for  a  time  in  his  father's  business,  he  came  to  London 
about  1800  to  study  art,  and  was  one  of  the  young 
painters  who  were  befriended  by  Dr.  Monro.  Later, 
he  returned  to  Norwich,  and  became  the  secretary  to 
the  Norwich  Society  of  Artists,  which  was  founded 
by  John  Crome  and  others  in  1803  ;  and  when  "  Old 
Crome "  became  president,  in  18 10,  Cotman  was 
appointed  vice-president,  and  in  the  following  year 
he  himself  became  the  president.  He  painted  both 
in  oils  and  water  colours,  and  also  etched  architectural 
subjects;  he  published  by  subscription  several  volumes 
of  etchings  cf  ancient  building^,,  chiefly  in  Norfolk, 
and  after  three  visits  to  Normandy  he  produced,  in 
conjunction  with  Dawson  Turner,  *'  Architectural 
Antiquities  of  Normandy."  In  spite  of  the  excellence 
of  his  work  the  public  refused  to  appreciate  it,  and 
he  lived  for  some  years  with  his  wife  and  family  at 
Great  Yarmouth  in  considerable  poverty,  eking  out  a 
gloomy  existence  by  giving  drawing  lessons. 

In  1834,  by  the  aid  of  his  friend  William  Turner, 
he  was  appointed  drawing  master  at  King's  College 
School,  and  he  removed  to  London,  where  he  died  on 
July  28,  1842.  Cotman  w^as  a  member  of  the  short- 
lived Society  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Colours 


84  COTMAN,   DE   WINT,    COX,   ETC. 

during  the  year  i  8  lo;  and  it  was  not  until  1825  he  was 
elected  an  associate  of  the  "Old  Society."  His  land- 
scapes were  executed  with  great  freedom  and  directness, 
as  may  be  seen  from  the  illustration  of  his  "  Landscape 
with  River  "  {see  Plate  XXVI.)  in  the  Victoria  and 
Albert  Museum ;  he  also  painted  seascapes.  His  two 
sons,  Miles  Edmund  and  John  Joseph  Cotman,  both  fol- 
lowed their  father's  profession,  and  the  former  succeeded 
him  as  drawing  master  at  King's  College  School. 

John  Crome,  known  as  '*  Old  Crome,"  painted 
principally  in  oils,  but  also  produced  some  water- 
colour  paintings  and  etchings.  He  was  the  founder 
of  the  Society  of  Artists  at  Norwich,  where  he  was 
born  in  a  public  house  on  December  22,  1768.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  journeyman  weaver,  and  at  the  age 
of  twelve  became  errand-boy  to  a  Norwich  physician  ; 
afterwards  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  sign  painter  named 
Frank  W^histler  ;  and  by  associating  himself  with 
Ladbrooke,  whose  age  and  tastes  were  similar,  became 
an  artist.  At  the  expiration  of  his  apprenticeship  he 
came  to  London,  and  was  patronised  by  Sir  William 
Eeechey,in  whose  studio  he  worked  ;  later  he  returned 
to  Norwich,  and  gradually  acquired  considerable  local 
celebrity.  He  continued  to  reside  there  until  his 
death  in  1821.  ^ 

Peter  De  Wint  was  a  descendant  of  an  old  and 
wealthy  merchant  family  of  Amsterdam  ;  his  father,  a 
doctor,  was  born  at  New  York,  but  practised  at  Stone, 
in  Staffordshire,  where  the  son  was  born  on  January 
21,  1784.  In  1802  he  was  placed  under  John  Raphael 
Smith,  the  engraver,  and  here  he  became  a  fellow- 
pupil  and  life-long  friend  of  William  Hilton,  R.A., 


LANDSCAPE 

By  Peter  De   Wint 

Size  of  original  7^  x  14  inches 


PLATE   X.WII 


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OF 
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COTMAN,   DE    WINT,    COX,   ETC.  85 

whose  sister  Harriet  he  married.  In  1806  De  Wint 
and  Hilton  both  left  the  studio  of  J.  R.  Smith, 
and  began  life  as  painters  on  their  own  account; 
in  the  summer  of  that  year  they  visited  Lincoln, 
Hilton's  birthplace,  and  it  was  then  that  De  Wint's 
attachment  to  that  city  and  county  was  formed. 
About  this  time  he  became  one  of  the  students  who 
frequented  Dr.  Monro's  house  in  Adelphi  Terrace. 
De  Wint  was  essentially  an  English  landscape  painter  ; 
he  only  once  went  abroad,  and  then  only  as  far  as 
Normandy.  He  was  one  of  the  greatest  colourists  of 
landscape  art,  both  in  oils  and  water  colour  ;  he  felt 
that  Nature  was  strong  and  rich  in  tone,  and  painted 
her  with  broad  and  grand  effects,  whilst  at  the  same 
time  he  deeply  studied  details,  and  was  an  admirable 
draughtsman.  De  Wint  was  an  active  member  of 
the  Associated  Artists  during  1 809,  but  resigned  in 
the  following  year,  when  he  became  an  associate  of 
the  "  Old  Society  "  ;  he  was  elected  a  full  member  in 
I  8  1 1,  but  ceased  his  connection  with  the  society  when 
it  was  reconstituted  in  the  following  year,  and  did  not 
rejoin  it  until  1825.  De  Wint  died  at  40,  Upper  Gower 
Street,  on  June  30,  1849,  and  was  buried  beside  his 
friend  Hilton,  in  the  churchyard  of  the  Royal  Chapel 
in  the  Savoy.  The  reproduction  of  the  **  Landscape  " 
{see  Plate  XXVII.) — which  is  one  of  many  paintings 
belonging  to  the  painter's  granddaughter,  Miss  Tatlock 
— admirably  shows  the  breadth  of  his  painting  in  water 
colours.  Two  large  oil  paintings,  **  A  Wooded  Land- 
scape "  and  *'  A  Cornfield,"  presented  by  the  painter's 
daughter,  Mrs.  Tatlock,  to  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum,  are  splendid  examples  of  his  work  in  oils;  a 


86  COTMAN,   DE   WINT,   COX,   ETC. 

mezzotint  engraving  of  the  former  has  been  recently 
executed  by  Frank  Short,  A.R.A. 

Samuel  Prout,  F.S.A.,  born  in  1783,  was  a  native 
of  Plymouth.  Owing  to  his  receiving  a  sunstroke 
when  quite  a  child,  he  suffered  from  delicate  health 
throughout  the  whole  of  his  life.  Prout  may  be  said 
to  have  been  discovered  by  Britton,  whilst  journeying 
to  Cornwall  in  search  of  material  for  his  '*  Beauties  of 
England  and  Wales."  Prout's  work,  however,  proved 
to  be  unsatisfactory,  and  it  was  not  until  1802,  when 
he  had  submitted  to  Britton  some  drawings  which 
showed  great  improvement,  that  Prout  went  to  reside 
with  him  at  Clerkenwell  for  about  two  vears,  and  was 
commissioned  to  make  numerous  expeditions  in  search 
of  subjects  for  Britton's  "  Beauties."  Prout  first 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1803,  next  at  the 
Associated  Artists  in  181 1  and  1812,  and  at  the  '*  Old 
Society  "in  1815  ;  of  the  last  named  he  was  elected  a 
member  in  18 19.  After  this  date  he  made  frequent 
visits  to  the  Continent,  and  became  celebrated  as  a 
painter  of  old  churches  and  other  picturesque  buildings 
in  Normandy  ;  he  also  travelled  as  far  as  Italy,  and 
produced  architectural  paintings  in  Rome  and  Venice. 
He  was  appointed  painter  in  water  colours  to  George  IV. 
and  to  Queen  Victoria,  and  also  became  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
his  sufferings  increased,  and  he  died  suddenly  at  last,  in 
a  fit  of  apoplexy,  at  Camberwell,  in  February,  1852. 

Prout  had  a  remarkable  perception  for  picturesque 
architecture  ;  he  produced  brilliant  effects  of  light  and 
shade,  and  imparted  colour  to  his  paintings  by  the 
introduction  of  groups  of  hgures  [sec  Plate  XXVIII.). 


PLATE   XXVIU 


THE    PORCH    OF    RATISBON   CATHEDRAL 
By  Samuel  Protif 

Size  of  original  25f  y   1 8^  inches.     Signed 


liVn./  3t/:j^ 


f' 


OF 


COTMAN,    DE   WINT,    COX,    ETC.  87 

Like  many  water-colour  painters  of  this  period  Prout 
devoted  considerable  time  to  teaching,  and  he 
published  numerous  drawing  copies  for  students ;  the 
early  works  were  executed  by  means  of  soft  ground 
etching,  but,  later,  many  of  his  sketches  made  on  the 
Continent  were  drawn  by  him  on  stone  for  lithography, 
an  art  in  which  he  greatly  excelled. 

David  Cox,  like  Prout,  was  from  his  childhood 
always  delicate  in  health,  and,  in  addition,  he  had  the 
misfortune  when  a  boy  to  break  his  leg  ;  to  these 
circumstances  the  commencement  of  his  artistic  career 
may  be  attributed,  as  he  was  not  sufficiently  robust 
to  follow  his  father's  calling,  which  was  that  of  a 
smith  at  Deritend,  a  suburb  of  Birmingham,  where 
David  was  born  in  1783.  He  was  first  employed 
in  decorating  lockets,  but,  after  working  for  eighteen 
months,  he  was  obliged  to  seek  other  means  of  liveli- 
hood, owing  to  the  death  of  his  master.  He  eventually 
obtained  employment  in  painting  scenery  at  the 
Birmingham  Theatre  Royal,  where  he  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  elder  Macready,  w^ho  engaged  him  as 
a  scene  painter,  and  Cox  travelled  with  Macready's 
company  about  the  country  for  four  years.  In  1804 
he  came  to  London,  where  he  received  some  lessons  in 
water-colour  painting  from  John  Varley,  and  also 
continued  for  a  time  to  paint  theatrical  scenery.  In 
the  following  year  he  made  the  first  of  his  many 
visits  to  North  Wales,  and  exhibited  his  first  drawing 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1 809  he  contributed 
some  works  to  the  exhibition  of  the  Associated  Artists 
in  Water  Colours,  and  in  the  following  year  was  elected 
president  of  the  association.    On  the  breaking  up  of  that 


88  COTMAN,   DE   WINT,    COX,    ETC. 

body  in  1 8  1 2  he  became  a  member  of  the  "  Old  Society" 
and  remained  a  strong  supporter  of  it  for  the  rest  of 
his  life.     When  Cox  married,  in   i8o8,  he  settled  at 
Dulwich  as  a  teacher  of  drawing,  but  frequently  made 
tours  in  England  and  Wales,  in  search  of  subjects  for  his 
brush.     About  1815   he  removed  to  Hereford,  where 
he  remained  eleven  years  engaged  in  teaching  drawing. 
At  the  expiration  of  this  period  he  returned  to  London 
and  resided  at  Kennington  for  the  next  fourteen  years. 
During    this    period    he    made    several    visits    to    the 
Continent,    sketching    subjects    at    Boulogne,    Calais, 
Brussels,  and  Paris.      Cox  finally  settled  at  Harborne, 
near  his  native  town,  where  he  took  up  paintmg  m 
oils,    and    executed   some   successful    pictures  in    that 
medium.       He   died  at  Harborne  on  June  7,    1859. 
Cox  produced  numerous  books   giving  practical  hints 
to  students   in   the  art  of  painting  in   water    colours, 
which  were  illustrated  with  soft  ground  etchings  and 
aquatints.    His  early  drawings,  although  executed  with 
delicate  finish,  were  somewhat  stiff  and   constramed  ; 
but  those  of  his  later  period  excelled  in  the  rendering 
of  atmospheric  qualities,  and,  although  apparently  they 
were  carelessly  executed,  the  breezy  effects  produced 
by  Cox  in  these  drawings  could  not  have  been  obtained 
by  a  more  precise  handling.      Many  of  his  drawings 
were  executed  on  a  rough  paper.     The  reproduction 
given  of  "A  Windmill,"  one  of  the  drawings  bequeathed 
by  Mr.  John  Henderson  to  the  British  Museum,  is 
an  example  of  Cox's  best  period  {see  Plate  XXIX.). 

When  Joshua  Cristall  retired  from  the  post  of 
president  of  the  "Old  Society"  in  1831,  his  place  was 
taken  by  Anthony  Vandyke  Copley  Fielding,  who 


A   WINDMILL   ON   A   HEATH 

By  David  (hx 

Size  of  original  6^  x  lo  inches 


PLATE    XXIX 


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COTMAN,   DE   WINT,   COX,   ETC.  89 

had  previously  held  the  positions  of  treasurer  and  secre- 
tary, at  various  dates,  to  the  society.  He  was  born  in 
Yorkshire  in  1787  and  belonged  to  a  family  of  painters. 
His  father,  Theodore  Nathan  Fielding,  who  resided  near 
Halifax,  had  a  considerable  local  reputation  as  a  portrait 
painter,  and  his  four  sons,  Theodore  Henry  Adolphus, 
the  eldest,  Copley,  the  second,  Thales,  the  third,  and 
Newton,  the  youngest,  all  received  instruction  in  art 
from  him,  and  became  successful  painters  in  water 
colours;  moreover,  Mrs.  Fielding,  the  wife  of  Theo- 
dore, became  a  lady  member  of  the  *'01d  Society." 

On  coming  to  London,  Copley  Fielding  studied 
under  John  Varley, and  afterwards  married  Mrs.  Varley's 
sister.  He  became  a  most  fashionable  teacher  in 
water-colour  painting,  and  a  very  prolific  worker  ; 
during  his  connection  with  the  "  Old  Society  "  he  ex- 
hibited no  less  than  1,748  works.  He  was  elected  an 
associate  of  that  body  in  18 10,  and  he  became  a  full 
member  on  the  reconstruction  of  the  society  two  years 
later.  In  the  early  part  of  his  career  his  drawings 
depicted  the  mountain  and  lake  scenery  of  the  North 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Wales.  Shortly,  however, 
before  he  became  president  he  went  to  reside  at 
Brighton,  where  he  turned  his  attention  to  seascapes, 
and  executed  many  drawings  of  storms  at  sea,  similar 
to  the  illustration  given  [see  Plate  XXX.)  ;  he  also 
produced  numerous  studies  of  the  South  Downs,  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  his  home.  In  speaking  of  these, 
Ruskin  writes  in  "  Modern  Painters  "  :  "  In  his  down 
scenes  and  moorland  showers  he  produced  some  of  the 
most  perfect  and  faultless  passages  of  mist  and  rain  cloud 
which  art  has  ever  seen.     Wet,  transparent^  formless, 


90  COTMAN,   DE   WINT,   COX,   ETC. 

full  of  motion,  felt  rather  by  their  shadows  on  the  hills 
than  by  their  presence  in  the  sky,  becoming  dark  only 
through  increased  depth  of  space,  most  translucent 
when  most  sombre,  and  light  only  through  increased 
buoyancy  of  motion,  letting  the  blue  through  their 
interstices,  and  the  sunlight  through  their  chasms, 
v/ith  the  irregular  playfulness  and  traceless  gradation 
of  Nature  herself,  his  skies  will  remain,  as  long  as  their 
colours  stand,  among  the  most  simple,  unadulterated, 
and  complete  transcripts  of  a  particular  nature  which 
art  can  point  to."  The  success  with  which  the  *'  Old 
Society  "  met  during  the  middle  of  the  last  century 
was  in  a  great  measure  due  to  Copley  Fielding;  he 
was  a  typical  president,  being  a  man  of  most  genial 
disposition  and  courtly  manners.  His  death,  which 
occurred  at  Worthing  on  March  3,  1855,  was  a  great 
loss  to  the  '*  Old  Society,"  and  in  order  to  show  their 
deep  respect  to  his  memory  it  was  decided  to  leave  the 
election  of  a  new  president  in  abeyance  for  eight  months. 
William  Henry  Hunt,  the  son  of  a  tin-plate 
worker,  was  born  on  March  28,  1790,  at  8,  Old 
Belton  Street  (now  Endell  Street).  He  was  a  sickly 
child,  and  was  delicate  in  health  throughout  his 
life.  At  an  early  age  he  was  bound  an  apprentice 
to  John  Varley,  and  through  his  master  he  became 
acquainted  with  Dr.  Monro,  who  greatly  befriended 
young  Hunt,  and  used  to  take  him  to  his  country 
house  at  Bushey,  near  Watford;  whilst  there  the 
doctor  paid  him  at  the  rate  of  'js,  bd.  per  diem  for 
his  sketches.  In  1808  Hunt  became  a  student  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  at  first  practised  painting  in  oil 
colours.   .  .In  1824  he  was  elected  an  associate  of  the 


PLATi:    XXX 


A    STORM   OFF   WHITBY 

By  Anthony    Vandyke  Copley  Fielding 

Size  of  original  S  x  iii  inches.     Signed  and  dated  1853 


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COTMAN,    DE   WINT,    COX,    ETC.  91 

"Old  Society,"  and  two  years  later  a  full  member.  It 
was  about  this  period  that  he  abandoned  oil  painting 
and  devoted  himself  entirely  to  water  colours.  Hunt 
was  a  superb  painter  of  rustic  figures  and  still  life  ;  he 
became  celebrated  for  his  humorous  studies  of  boys, 
or,  rather,  boy  studies,  for  Hunt  secured  the  services 
of  one  special  boy  as  his  model.  **  The  Attack  "  and 
"  The  Defeat "  attained  great  popularity  when  re- 
produced by  both  engraving  and  chromo-lithography. 
Hunt  also  added  candle-light  effect  to  many  of  his 
figures  with  considerable  success.  Later  he  painted 
fruit,  flowers,  and  birds'  nests  with  consummate  skill 
— in  fact,  he  was  unrivalled  in  still-life  painting. 

**  The  works  of  Hunt,"  say  the  authors  of  **A 
Century  of  Painters,"  "differ  widely  from  those  of  his 
contemporaries  ;  they  have  a  character  of  their  own, 
and  many  qualities  which  place  him  as  an  artist,  in 
his  somewhat  narrow  range,  on  a  level  with  the 
highest.  He  painted  landscapes,  figures,  and,  latterly, 
fruir  and  flowers  equally  well.  His  great  character- 
istics are  perfect  imitation,  without  littleness  or  mean 
details ;  truthful  colouring  never  overcharged,  never 
meretricious;  a  remarkable  power  of  rendering  the 
effect  of  daylight  on  the  surface  of  objects,  giving 
each  the  greatest  textural  truth,  and  marking  its 
distinctive  qualities  of  absorption  or  reflection."  In 
Hunt's  paintings  there  is  every  variety  of  execution, 
and  in  his  early  architectural  drawings  he  used  a  reed 
pen  and  the  tinted  method  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
topographical  draughtsmen.  "  In  early  life,"  says 
Mr.  James  Orrock,  "  Hunt  painted  without  the  use 
of  any  body  colour,  and  it  was  not  until  the  middle 


92  COTMAN,   DE   WINT,    COX,    ETC. 

period  that  he  used  it.  It  is  quite  certain,  however, 
that  as  no  luminous  sky  can  be  produced  with  body 
colour,  so  no  still  life  of  the  highest  excellence  can  be 
produced  without  it.  Hunt  found  this  out,  and  left 
off  an  excessive  use  of  transparent  colour  when  he 
painted  his  wondrous  still-life  pictures.  He  never, 
however,  at  any  time  used  body  colour  in  his  figure 
painting.  Body-colour  painting  in  the  ordinary  sense 
means  mixing  pigment  with  body  colour.  Hunt 
never  did  this  ;  he  painted  on  body  colour  which  was 
laid  on  the  objects  thick,  and  then  left  to  dry  to 
hardness.  He  would,  for  example,  roughly  pencil  out  a 
group  of  plums  or  grapes  [see  Plate  XXXI.),  and  thickly 
coat  each  one  with  Chinese-white,  which  he  would 
leave  to  harden.  On  this  brilliant  china-like  ground 
he  would  put  his  colours,  not  in  washes,  but  solid  and 
sure,  so  as  not  to  disturb  the  ground  which  he  had 
prepared.  By  thisprocess  the  utmost  value  for  obtaining 
strength  and  brilliancy  was  secured,  for  the  colours  were 
made  to  *  bear  out '  and  almost  rival  Nature  herself." 
Hunt  also  made  free  use  of  the  knife  to  give  texture 
to  various  surfaces  ;  rather  than  have  his  background 
monotonous  and  flat  he  would  scrape  up  portions  here 
and  there,  and  drop  colours  into  the  spaces  like  mosaic 
work.  Sometimes,  when  he  wanted  a  foil  for  the 
tender  modelling  of  his  faces,  he  would  plough  up 
the  paper  with  the  knife  in  some  bold  parts  of  the 
garments,  and  by  this  contrast  would  make  the  flesh  look 
soft  and  lifelike.  Hunt,  whose  health  was  always  deli- 
cate, resided  for  a  long  time  at  Hastings,  and,  by  taking 
great  care  of  himself,  he  lived  until  his  seventy-fourth 
year.     He  died  in  London  on  February  15,  1864. 


ii 


I'LATL    XXXI 


PLUMS 
By   William  Henry  Hunt 
Size  of  uriyinal  II j  x  '6\  inches 


1/. /./.     li^^^W 


IX 


off  a: 


D>' 


fiur; 
to  V. 


A0b&^ 


CHAPTER    VII 

THE    MIDDLE    OF    THE     NINETEENTH    CENTURY 

During  the  early  part  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Victoria 
the  public  appreciation  of  water-colour  paintings 
had  greatly  increased,  and  painters  were  no  longer 
dependent  upon  copper-plate  engravers  for  employ- 
ment; the  rage  for  works  illustrated  with  topo- 
graphical views  had  also  subsided ;  their  place  was 
taken  for  a  time  by  small  annuals  like  The  Keepsake^ 
which  were  adorned  with  steel-plate  engravings 
after  drawings  by  artists.  But  a  great  advancement 
had  been  made  in  wood  engraving  by  men  such 
as  Ebenezer  Landells  and  Henry  Vizetelly;  and  The 
Illustrated  London  News,  Punchy  and  several  other 
periodicals  had  been  started ;  they  gave  employment 
to  John  Gilbert,  Birket  Foster,  John  Leech,  and 
other  water-colour  painters,  who  produced  their  work 
direct  on  the  wood-blocks.  Lithography  had  also 
come  into  general  use,  and  many  artists'  sketches 
were  reproduced  by  this  process. 

The  history  of  the  '*  Old  Society  "  at  this  period 
may  be  said  to  include  that  of  the  art  of  water-colour 
painting  in  general.  The  "  New  Society  "  had  been 
in  existence  for  some  years,  but  it  was  not  a  formidable 
rival  ;   the  Royal  Academy  still  looked  coldly  on  the 

1  93 


94  MIDDLE  OF  THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY 

art ;  and  the  Society  of  British  Artists  devoted  but 
small  space  to  water-colour  drawings  at  their  exhibi- 
tions. There  were,  however,  a  few  painters  outside 
the  "  Old  Society  "  practising  both  in  oil  and  water 
colours ;  among  them  were  Turner,  W.  Clarkson 
Stanfield,  David  Roberts,  and  William  Miiller  ;  and 
their  works  in  the  latter  medium  attracted  consider- 
able attention. 

William  Clarkson  Stanfield,  R.A.,  was  born 
at  Sunderland  in  1793  ;  he  was  the  son  of  an  Irish- 
man, a  writer  of  some  repute  in  his  day.  At  the  age 
of  fifteen  William  Stanfield  began  life  as  a  sailor ;  he 
showed  an  early  fondness  for  art,  and  sketched  ships 
and  marine  views,  and  thus  acquired  the  nautical 
knowledge  which  characterises  many  of  his  works  ; 
he  was  subsequently  a  clerk  in  the  Navy.  On  one  of 
his  voyages  to  Guinea  he  became  acquainted  with 
Thomas  Clarkson,  the  abolitionist,  and  a  warm  friend- 
ship having  sprung  up  between  them,  Stanfield  adopted 
his  surname.  Having  become  temporarily  disabled  in 
1 8 16  by  a  fall,  he  secured  his  discharge  two  years 
later,  and  obtained  employment  as  a  scene  painter  at 
various  theatres,  and  finally  at  Drury  Lane.  In  1824 
he  became  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Society 
of  British  Artists ;  and  three  years  later  he  had  a 
picture  accepted  at  the  Royal  Academy.  Encouraged 
by  this  success  he  gave  up  scene  painting  in  order  to 
devote  himself  entirely  to  easel  pictures.  He  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1832, 
and  a  full  member  in  1835,  when  he  painted  "The 
Battle  of  Trafalgar "  for  the  United  Service  Club. 
Amongst    his    many   friends    were    Charles    Dickens, 


PLATK    XXXII 


ISOLA   BELLA.    LAGO    MAGGIORE 

By   William  Clarkson  Stanfield,  R.A, 

Size  of  original  lu  x  7g  inches 


ill  L:   <  ui  Ificuyho  iu  asi 


k-' 


r-  hm. 


) 


MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  95 

Captain  Marryat,  and  Douglas  Jerrold  ;  the  last  named 
was  a  shipmate  of  Stanheld  in  his  youth.  Stantield 
died  at  Hampstead  in  1867.  Although  he  is  known 
principally  by  his  marine  subjects  in  oil,  he  made 
numerous  drawings  in  water  colours,  some  of  which 
were  executed,  like  "  Isola  Bella"  {see  Plate  XXXII.), 
during  his  tour  in  1839  through  the  Continent  to 
Italy. 

Like  Stanfield,  David  Roberts,  R.A.,  was  in  early 
life  a  scene  painter  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  He  was 
born  at  Stockbridge,  near  Edinburgh,  in  1796.  His 
father,  a  shoemaker,  finding  that  his  son  had  a  love 
for  art,  apprenticed  him  for  seven  years  to  a  house 
decorator  in  Edinburgh.  At  the  expiration  of  his 
term  of  service  he  became  a  scene  painter  to  a  com- 
pany of  strolling  players  at  Carlisle.  Subsequently 
he  was  employed  at  the  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh 
theatres;  and  in  1822  he  came  to  London,  and  found 
employment  with  Stanfield  at  Drury  Lane.  On  the 
formation  of  the  Society  of  British  Artists  he  became 
its  vice-president.  About  this  period  he  visited 
Normandy,  and  executed  several  paintings  of  Gothic 
buildings  in  its  picturesque  old  towns  ;  subsequently 
he  travelled  through  other  parts  of  the  Continent, 
Egypt,  Palestine,  and  Syria.  He  was  elected  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1838,  and  a  full 
Academician  in  J841.  He  published  "Picturesque 
Sketches  in  Spain  "  and  **  Sketches  in  the  Holy  Land 
and  Syria "  in  lithography  from  his  drawings.  His 
paintings  show  a  fine  feeling  for  architectural  effect, 
and  are  grand  in  composition,  as  may  be  seen  in  the 
"  Church  of  San  Miguel,  Xeres  "  (m-'Plate  XXXIII.) ; 


96.  MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

but  his  works,  like  those  of  Stanfield,  show  the  effects 
of  the  early  training  in  scene  painting.  Roberts  died 
in  London  in  1864. 

William  James  Muller  was  a  great  colourist, 
both  in  oil  and  water  colours ;  he  was  a  most  versa- 
tile artist,  and  painted  landscapes,  seascapes,  architec- 
tural subjects,  and  figures  with  equal  facility.  He  was 
born  at  Bristol  in  18  12,  where  his  father,  a  German, 
was  curator  of  the  Bristol  Museum.  Miiller  became 
a  pupil  of  his  fellow  townsman  J.  B.  Pyne,  the  land- 
scape painter.  He  soon  displayed  unusual  ability,  and, 
when  only  twenty-one  years  of  age,  exhibited  his  first 
picture  at  the  Royal  Academy.  After  touring  in 
Germany,  Switzerland,  and  Italy  in  1823-4  {see 
Plate  XXXIV.),  and  in  Greece  and  Egypt  in  1838, 
he  settled  in  London;  but  in  1841  he  joined,  as  a 
volunteer.  Sir  Charles  Fellows's  expedition  to  Lycia, 
where  he  made  numerous  sketches  for  his  pictures. 
Miiller's  life,  however,  was  cut  short  at  the  early  age 
of  thirty-three.  He  was  a  most  rapid  and  powerful 
worker.  A  marked  tribute  to  his  genius  was  paid  by 
David  Cox,  who,  although  a  veteran  in  water  colours, 
asked  the  boy  painter  to  give  him  lessons  in  oil 
painting.  Muller  was  left-handed  and  short-sighted, 
and,  in  addition,  his  eyes  w^re  of  different  colours,  one 
being  grey  and  the  other  brown. 

At  this  period  the  "  Old  Society  "  had  become 
firmly  established  under  the  presidency  of  Copley 
Fielding,  and  its  exhibitions  were  meeting  with  un- 
qualified success.  De  Wint,  Cox,  and  Prout  were 
still  adorning  the  walls  of  the  society's  rooms  with 
their  works ;  whilst  others,  such  as  Charles  Bentley, 


I'LAI'K    XXXIII 


INTERIOR   OF  THE   CHURCH   OF   SAN    MIGUEL,   XERES 

By  David  Roberts,  R.A. 

Illustrated  in   "Picturesque  Sketches  in  Sjiain  "  by 
Daviu  Rokkkts  ;  drawn  on  the  stone  by  T.  S.  Hoys 

Size  of  uiiginal  14  x    loA  inchc.--.      Signed  and  daletl  1834 


crts  di; 


H:;.!/    .jmjblK    ZA- 


MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  97 

F.  O.  Finch,  George  Cattermole,  and  Joseph  Nash, 
who  were  all  at  this  time  full  members,  greatly  assisted 
in  rendering  the  exhibitions  attractive. 

George  Chambers,  whose  promising  career  was 
cut  short  by  his  death  in  1840,  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
seven,  was  connected  with  the  society  for  six  years, 
having  been  elected  an  associate  in  1834,  and  a  full 
member  in  the  following  year.  He  was  born  of 
humble  parents  at  Whitby  in  1803,  his  father  being 
an  ordinary  seaman.  At  the  age  of  ten  the  boy  was 
sent  to  sea,  and  was  two  years  later  bound  an  appren- 
tice ;  but,  showing  a  talent  for  painting,  his  masters 
cancelled  his  indentures.  Chambers  then  became  a 
house  painter  at  Whitby,  but  spent  his  leisure  hours 
in  making  pictures  of  ships,  for  which  he  occasionally 
received  commissions.  Subsequently  he  worked  his 
way  to  London  in  a  trading  vessel,  and  obtained  em- 
ployment in  assisting  T.  Horner  in  the  production  of 
his  panorama  of  London ;  afterwards  he  worked  as  a 
scene  painter  at  the  Pavilion  Theatre. 

Chambers's  first  easel  pictures  were  executed  in  oil, 
and  he  obtained  a  reputation  for  his  paintings  of 
shipping  scenes  ;  the  accurate  manner  in  which  he 
portrayed  ships  and  their  rigging  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  several  naval  men,  one  of  whom  introduced 
Chambers  to  the  sailor  King,  William  IV.,  and  Queen 
Adelaide,  who  gave  him  commissions.  Later,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  water  colours,  and  painted  many 
scenes  round  the  sea  coast  and  on  the  Thames  {see 
Plate  XXXV.).  In  "My  Life"  T.  Sidney  Cooper,  R.A., 
wrote  of  Chambers  :  "His  early  death  was  a  very 
i  great  loss  to  art ;  for,  had  he  lived,  I  feel  convinced 

13 


98   MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

that  he  would  have  become  one  of  the  greatest  marine 
painters  of  his  time,  or,  indeed  of  any  time.  .  .  . 
His  painting  of  rough  water  was  truly  excellent,  and 
to  all  water  he  gave  a  liquid  transparency  that  I  have 
never  seen  equalled." 

Charles  Bentley,  another  marine  painter,  be- 
came an  associate  of  the  *'  Old  Society  "  at  the  same 
time  as  Chambers.  He  was  born  in  1806  in  Tot- 
tenham Court  Road,  where  his  father  carried  on 
business  as  a  carpenter  and  builder.  Having  shown 
an  early  taste  for  drawing,  Bentley  was  apprenticed 
to  Theodore  Fielding,  the  elder  brother  of  Copley 
Fielding,  at  26,  Newman  Street,  and  was  employed  in 
colouring  prints  and  in  engraving  in  aquatint  ;  subse- 
quently he  went  to  Paris  and  assisted  another  brother 
— Thales  Fielding — in  engraving.  Besides  becoming 
an  engraver  Bentley  himself  executed  many  drawings 
for  book  illustrations  such  as  "The  I^eepsake  and  other 
similar  annuals.  His  paintings,  which  were  chiefly 
confined  to  the  coasts  of  England  and  Ireland  [see 
Plate  XXXVI.),  were  almost  exclusively  in  water 
colours,  and  were  executed  with  much  vigour.  He 
died  in  a  few  hours,  from  a  sudden  attack  of  cholera, 
at  his  residence,  1 1,  Mornington  Place,  in  1854. 

Francis  Oliver  Finch  was  a  painter,  a  poet,  and 
a  musician,  and  he  has  been  styled  *'  the  last  represen- 
tative of  the  old  school  of  landscape  painting  in 
water  colours."  He  was  born  in  Friday  Street,  London, 
in  1802  ;  his  father  was  a  city  merchant,  who  died 
when  his  son  was  an  infant.  At  the  age  of  twelve 
the  boy,  having  shown  artistic  ability,  was  placed 
with  John  Varley,  with  whom  he  remained  for  about 


PLATE   XXXIV 


VENICE 
By   William  James  Miiller 

Size  of  original  S|  x   15^  inches.     Signed  and  dated  1834 


7iz;<z;  sp^jq 


manv 


MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  99 

six  years  ;  when  only  fifteen  he  contributed  his  first 
work  to  the  Royal  Academy,  and  at  the  age  of 
twenty  he  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  "  Old 
Society,"  becoming  a  full  member  in  1827.  Finch 
became  a  Swedenborgian  and  an  active  member  of 
the  "  New  Church."  He  was  a  great  admirer  of  the 
works  of  Blake,  and  of  the  poetry  of  Keats  ;  and  he 
himself  wrote  sonnets  full  of  imagery.  His  paintings, 
which  were  chiefly  landscapes  of  classical  composition 
{see  Plate  XXXVII.)  and  tender  moonlight  effects, 
were  also  full  of  poetry.  In  1857  he  was  afflicted 
with  a  stroke  of  paralysis,  but  he  lingered  on  for  a 
few  years,  and  eventually  died,  in  1862,  at  HoUoway. 

George  Cattermole's  art  was  very  different  from 
that  of  the  last-mentioned  painters.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  of  English  artists  who  sought  to  restore 
bygone  times  with  historical  accuracy,  and  his  roman- 
tic subjects  show  imagination  and  power,  and  are 
essentially  dramatic.  "  He  had  a  gift  of  colour,  a 
felicity  and  directness  of  touch,  and  a  command  of  his 
materials,  which  has  never  been  excelled  in  his  line 
of  art.  He  treated  landscape  and  architecture  with 
almost  equal  skill,  and  though  his  figures  were  on  a 
small  scale,  and  often  shared  by  even  honours  with 
the  scenes  in  which  they  were  placed,  they  were 
always  designed  with   spirit." 

Cattermole  was  born  at  Dickleburgh,  near  Diss,  in 
the  year  1800  ;  he  was  the  youngest  son  of  a  gentle- 
man of  independent  means,  and  was  placed,  when 
about  fourteen  years  of  age,  with  John  Britton,  the 
topographical  antiquary,  to  study  architectural  draw- 
ing.      He    was    elected    an    associate    of    the     "  Old 


loo  MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

Society"  in  1822,  but  withdrew  shortly  afterwards,  as 
he  only  contributed  to  the  exhibition  of  that  year. 
Seven  years  later  he  was  re-elected,  and  became  a  full 
member  in  1833,  and  remained  with  the  society 
until  1852,  when  he  finally  retired,  and  took  up 
painting  in  oils;  but  subsequently  he  returned  to 
water-colour  painting.  Besides  being  a  painter, 
Cattermole  was  a  man  of  literary  tastes  and  fond  of 
intellectual  associates ;  he  was  naturally  of  a  lively 
disposition,  and  one  of  the  gayest  of  the  literary  and 
artistic  society  of  his  time,  numbering  amongst  his 
intimate  friends  Macaulay,  Thackeray,  Bulwer  Lytton, 
Douglas  Jerrold,  and  Charles  Dickens.  He  con- 
tributed illustrations  to  "  Barnaby  Rudge,"  Waverley 
novels,  and  numerous  other  publications.  At  the 
Paris  Exhibition  of  1855  he  was  awarded  a  "  grande 
medaille  d'honneur  " ;  and  he  was  elected  in  the  next 
year  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Amsterdam, 
and  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours  at 
Brussels.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was  clouded  with 
domestic  trouble  ;  and,  after  many  years  of  suffering, 
he  died  from  heart  disease  in  1868,  at  Clapham. 

There  is  a  good  representation  of  Cattermole's 
painting  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  and 
some  of  those  in  the  Ellison  Gift  are  examples  of  his 
best  work.  The  titles  alone — such  as  "The  Armourer's 
Tale"  {see  Plate  XXXVIII.),  '* Hamilton  of  Both well- 
haugh  about  to  Shoot  the  Regent  Murray,"  *'  Lady 
Macbeth,"  "  Cellini  and  the  Robbers  " — sufficiently 
indicate  his  subjects.  He  painted  principally  figures 
of  brigands,  armed  robbers,  etc.,  whom  he  oiten  placed 
in  picturesque  and  romantic  scenery.      His  early  study 


FLATt    XXXV 


ON    THE   THAMES 

By  George  Chambers 

Size  of  original  8  x  lo  inches.     Signed  and  dated  1833 


-^X^^'4j^'FAi*i"'-    ^^' 


■^ Air.. '-WT   -nri    /.(> 

ffSi  f)o)r.fi  ban  h'da^i?.     .?Moni  oi  x  8  fcfin^noln  ssiR 

oiided 
ny  yc 

n. 

t  are  e 


\        V 


MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY   loi 

of  mediasval  architecture  enabled  him  to  treat  back- 
grounds and  accessories  with  great  appearance  of  truth. 
**  He  stored  his  mind,"  says  Redgrave,  *'  with  all  the 
necessary  material,  and  worked  from  memory  without 
the  intervention  of  a  model,  wiih  a  facility  of  execu- 
tion which  gave  great  freshness  and  vigour  to  his 
compositions.  .  .  .  He  early  adopted  the  use  of  white, 
and  his  pictures  are  solid  or  semi-solid  throughout  ; 
the  rich  transparent  colour  being  reserved  for  the 
draperies  of  his  foreground  figures."  After  executing 
his  large  painting  **  The  Diet  of  Spires,"  one  of  the 
Ellison  Gift,  George  Cattermole  received  the  offer  of 
a  knighthood,  which  honour,  however,  he  declined. 

In  some  respects  there  maybe  said  to  be  a  similarity 
in  the  art  of  Joseph  Nash  with  that  of  Cattermole: 
they  were  both  masters  of  picturesque  composition, 
and  both  freely  used  body  colour ;  but  the  works 
of  Nash  dealt  largely  with  the  architecture  of  the 
Tudor  period,  and  his  figures  with  gay  costumes  took 
only  a  subsidiary  place,  whereas  the  dramatic  figures 
of  Cattermole  formed  the  principal  feature  in  his 
compositions.  Joseph  Nash  was  born  at  Great 
Marlow  in  1808,  and  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman  of 
the  Church  of  England,  who  kept  a  school.  He 
became  a  pupil  of  Augustus  Pugin,  and  was  one  of 
the  group  of  young  men  who  went  with  him  to 
Paris  to  make  drawings  for  his  "  Paris  and  Environs." 
Nash  at  this  early  period  of  his  career  commenced 
drawing  on  stone  for  lithography,  and  subsequently 
he  produced  his  four  large  volumes  **  The  Mansions 
of  England  in  the  Olden  Time,"  containing  coloured 
lithographs  "depicting  the  most  characteristic  features 


I02   MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

of  the  domestic  architecture  of  the  Tudor  age,  and 
also  illustrating  the  costumes,  habits,  and  recreations 
of  our  ancestors."  He  became  an  associate  of  the 
**  Old  Society"  in  1834,  and  a  full  member  in  1842. 
He  died  in  1878  at  Bayswater. 

Although  Nash  at  first  endeavoured  to  make  his 
reputation  as  an  artist  by  producing  genre  pictures,  he 
will  always  be  known  for  the  interior  and  exterior 
views  of  old  English  mansions  and  baronial  halls 
(see  Plate  XXXIX.),  which  he  painted  with  great 
freedom  and  skill. 

At  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1855  the  Fine  Arts 
were  added  to  Industries  for  the  first  time  at  these  dis- 
plays, and  the  collection  of  water-colour  paintings  by 
English  artists  attracted  considerable  attention.  The 
art  had  not  been  quite  unknown  on  the  Continent,  for 
twenty-three  years  before  this  date,  at  the  Salon, 
William  Callow  had  exhibited  "  A  View  from  Rich- 
mond," and  had  received  a  gold  medal  for  other 
paintings  in  1 840 ;  this  collective  display  of  water 
colours  evidenced,  however,  to  the  French  how  widely 
it  was  spread  in  England. 

Unfortunately  Copley  Fielding,  who  had  been  ap- 
pointed on  the  Fine  Arts  Committee  for  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  collections,  died  before  the  opening  of 
the  exhibition  ;  and  Frederick  Tayler  was  deputed  to 
take  his  place.  This  act  led  to  a  heated  controversy, 
owing,  it  was  alleged,  to  the  unfair  manner  in  which 
some  of  the  works,  particularly  those  of  John  F.  Lewis, 
were  hung.  Matters  were,  however,  peacefully  ar- 
ranged in  the  autumn  of  that  year  by  the  election  of 
Lewis  to  fill  the  vacant  post  of  president  of  the  "  Old 


PLATE    XXXVI 


FISHING-BOATS 

By  Charles  Bent  ley 
Size  of  original  i§  x  26  inches 


vr/.Y.y.  MTA.n^ 


-;i7.tM-..»/ailc;ii 

■  \6  9X18 


MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY    103 

Society,"  caused  by  the  death  of  Copley  Fielding. 
Two  years  later,  in  1857,  the  Art  Treasures  Exhibition 
was  held  at  Manchester,  and  there  water-colour  art 
received  a  further  impetus  by  a  most  attractive  display 
of  an  historical  collection  of  drawings. 

Lewis  only  held  the  presidentship  of  the  "  Old 
Society  "  for  a  little  more  than  two  years.  As  an  artist 
he  had  commenced  by  painting  in  oils ;  and,  after 
turning  his  attention  to  water  colours  for  many  years, 
he  reverted  to  his  early  methods.  He  was  attracted  to 
the  Royal  Academy;  and,  as  it  was  necessary  according 
to  the  restricted  rules  of  that  society,  that  no  candi- 
date for  associateship  was  allowed  to  be  a  member  of 
any  other  body  of  painters,  he  retired  from  the  "Old 
Society"  in  1858,  and  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Academy  in  the  following  year. 

John  Frederick  Lewis,  R.A.,  the  eldest  son  of 
F.  C.  Lewis  the  engraver,  was  born  in  1805  in  Queen 
Anne  Street  East,  now  Foley  Street ;  the  same  house  in 
which,  it  is  said,  Sir  Edwin  Landseer  had  been  born 
three  years  previously.  Lewis  at  first  studied  under 
his  father  with  a  view  to  becoming  an  engraver ;  but, 
showing  an  aptitude  for  animal  painting,  stimulated, 
doubtless,  by  his  early  associations  with  Landseer — for 
the  two  youths  were  great  friends  and  studied  together 
— he  soon  abandoned  all  attempts  at  engraving,  and 
devoted  his  energies  to  painting.  At  the  early  age  of 
fifteen  he  had  an  oil  painting  accepted  for  exhibition 
at  the  British  Institution,  and  another  work  was  hung 
at  the  Royal  Academy  in  the  following  year.  He  soon 
afterwards  took  up  water-colour  painting,  and  became 
an  associate  of  the  "  Old  Society  "  in  1827,  and  a  full 


I04   MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

member  two  years  later.  In  1832  he  went  to  Spain, 
and  for  the  next  ten  years  he  painted  chiefly  Spanish 
subjects  ;  he  also  produced  two  volumes  of  lithographs 
— one  "Sketches  and  Drawings  of  the  Alhambra,"  and 
the  other  "Sketches  of  Spain  and  Spanish  Character." 
Lewis  afterwards  went  to  the  East,  and  lived  for  some 
time  at  Cairo  in  Oriental  style  ;  it  was  at  this  period 
that  he  commenced  to  paint  those  subjects  of  Eastern 
life  with  that  elaborate  finish,  so  minute  in  detail 
and  bright  in  colour,  for  which  he  became  noted  (^sce 
Plate  XL.).  In  1857  he  returned  to  England,  and 
settled  at  Walton-on-Thames  ;  and  after  retiring  from 
the  presidentship  of  the  "  Old  Society,"  as  already 
stated,  in  i  858,  he  devoted  himself  almost  entirely  to  oil 
painting.  He  was  elected  a  full  Member  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1865;  owing,  however,  to  failing  health 
he  became  a  Retired  Member  in  1876,  and  died  in 
the  same  year. 

During  this  period  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
F.  Mackenzie,  James  Holland,  and  T.  M.  Richardson, 
}un.,  were  working  in  water  colours,  and  their  paintings 
frequently  adorned  the  wmIIs  of  the  Old  Water  Colour 
Society. 

Frederick  Mackenzie  was  born  in  1787  ;  In 
early  life  he  was  employed  by  John  Britton.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  "Old  Society"  in  181  3,  but 
retired  about  four  years  later ;  he  was  re-elected  in 
1822,  and  subsequently  became  the  treasurer  of  the 
society,  which  post  he  held  until  his  death  in  1854. 
He  painted  architectural  subjects,  and  the  accurate 
drawing  and  rich  colouring  of  his  ecclesiastical  Gothic 
buildings  were  highly  esteemed. 


PLATE   XXX VI I 


THE   TERRACE    BY   THE    LAKE 
By  Francis  Oliver  Finch 
Size  of  original  9^^  x  i2|  inches 


11////   ATAdl 


3MAJ    3HT    Ya    3DAHH3r     fHT 


.'.\     -v.-WlA      ,v 


ijilanj  Ili   >-  ^y  Ijjnij^iiu  to  asicl 


MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY   105 

James  Holland,  born  at  Barslem  in  1800,  was 
employed  when  a  boy  at  flower  painting  on  pottery 
in  the  factory  of  James  Davenport.  He  came  to 
London  in  1819,  and  supported  himself  by  painting 
flowers  and  teaching.  He  afterwards  travelled  on 
the  Continent,  and  became  a  painter  of  landscapes 
which  are  remarkable  for  their  brilliant  colouring. 
He  became  an  associate  of  the  "  Old  Society "  in 
1835,  and  a  member  in  1857.  ^^  ^^^^  ^^  London 
in  1870. 

Thomas  Miles  RichardsoxM,  Jun.,  R.W.S.,  born 
at  Newcastle-on-Tyne  in  18 13,  was  the  son  of  T.  M. 
Richardson,  Sen.,  who  painted  both  in  oils  and  water 
colours,  and  who  was  the  founder  of  the  Newcastle 
Water  Colour  Societv.  Two  other  sons,  George  and 
Edward,  were  also  artists.  T.  M.  Richardson,  Jun., 
became  an  associate  of  the  '*  Old  Society"  in  1843, 
and  a  member  in  1851.  He  executed  a  large  number 
of  works,  his  favourite  subjects  being  Scotch  and 
Italian  landscapes.     He  died  at  Newcastle  in  1890. 

Although  chiefly  painters  in  oils,  the  names  of 
John  Linnell  and  Sidney  Cooper  must  be  mentioned 
in  connection  with  the  art  of  water  colours. 

John  Linnell,  born  in  1792,  after  studying  under 
John  Varley,  entered  the  Royal  Academy  Schools. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  "Old  Society  "in  1812, 
but  resigned  in  1820.  In  early  life  he  executed 
miniatures  on  ivory,  and  painted  portraits;  later  he 
became  famous  as  a  landscape  painter,  his  chief  works 
being  in  oil.      He  died  at  Redhill  in  1882. 

Thomas  Sidney  Cooper,  C.V.0.,R.A.  Owing  to 
his  long  life — he  died  in  his  ninety-ninth  year — his  art 

14 


io6   MIDDLE  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

covers  nearly  the  whole  of  the  nineteenth  century; 
consequently  it  may  be  fitting  to  make  a  mention  of 
it  in  this  chapter.  Cooper  was  born  of  humble 
parentage  at  Canterbury  in  1803;  he  began  life  by 
working  with  a  coach  painter,  and  received  some 
lessons  in  perspective  from  a  scene  painter  in  the  local 
theatre.  Owing  to  the  good  offices  of  Sir  Thomas 
Lawrence  he  was  enabled  to  enter  the  Royal  Academy 
Schools  in  1824;  but,  after  remaining  a  short  while  in 
London,  he  soon  returned  to  Canterbury.  In  1827  he 
went  with  William  Burgess  to  Brussels,  the  two 
paying  their  way  by  painting  portraits.  At  Brussels, 
where  he  married,  Cooper  studied  under  Verbocck- 
hoven,  the  animal  painter,  whose  inspiration  was  the 
turning  point  in  his  career.  He  returned  to  England 
in  183 1  ;  two  years  later  he  exhibited  some  paintings 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  and  from  that  time  continued 
to  do  so  annually  until  his  death.  He  was  elected  an 
Associate  in  1845,  and  a  full  Academician  in  1867. 
His  early  lessons  in  animal  painting  influenced  his  art 
throughout  the  whole  of  his  life,  and  he  was  specially 
fond  of  depicting  cattle  and  sheep  in  landscapes  with 
bright  sunlight,  or  with  evening  effects  (see  Plate  XLL). 
He  continued  painting  till  the  last,  and  died  in 
1902  at  Harbledown,  near  to  his  native  town, 
where  he  had  long  resided.  Through  his  beneficence 
Canterbury  received  an  art  gallery  and  a  school  of 
art.  Shortly  before  his  death  Cooper  was  decorated 
by  His  Majesty  the  King  with  the  Companionship  of 
the  Victorian  Order. 


IM.ATK    XXWllI 


THE   ARMOURER'S   TALE 

By  George  Cattertnole 
Size  of  uri^inal  lof  x  14^  inches 


CHAPTER   VIII 

THE      ROYAL     INSTITUTE     OF     PAINTERS     IN     WATER 

COLOURS 

The  same  feeling  of  animosity  against  the  restricted 
rule  of  the  *'  Old  Society  "  which  caused  the  water- 
colour  artists  in  1808  to  form  the  "  Associated  Artists  " 
stimulated  the  painters  outside  its  sphere  to  make 
another  attempt,  in  1831,  to  organise  a  society  which 
should  throw  open  its  exhibitions  to  all  comers.  The 
"  Old  Society  "  had  been  quartered  in  its  own  pre- 
mises at  Pall  Mall  East  for  upwards  of  ten  years,  and 
the  successful  exhibitions  held  annually  had  doubtless 
done  much  to  extend  the  popularity  of  water-colour 
art,  and  to  increase  the  number  of  rising  young 
painters,  who  viewed  the  close  borough  of  the  '*  Old 
Society"  in  no  favourable  light.  The  following  para- 
graph, which  appeared  in  a  newspaper  at  this  date, 
clearly  shows  the  public  opinion  on  the  question  : 

"  The  monopoly  of  this  Institution  [i.e.  The  Society 
of  Painters  in  Water  Colours],  by  the  paltry  mercenary 
workings  of  its  members,  has  contributed  mainly  to 
this  corruption  and  degradation.  It  is  a  farce,  a  notori- 
ous farce,  and  falsehood  to  suppose  that  Academies 
and  Institutions,  professedly  for  the  promotion  of  the 
best  interests  of  the  Fine  Arts,  are  anything,  in  fact,  but 

107 


io8  THE    NEW    SOCIETY 

monopolies  for  the  promotion  of  the  selfish  interests 
of  the  few  that  constitute  them.  This  Institution, 
for  instance,  is  exclusive  in  the  narrowest  degree,  as  if 
measured  by  the  minds  of  the  Directors,  and  proceeds 
entirely  on  the  profitable  principle  of'  the  fewer  the 
better  cheer.'  No  one  out  of  the  pale  of  the  Society, 
however  much  his  works  may  eclipse  their  own  (and, 
perhaps,  for  that  prudent  reason  alone),  is  permitted  to 
exhibit  here,  and  the  consequence  is,  that  many 
draftsmen  of  the  finest  talent,  but  disdainful  of  the 
mere  slip-slop  character  of  water-colour  painters,  are 
refused  the  entree ;  while  those  within,  lining  the 
walls,  as  has  been  known,  with  50  pieces  by  a 
single  artist,  spoil  the  Exhibition  by  a  dull,  tedious 
monotony ;  and,  if  they  can  be  said  to  reign  in  this 
confined  region,  it  is  because  they  are  one-eyed 
monarchs  of  the  blind.  We  say  not  this  in  disparage- 
ment of  the  genius  of  several  of  them,  but  in  reproba- 
tion of  the  contemptible  system,  which  excludes  the 
delightful  variety  which  might  be  produced  by 
admitting  a  Itw  of  the  sparkling  productions  of  more 
powerful  masters.  This  illiberal  policy,  the  offspring 
of  sordid  ignorance,  has  over-reached  itself,  and  set 
a-foot  another  gallery,  on  a  more  enlightened  and 
encouraging  principle,  which  may  easily,  and  we 
hope  will  soon,  as  Launcelot  Gobbo  says,  *  raise  the 
ivaters  '  to  a  fairer  level." 

In  the  year  1832  an  exhibition  was  opened,  under 
the  patronage  of  Queen  Adelaide,  at  16,  Old  Bond 
Street,  bearing  the  title  of  "  The  New  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours."  It  was  at  the  same 
gallery  in  which  the  **  Old  Society  "  held  their  fourth 


PLATE   XXXIX 


SPEKE   HALL,    LANCASHIRE 

By  Joseph  Nash 

Size  of  original  22^^  x  30^  inches.     Dated  1850 


/I///     ITAvIl 


THE    NEW    SOCIETY  109 

exhibition  in  1808,  and  the  Associated  Artists  in 
Water  Colours  their  last  three  in  18 10-12.  According 
to  the  address  prefixed  to  the  catalogue,  the  formation 
of  the  institution  arose  out  of  *'  the  natural  progress 
of  Society  towards  a  higher  degree  of  refinement,  and 
also  out  of  the  great  necessity  that  was  found  to  exist 
for  extending  the  means  by  which  men  of  talent  may 
have  a  fair  opportunity  of  exhibiting  their  works  to 
advantage,  and  thus  be  enabled  to  share  in  that  pa- 
tronage so  liberally  bestowed  on  this  branch  of  Fine 
Arts."  Although  it  is  stated  that  the  unfriended 
man  of  merit  who  was  unknown  to  the  public  would 
receive  equal  attention,  and  would  have  a  fair  op- 
portunity of  publicly  displaying  his  works  without 
any  restraint,  except  such  as  reason,  good  feeling, 
and  impartial  justice  require,  and  that  this  broad 
and  simple  principle  of  personal  merit  was  fully 
sanctioned  by  a  public  meeting  held  at  the  Free- 
masons' Hall,  still  it  is  not  quite  clear  on  what  lines 
this  society  was  at  first  founded. 

Eight  men  appear  to  have  appointed  themselves  as 
members — viz.  J.  Powell  (president),  T.  Maisey  (trea- 
surer), G.  S.  Shepherd,  W.  Cowen,  W.  B.  S.  Taylor, 
T.  Wageman,  J.  Fuge,  and  G.  F.  Phillips — and  to 
have  invited  their  fellow  artists  to  contribute  to  the 
exhibition.  Three  Associates  of  the  Royal  Academy — 
W.  Bromley,  S.  Drummond,  and  G.  Arnald — availed 
themselves  of  the  opportunity  ;  and  many  men  who 
afterwards  became  well  known  as  water-colour 
painters,  including  Charles  Bentley,  T.  M.  Richard- 
son, Sen.  and  Jun.,  T.  S.  Boys,  E.  Duncan,  A.  G. 
Vickers,  and  H.  Warren,  sent  contributions.     In  the 


no  THE   NEW   SOCIETY 

next  year  the  exhibition  was  styled  "  The  Associated 
Painters  in  Water  Colours,"  the  reason  for  the  change 
in  the  designation  being  vaguely  stated  to  be  "  for 
the  extension  of  its  advantages  in  a  professional  point 
of  view,  and  to  render  its  character  less  limited  and 
more  national."  The  committee  of  management  was 
increased  to  nineteen  members  ;  and  T.  Maisey,  who 
appears  to  have  been  the  leading  spirit,  became 
chairman  and  a  trustee.  In  the  following  year — 
1834 — the  name  was  changed  back  again  to  the 
original  title,  and,  although  an  address  is  prefixed  to 
the  catalogue,  no  reason  is  given  for  this  alteration. 
The  exhibitions  had,  up  to  this  period,  met  with 
success,  but  these  changes  in  the  title  of  the  associa- 
tion rather  point  to  internal  dissensions.  In  a  book, 
"  Fine  Arts  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  written  in 
1 84 1  by  W.  B.  Sarsfield  Taylor,  a  member  of  the 
committee  during  the  first  year,  he  says :  "  But 
success,  as  we  have  seen  in  other  cases,  was  the 
parent  of  cabal.  Some  of  the  members  of  inferior 
talent  formed  the  project  of  getting  the  whole  affair 
under  their  own  control,  and,  as  that  class  composed 
the  majority,  they  succeeded  in  disgusting  the  respect- 
able men,  whose  talents  and  respectability  had  estab- 
lished the  exhibition.  These  gentlemen,  of  course, 
resigned.  The  cabal  soon  blundered  into  a  lawsuit, 
and  various  other  foolish  and  extravagant  contrivances 
during  two  or  three  years,  until,  some  better  artists 
and  more  sensible  men  getting  in  amongst  them,  at  a 
moment  when  the  affair  was  nearly  ruined,  the 
new  men  turned  out  the  leader  of  the  cabal,  a  man 
named  Maisey,  who  had  usurped  the  office  of  presi- 


PLA'IK    XL 


A   SCHOOL   AT   CAIRO 

By  Jnhn  Frederick  Le^vis,  R .A . 

Size  of  original  13  x   ijf  inches 


.wmrtu   •■■■ 


/  ,1 


iOt 


QIC 


inbers  ot  inferior 


IS  and 


presi- 


/ 


THE   NEW   SOCIETY  iii 

dent,  and  from  that  time  their  affairs  seem  to  have 
been  going  on  very  well."  In  this  account  there 
was  evidently  some  personal  feeling  between  the 
writer  and  T.  Maisey ;  the  former  and  three  others, 
W.  Cowen,  T.  Wageman,  and  J.  Fuge,  resigned  their 
connection  with  the  undertaking  after  the  first  exhi- 
bition, whilst  T.  Maisey  continued  president  until  1839. 

After  the  close  of  the  exhibition  In  1834,  a  great 
change  was  made  in  the  society ;  and  It  was  re- 
modelled "  upon  the  understanding  that  none  but 
responsible  members  shall  be  exhibitors,  and  that 
they  agree  to  share  equally  the  expenses  and  labours 
necessary  for  the  same";  consequently  the  exhibi- 
tions were  no  longer  open  to  every  artist  of  talent 
In  the  United  Kingdom,  and  the  Association  became 
a  close  body  similar  to  the  "  Old  Society."  In 
September  In  the  same  year  the  following  circular 
was  Issued  giving  the  reasons  for  the  changes : 

"  Several  important  alterations  having  taken  place  in 
the  law  of  this  Society,  the  committee  beg  to  lav 
before  the  members  of  the  profession  a  statement 
of  the  circumstances  which  have  called  for  a  re- 
modelling of  its  constitution. 

"  The  object  of  the  Association  was,  It  will  be 
remembered,  to  provide  a  gallery  for  works  in  this 
department  of  art,  where  they  might  be  brought 
before  the  public  eye  without  the  Injury  to  their 
effect  experienced  in  other  exhibitions  by  an  injudi- 
cious collision  with  paintings  In  oil.  The  gradual  Im- 
provement in  the  exhibitions  of  this  Institution  during 
three  seasons,  notwithstanding  many  serious  diffi- 
culties experienced  by  its  first  supporters,  warrants  its 


112  THE   NEW   SOCIETY 

members  confidently  to  hope  it  may  ultimately 
acquire  a  character  as  high,  and  stand  upon  a  basis 
as  firm,  as  that  which  has  so  long  enjoyed  the  public 
favour.  Hitherto,  however,  not  only  the  manage- 
ment, but  the  entire  responsibility  has  rested  upon 
a  few  individuals,  and  through  their  means  facilities 
have  been  given  for  a  public  inspection  of  talent, 
by  which  many  artists  have  risen  to  an  eminent 
rank  in  their  profession  who  were  before  com- 
paratively unknown  to  the  public.  This  having 
been  effected,  it  was  reasonably  hoped  that  gentle- 
men who  had  derived  benefits  from  the  Association 
would  have  readily  come  forward  to  contribute  their 
aid  towards  its  support — even  if  actuated  by  no 
other  motive  than  individual  interest  ;  but  these 
expectations  have  not  been  realised. 

"  Another  evil,  which,  if  not  provided  against,  must 
prove  fatal  to  the  Society,  is  the  fact  that  so  long 
as  artists  w^hose  views  are  directed  towards  the 
Senior  Society,  and  who  from  year  to  year  offer 
themselves  as  candidates  for  election  there,  can  else- 
where find  a  place  in  which  to  exhibit  their  works, 
without  even  contributing  to  the  funds  necessary  for 
its  continuance,  it  is  to  be  lamented,  but  cannot 
be  denied,  that  persons  will  be  found  who  are  no 
further  interested  in  the  prosperity  of  the  Associa- 
tion than  as  affording  them  a  means  of  present 
advantage.  Thus,  whilst  the  energies  of  a  few  are 
constantly  directed  to  the  firm  establishment  of 
a  society  for  the  furtherance  of  art  and  benefit  of  its 
professors,  they  are  continually  liable  to  be  deprived 
of  such    artists   at    the    very   time    when    they    had 


PLATE   XLI 


CATTLE 

By  Thomas  Sidney  Cooler,  C.V.O.,  R.A. 

Size  of  original  lo  x    i6^  inches.      Signed  and  dated  i860 


MX    -I  17.11 


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THE   NEW    SOCIETY  113 

become  really  valuable  contributors  to  the  annual 
exhibitions,  a  deprivation  effected  designedly  for  the 
purpose  of  crushing  that  honourable  spirit  of 
emulation  which  should  characterise  all  liberal  insti- 
tutions. 

**  It  was,  in  consequence,  resolved  at  a  meeting 
held  in  July  last,  as  the  only  course  to  be  pursued, 
that  artists  interested  in  the  welfare  and  future 
stability  of  this  Institution  should  incorporate  them- 
selves into  a  society,  the  members  of  which  should 
share  equally  in  the  management  and  pecuniary 
responsibility.  The  committee  beg  to  state  that  it 
is  far  from  the  intention  of  the  Society  to  depart 
from  those  principles  of  liberality  which  prompted 
them  to  open  their  doors  to  the  admission  of  talent ; 
on  the  contrary,  though  they  feel  an  urgent 
necessity  for  such  a  reformation  of  their  laws  as 
shall  place  the  Society  upon  a  permanent  foundation, 
they  invite  all  artists  of  talent,  desirous  of  exhibiting 
their  productions,  to  become  members,  and  thereby 
share  equally  in  the  advantages  accruing  from  it." 

To  this  notice  were  appended  certain  extracts  from 
the  laws,  for  the  information  of  gentlemen  desirous 
of  becoming  members,  the  chief  points  being :  that 
the  society  should  consist  of  an  unlimited  number  of 
members  (all  artists  of  talent  were  eligible  to  become 
members) ;  the  expenses  of  the  society  should  be  borne 
equally  by  every  member ;  and  each  member  should 
become  bound  to  the  president  to  forfeit  the  sum  of 
twenty  guineas  on  leaving  the  society  without  the 
consent  of  its  members.  The  last  regulation  was  evi- 
dently framed  with  a  view   to  check  the  tendency  of 

15 


114  THE   NEW   SOCIETY 

artists  to  use  the  younger  society  as  a  stepping- 
stone  to  the  senior  one ;  but  it  did  not  have  the 
desired  effect,  for  from  time  to  time  prominent 
members  dropped  away,  and  were  speedily  gathered 
into  the  "  Old  Society." 

The  result  of  the  manifesto  was  that  twenty-eight 
artists  became  members  ;  and  the  next  exhibition 
in  1835,  which  was  held  at  Exeter  Hall,  in  the 
Strand,  was  confined  solely  to  the  works  of  the 
members.  Although  the  first  exhibition  of  the  society 
was  opened  in  1832,  on  the  title-page  of  the  catalogue 
of  the  seventh,  held  in  1838,  it  is  styled  the  "  Fourth," 
as  if,  at  this  period,  those  who  controlled  the  afi'airs 
of  the  society  ignored  the  early  exhibitions  which 
took  place  at  16,  Old  Bond  Street,  and  considered 
the  exhibition  at  Exeter  Hall  to  be  the  first.  The 
result  has  been  that  all  the  subsequent  exhibitions 
have  been  wrongly  numbered,  but  it  is  understood  that 
the  error  will  be  rectified  in  future.  After  holding 
two  more  exhibitions  at  Exeter  Hall,  the  society 
acquired  a  permanent  gallery  at  53,  Pall  Mall,  in 
1838.  In  the  following  year,  Henry  Warren  became 
president,  which  post  he  held  for  thirty-four  years  ; 
and  when  he  resigned  in  1873,  on  account  of  old 
age,  he  was  appointed  honorary  president,  which 
position  he  held  until  his  death  in    1879. 

A  change  was  made  in  the  rules  of  the  society  in 
1840.  Up  to  this  time  candidates,  when  elected, 
became  at  once  full  members  ;  but  an  associate  class 
was  then  instituted,  into  which  all  new-comers 
were  first  placed.  Although  the  two  classes  existed 
until   the   year   1878,   both    members  and   associates 


PLATE   XLII 


QUAI    DE   LA   GREVE,    PARIS 

By  Thomas  Shatter  Boys 

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IKl 


^X5i^•^^'^^i  i*>s?^- 


THE   NEW  SOCIETY  115 

are  shown  on  one  list  without  distinction  in  the 
catalogues  of  the  exhibition  until  1859,  when  the 
associates  and  lady  members  appear  separate  from 
the  full  members. 

Among  those  who  joined  the  society  in  its 
early  days,  and  later  on  achieved  reputations 
as  w^ater-colour  painters,  were :  Edward  Duncan, 
Louis  Haghe  (who  became  president),  Edward 
H.  Wehnert,  Aaron  E.  Penley,  J.  Skinner  Prout, 
and  John  Absolon.  George  Chambers's  name 
appears  on  the  list  of  the  committee  in  1833;  but 
he  retired  in  the  following  year,  and  joined  the 
"  Old  Society."  Under  the  presidency  of  Henry 
Warren,  the  "  New  Society "  rose  in  popular  ap- 
preciation, and  many  rising  painters  became  associates, 
including  T.  Shotter  Boys,  Oswald  W.  Brierley, 
T.  Miles  Richardson,  Sen.,  George  H.  Dodgson  and 
F.  W.  Topham  (both  of  whom  became  members 
of  the  "Old  Society"),  William  Leighton  Leitch, 
Harrison  Weir,  Edwin  Hayes,  R.H.A.,  and  others. 

Thomas  Shotter  Boys  was  born  in  1803  at  Pen- 
tonville.  He  was  first  articled  to  George  Cooke 
the  engraver,  and  afterwards  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
turned  his  attention  to  painting.  Boys  also  studied 
lithography,  and  in  1839  he  produced  in  lithography 
"  Picturesque  Architecture  in  Paris,  Rouen,  Ghent, 
Antwerp,  etc.,"  after  drawings  by  David  Roberts,  R.A., 
and  others.  Later  he  etched  some  plates  for  Ruskin's 
"  Stones  of  Venice."  Boys  was  the  first  associate  to 
be  elected  to  the  "New  Society"  in  1840,  and  he 
became  a  full  member  in  the  following  year.  His 
water-colour  paintings,  which  are  principally  scenes 


ii6  THE   INSTITUTE 

in  Paris  [see  Plate  XLIL),  where  he  lived  for  many 
years,  and  in  Continental  towns,  were  executed  with 
considerable  freedom,  and  bear  a  strong  resemblance 
to  the  work  of  Bonlngton  ;  and  it  is  not  improbable 
that  many  of  the  so-called  paintings  by  Bonlngton  were 
done  by  Boys,  as  It  Is  hardly  possible  that  the  former 
could  have  executed  all  the  works  attributed  to  him, 
considering  that  his  career  was  cut  short  so  early  in 
life.  Owing  doubtless  to  the  similarity  of  their 
paintings,  it  has  been  stated  that  Boys  was  a  pupil 
of  Bonlngton ;  but  the  late  William  Callow,  who 
worked  with  Boys  in  Paris  in  1831,  said,  if  that  had 
been  the  case,  he  must  have  known  It,  and  that  Boys 
never  spoke  of  having  other  than  a  mere  acquaintance 
with  Bonlngton.   Boys  diedin  1 874  at  St.  John'sWood. 

In  1 863  itwas  decided  to  alter  the  name  of  the  society 
to  "  The  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours,"  and 
the  following  is  the  reason  given  for  the  change  : 
**  When,  upwards  of  thirty  years  since,  a  second 
exhibition  of  Water  Colour  Painters  was  established, 
the  namc'of  *  The  New  Society  of  Painters  In  Water 
Colours'  seemed  the  most  appropriate  designation  which 
the  Society  could  bear.  The  word  *  New '  is  now  an 
anomaly.  The  Society  has  attained  a  maturity  which 
justifies  its  assuming  a  more  appropriate  title,  and  the 
opening  of  its  recently  purchased  and  newly  built 
gallery  has  been  deemed  an  occasion  on  which  this 
change  of  name  is  at  once  justifiable  and  appropriate." 

Henry  Warren,  as  it  has  already  been  stated, 
resigned  the  presidentship  in  1873,  and  Louis  Haghe 
was  elected  to  fill  the  post.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
Belgian  architect,  and  was  born  at  Tournai  in  1806. 


THE   INSTITUTE  117 

He  came  to  England  at  an  early  age,  and  became 
a  member,  on  its  reconstitution,  of  the  '*  New 
Society " ;  he  was  also  a  member  of  the  Belgian 
Academy  and  the  Academy  of  Antwerp.  Haghe's 
favourite  subjects  were  architectural  buildings  in 
the  ancient  towns  of  Belgium,  peopled  with 
incidents  of  the  olden  time  [see  Plate  XLIII.) ;  two 
of  his  finest  works,  "  A  Council  of  War  at  Cour- 
trai,"  painted  in  1839,  belonging  to  the  National 
Gallery,  and  '*  An  Emeute  at  Louvain,"  dated  1859, 
both  hang  in  the  galleries  of  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum.  He  also  executed  some  excellent  litho- 
graphs, for  which  he  was  awarded  a  gold  medal  at 
Paris  in  1834.  Haghe  resigned  the  presidentship  in 
1884  on  account  of  ill  health,  and  was  nominated 
honorary  president  ;  but  he  did  not  live  long  to 
enjoy  the  title,  as  he  died  in  March  of  the  following 
year. 

All  his  work  was  done  with  his  left  hand,  as  he 
early  lost  the  use  of  his  right  arm. 

During  the  latter  years  of  Louis  Haghe's  presidency 
several  drastic  changes  were  made  in  the  constitution  of 
"The  Institute."  It  was  felt  by  the  younger  members 
that  the  associates  should  have  equal  rights  in  the 
control  of  affairs  with  the  full  members,  and  after  several 
stormy  meetings  the  younger  party,  who  were  advo- 
cating reform,  threatened  to  resign  in  a  body  if  their 
proposals  were  not  adopted.  The  older  members, 
realising  that  this  would  mean  the  ruin  of '*  The  Insti- 
tute," gave  way,  and  in  1879  the  associates  all  became 
full  members,  and  the  associateship  was  abolished.  A 
more  vigorous  policy  now  ensued ;  a  site  was  obtained 


ii8  THE   INSTITUTE 

in  Piccadilly  for  larger  galleries,  and  the  Piccadilly  Art 
Galleries  Company,  in  which  many  of  the  members 
of  '*The  Institute"  were  shareholders,  erected  the 
Prince's  Hall,  with  a  fine  series  of  picture  galleries  on 
the  top  floor,  which  was  sub-let  to  "The  Institute" 
for  its  exhibitions. 

Attempts  were  also  made  by  the  members  of 
"The  Institute"  to  persuade  the  different  water-colour 
societies  to  amalgamate  with  them,  and  to  form  one 
large  association  for  water-colour  art.  Overtures  were 
made  on  two  occasions — in  1881  and  1882 — to 
induce  the  "  Old  Society  "  to  agree  to  a  fusion,  but 
without  success ;  "  The  Dudley,"  however,  joined 
forces  at  the  end  of  1882,  and  thirty  artists  who  had 
been  on  the  committee  of  management  became 
members  of  "  The  Institute." 

"  The  Dudley,"  as  it  was  called,  had  come  into 
existence  seventeen  years  previously,  when,  for  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century,  the  exhibitions  of  the 
two  water-colour  societies  had  been  restricted  to  the 
works  of  the  members  ;  the  organisation  was  styled 
"  The  General  Exhibition  of  Water  Colour  Drawings," 
and  the  first  exhibition  was  held  in  1865  ^^  ^^^ 
Dudley  Gallery,  Egyptian  Hall,  Piccadilly,  the  aims 
of  this  body  being  set  forth  in  the  following  notice 
prefixed  to  the  catalogue  : 

"  The  promoters  of  the  Exhibition,  now  for  the 
first  time  opened,  have  had  for  their  object  the 
establishment  of  a  Gallery  which,  while  exclusively 
devoted  to  Drawino-s  as  distinguished  from  Oil 
Paintings,  should  not  in  its  use  by  Exhibitors 
involve  iMembership  of  a  Society. 


PLATE   XLIII 


THE    TOWN    HALL,    BRUGES 

By  Louis  Haghe,  P.R.I. 

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-'W.J,   ,,  iiiy/c        .       .  0£  JI 


THE   INSTITUTE  119 

"  These  two  Conditions  are  not  at  present  fulfilled  by 
any  London  Exhibition.  The  Water  Colour  Societies 
reserve  their  walls  entirely  for  Members,  while  those 
Galleries  which  are  comparatively  open  to  all  Ex- 
hibitors (such  as  that  of  the  Royal  Academy)  afford 
but  a  limited  and  subordinate  space  to  all  works  in 
other  materials  than  Oil. 

*'  The  Exhibition  is,  therefore,  not  that  of  a  new 
Society,  nor  is  it  intended  in  any  way  to  rival  exist- 
ing Exhibitions.  Its  establishment  has  been  called  for 
solely  by  the  requirements  of  very  many  Artists — 
requirements  of  which  the  reality  is  evidenced  by  the 
large  number  of  works  sent  in  for  Exhibition. 

'■'■  The  promoter  strust  that  the  success  of  this  their 
experiment  may  be  such  as  to  justify  the  hope  they 
entertain  of  the  Exhibition  becoming  annual."" 

Under  the  management  of  a  committee  of  artists 
and  amateurs,  "  The  Dudley  "  met  with  consider- 
able success,  and  it  enabled  many  young  water- 
colour  painters  to  bring  their  works  before  the 
public  at  its  exhibitions ;  besides,  what  was  more 
important  to  many  of  these  artists,  it  proved  to  be  a 
stepping-stone  into  the  two  societies.  During  the 
course  of  the  existence  of  "  The  Dudley,"  upwards  of 
forty  of  its  exhibitors  became  from  time  to  time  asso- 
ciates of  the  "  Old  Society,"  and  nearly  all  the  artists 
remaining  on  the  committee  of  management,  as  it  has 
already  been  stated,  joined  *'  The  Institute  "  at  the 
time  of  the  amalgamation  of  these  two  bodies. 
"  The  Dudley  "  did  not  confine  itself  to  water-colour 
paintings,  as  shortly  after  its  commencement  it 
instituted    two    other    annual    exhibitions,    one    for 


120  THE   ROYAL   INSTITUTE 

cabinet  pictures  in  oils,  and  the  other  for  black-and- 
white  drawings  and  studies. 

In  the  year  1883  "The  Institute"  vacated  its  old 
premises  in  Pall  Mall,  and  opened  the  first  exhibition 
in  its  new  galleries  at  Prince's  Hall,  Piccadilly,  with 
a  brilliant  reception,  at  which  the  King  and  Queen, 
then  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales,  were  present. 
The  rules  of  the  society  had  previously  been  altered, 
and  a  more  liberal  policv  prevailed.  The  walls  were 
no  longer  restricted  onlv  to  the  works  of  the  mem- 
bers, but  all  water-colour  artists  were  invited  to 
submit  paintings  for  exhibition,  the  result  being 
that  nearly  nine  hundred  works  \vere  shown  in  the 
four  spacious  galleries. 

Shortly  after  this  event,  by  the  command  of  the  late 
Queen  Victoria,  the  association  assumed  the  title 
of  "  The  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours  " ;  and  two  years  later  the  president,  James 
D.  Linton,  who  had  been  elected  to  the  post  on 
the  retirement  of  Louis  Haghe,  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood.  Sir  James  Linton  resigned  the 
presidentship  in  1898,  and  was  succeeded  by  Edward 
J.  Gregory,  R.A.,  who  still  enjoys  the  position. 

Prominent  members  of  the  Royal  Institute  have 
still  been,  as  in  former  years,  although  to  a  lesser 
degree,  attracted  to  the  senior  society  from  time  to 
time  ;  but  many  water-colour  painters  of  note 
remained  loyal  to  their  society,  and  continued  to  be 
members  until  their  death.  Amongst  those  whom 
the  Royal  Institute  has  thus  lost  during  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century,  the  following  may  be  mentioned: 
Randolph  Caldecott,  who  drew  charming  illustrations 


PLATE  XLIV 


ARUNDEL  PARK,  SUSSEX 

By  Thomas  Collier,  R.I. 

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VI. IX   aTA.I'l 


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THE    ROYAL   INSTITUTE  121 

for  children's  books  ;  Thomas  ColHer,  the  land- 
scape painter;  Henry  G.  Hine,  a  vice-president; 
Charles  and  Towneley  Green,  both  book  illustrators  ; 
E.  M.  Wimperis,  a  vice-president ;  Kate  Greenaway, 
delightful  illustrator  of  books  for  children  ;  Edwin 
Haves,  R.H.A.,  the  painter  of  seascapes;  John 
Absolon ;  and  Harrison  Weir,  the  noted  animal 
painter. 

Thomas  Collier  was  born  at  Glossop,  Derbyshire, 
in  1840.  He  studied  for  a  time  at  the  Manchester 
School  of  Art,  but  was  mainly  self-taught.  He 
became  an  associate  of  "The  Institute"  in  1870,  and 
a  full  member  two  years  later.  His  landscapes  were 
produced  with  great  freedom,  and  are  full  of  breezy 
atmosphere  effects  [see  Plate  XLIV.).  His  painting 
was  greatly  appreciated  in  France ;  for  the  works  which 
he  exhibited  at  the  Paris  Universal  Exhibition  in  1878 
he  received  the  order  of  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour,  and  for  those  at  the  following  exhibition  in 
1889  he  was  awarded  a  silver  medal.  He  died  at 
Hampstead  in  1891. 


16 


CHAPTER   IX 

THE    INFLUENCE    OF    PRE-RAPHAELITISM 

Towards  the  end  of  the  "  fifties  "  the  influence  of 
the  movement  of  the  Pre-Raphaelite  Brotherhood 
had  been  gradually  working  a  change  in  water-colour 
art.  "The  graduate  of  Oxford,"  who  had  some  fifteen 
years  previously  wielded  his  powerful  pen  in  the 
defence  of  Turner,  had  turned  it  in  support  of  the 
P.R.B.^  He  wrote:  "It  surely  becomes  a  matter  of 
no  little  interest  to  see  what  spirit  it  is  that  they  have 
in  common,  which,  recognised  as  revolutionary  in  the 
minds  of  the  young  artists  themselves,  caused  them, 
with  more  or  less  firmness,  to  constitute  themselves 
into  a  society,  partly  monastic,  partly  predicatory, 
called  *  Pre-Raphaelite' ;  and,  also  recognised  as  such, 
with  indignation,  by  the  public,  caused  the  youthfully 
didactic  society  to  be  regarded  with  various  degrees  of 
contempt,  passing  into  anger  (as  of  offended  personal 
dignity),  and  embittered  farther,  amongst  certain  classes 
of  persons,  even  into  a  kind  of  destructive  abhorrence. 
"  I  believe  the  reader  will  discover,  on  reflection,  that 
this  is  really  only  one  quite  common  and  sympathetic 
impulse  shown  in  these  three  works  {of  Hunt,  Millais, 

^  This  mystic  symbol  was  employed  by  the  Brotherhood  for  some 
time  before  its  meaning  was  understood  by  the  public. 


A   VINEYARD   WALK    AT   LUCCA 

By  John  Ruskin 

Size  of  original  17  x   13^  inches 


PLATE   XLV 


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THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM     123 

andKossetti)^  otherwise  so  distinct  in  aim  and  execution. 
And  this  fraternal  Hnk  he  will,  if  careful  in  reflection, 
discover  to  be  an  effort  to  represent,  so  far  as  in  these 
youths  lay  either  the  choice  or  the  power,  things  as 
thev  are,  or  were,  or  may  be,  instead  of  according  to 
the  practice  of  their  instructors,  and  the  wishes  of 
their  public,  things  as  they  are  not^  never  were,  and 
never  can  be ;  this  efl?brt  being  founded  deeply  on  a 
conviction  that  it  is  at  first  better,  and  finally  more 
pleasing,  for  human  minds  to  contemplate  things  as 
they  are,  than  as  thev  are  not." 

Although  the  efforts  of  this  small  band  of  the 
Brotherhood,  which  roused  so  much  public  ridicule  at 
the  time,  were  mainly  confined  to  oil  painting,  still 
its  three  founders,  W.  Holman  Hunt,  John  Everett 
Millais,  and  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti,  also  worked  in 
water  colours.  It  was  felt  by  them  that  the  water- 
colour  painters  were  adhering  too  much  to  the  dogmas 
of  the  drawing  masters  of  the  old  school  with  regard 
to  composition,  and  failed  to  seek  truth  in  Nature. 

John  Ruskin,  the  greatest  of  art  critics,  who 
so  strongly  supported  the  Pre-Raphaelite  movement, 
could  also  use  his  pencil  and  brush  with  almost 
the  same  facility  as  his  pen.  He  was  born  in  London 
in  1 8 19,  his  father  being  a  wealthy  wine-merchant  of 
Scotch  extraction.  The  story  of  Ruskin's  early  life 
is  charmingly  told  in  his  autobiography,  *'  Praeterita." 
It  was  originally  intended  that  he  should  enter  the 
Church,  but  the  development  of  his  artistic  nature 
decreed  otherwise.  He  at  first  studied  painting  under 
Copley  Fielding,  and  subsequently  under  J.  D.  Hard- 
ing ;   but  he  was  most  influenced    by  the  works   of 


124    THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM 

Samuel  Prout,  David  Roberts,  and  Turner,  as  well  as  by 
the  old  masters.      In  the  year  after  taking  his  degree  at 
Oxford, in  i  842,  the  first  volume  of  **  Modern  Painters," 
by  "  A  Graduate  of  Oxford,"  appeared  ;  it  was  written 
in  defence  of  the  modern  landscape  painters,  especially 
Turner.     The  subsequent  volumes,  which  comprise  a 
treatise  on  the  principles  of  art,  opposed  to  the  ac- 
cepted standards  at  that  period,  called  forth  a  storm  of 
adverse  criticism  ;    but,  as  so   many  truths   expounded 
by  him  were  unassailable,  Ruskin's  teaching  gradually 
gained   ground,  and   his   influence  spread   throughout 
British  art.    Ruskin  made  considerable  travels  at  various 
periods  through  France,  Switzerland,  and  Italy,  where 
he  executed  many  sketches.     The  original  drawing  of 
"  A  Vineyard  Walk  at  Lucca,"  of  which  an  illustration 
is  given,  shows  the  lower  stonework  of  a  tower  of  the 
twelfth  century  {see  Plate  XLV.).     It  was  executed  in 
I  874,  when  he  visited  Assisi,  Rome,  and  Sicily.     Many 
of  his  earlier  drawings,  executed  in  pencil  and  wash,  of 
architectural  details,  weie  handled  with  extreme  fine- 
ness.     He  illustrated  many  of  his  own  writings,  such  as 
**The  Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture,"  1849,  and '*  The 
Stones  of  Venice,"   185 1-3.      Ruskin  was  appointed 
Slade  Professor  at  Oxford  in   1869,  and  continued  to 
lecture  there — with  an  interval  of  three  years — until 
1884.     He  was  elected  an  honorary  member  of  the  Old 
Water  Colour  Society  in  1 873, and  exhibited  a  few  draw- 
ings at  its  gallery.     Although  Ruskin's  drawings  show 
considerable  power,  it  is  mainly  by  his  writings  that  his 
influence  has  been  felt.     It  is  impossible  here  to  even 
summarise  all  the  works  by  him  relating  to  art,  or  to 
mention  those  which  he  wrote  on  political  economy. 


PLATE   XLVI 


THE   BORGIA   FAMILY 

By  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti 

Size  ot  original  \\\  x   i\k  inches.     Signed  and  dated  1863 


III''./  i  /.i.j>ioa  ajrr 


v"^8i:fe&lE6  ftitt  ^^^t^ii 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM     125 

During  the  latter  years  of  his  life  Ruskin  retired  to 
Brantwood,  his  home  beside  Lake  Coniston,  and 
there  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  rest  and 
quietude.  He  died  in  this  peaceful  retreat,  after  a 
brief  illness,  on  January  20,  1900. 

The  young  men  who  banded  themselves  together 
about  1850  under  the  name  of  the  Pre-Raphaelite 
Brotherhood  sought  for  truth  in  Nature,  and  incul- 
cated a  system  of  the  exact  and  literal  imitation  of  parts, 
gradually  merging  them  into  a  whole.  They  started 
a  weekly  publication  called  T^he  Germ :  'Thoughts  to- 
wat^ds  Nature  in  Poetry^  Literature ^  and  Arty  but  it 
was  not  a  success,  as  only  four  parts  appeared. 

Ask  "  Is  this  Truth  ? "    For  is  it  still  to  tell 
That,  be  the  theme  a  point,  or  the  whole  earth. 
Truth  is  a  circle,  perfect,  great  or  small ! 

Gabriel  Charles  Dante  Rossetti,  or  Dante 
Gabriel  Rossetti,  as  he  was  commonly  called,  besides 
being  a  painter,  was  a  considerable  poet  in  verse,  and 
it  was  from  him  that  many  of  the  poetic  writings  and 
designs  in  The  Germ  emanated.  He  was  born  in  London 
in  1828,  and  was  the  son  of  an  Italian  refugee  and 
professor  of  Italian  at  King's  College.  Rossetti  was 
educated  at  King's  College  School,  where  he  received 
his  first  lessons  in  drawing  from  J.  S.  Cotman.  In 
I  843  he  joined  Cary's  Art  Academy,  and  subsequently 
entered  the  Royal  Academy  Schools.  Later  he  was 
for  a  time  pupil  of  Ford  Madox  Brown,  and  on 
leaving  this  painter  he  shared  a  studio  with  Holman 
Hunt,  where  he  painted  his  first  exhibited  work,  an 
oil   paintin^^,    "The     Girlhood    of    Mary    Virgin." 


126    THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM 

About  the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  Pre-RaphaeHte 
Brotherhood,  Rossetti  devoted  himself  more  to  water- 
colour  than  oil  pictures ;  he  also  drew  heads  in  crayon, 
especially  taking  for  his  model  Miss  Siddal,  whom  he 
married  in  i860.  His  married  life  was  of  short  duration, 
his  wife  dying  in  1862;  and  such  was  his  violent  grief 
that  he  placed  the  MSS.  of  all  his  poems  in  her  coffin, 
and  it  was  not  until  ten  years  afterwards  that  they  were 
exhumed,  and  subsequently  published.  Shortly  after 
his  wife's  death,  Rossetti  took  up  his  residence  at  16, 
Cheyne  Walk,  where  he  passed  some  of  the  remainder 
of  his  life  almost  in  seclusion,  seeing  only  a  few  devoted 
friends,  such  as  his  brother,  W.  M.  Rossetti,  Swinburne, 
Meredith,  and  Sandys.  He  died  at  Birchington-on-Sea, 
whither  he  had  gone  for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  on 
April  9,  1882;  a  Celtic  cross  in  the  churchyard  marks 
his  last  resting-place. 

The  mystical  intensity  of  his  works,  both  in  paint- 
ing and  poetry,  founded  to  a  great  extent  on  the 
writings  of  Dante,  did  much  to  revive  a  feeling  of 
poetic  art  in  England.  Although  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Brotherhood,  he,  with  his  highly 
imaginative  temperament,  soon  ceased  to  copy  from 
Nature.  His  paintings,  though  frequently  imperfect 
in  drawing,  display  a  romantic  instinct,  and  an  opulent 
sense  of  decoration  glowing  in  colour.  The  small 
water-colour  painting  of  "  The  Borgia  Family"  in 
which  Lucrezia  is  seated  in  the  centre,  while  Pope 
Alexander  VI.  leans  over  her  left  shoulder,  and 
her  brother  Cssar  blows  the  rose  petals  from  her 
hair,  well  exemplifies  his  art  in  that  medium  {see 
Plate  XLVI.). 


IM.ATK    XI.VII 


ELIJAH    RESTORING   THE   WIDOW'S   SON 

By  Ford  Madox  Brown 

Size  of  original  36}  x  23^  inches.      Signed  and  dated  (18)68 


1 1  /  (  /      f  1'/   I'l 


4    ^\ 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM      127 

Contrary  to  the  usual  sequence,  in  the  case  of  Ford 
Madox  Brown  the  influence  of  the  pupil  prevailed 
over  the  master;  for,  after  receiving  Rossetti  into  his 
studio  as  a  student,  Madox  Brown  came  in  contact 
with  the  Pre-Raphaelite  movement,  and,  whilst  never 
actually  joining  the  Brotherhood,  became  instilled  with 
its  spirit  of  revolt.  He  was  the  son  of  a  naval  officer, 
and  was  born  in  1821.  He  studied  art  at  Bruges, 
Ghent,  and  Antwerp  ;  visited  Paris  in  1843-4;  and  also 
worked  for  a  period  at  Rome.  His  principal  works 
were  executed  in  oils,  "  Work  "  (at  Manchester  Art 
Gallery)  and  "  Last  of  England  "  (at  Birmingham)  being 
his  finest  paintings  in  that  medium,  whilst  '*  Elijah 
Restoring  the  Widow's  Son  "  {see  Plate  XLVIL)  is  an 
admirable  example  in  water  colours.  Madox  Brown 
was  for  some  years  employed  upon  a  series  of  panels 
for  the  town  hall  of  Manchester,  illustrating  the 
history  of  the  city  ;  they  were  executed  in  an  im- 
provised studio  at  the  top  of  that  building.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  first  Hogarth  Club  in 
1858;  its  objects  were  to  hold  meetings  in  its  club- 
rooms  at  6,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W.,  and  to  enable  the 
artistic  members  to  place  their  works  therein  for 
private  views.  There  were  three  classes  of  members — 
artistic,  non-artistic,  and  honorary.  The  meaning  of 
"  non-artistic  "  was  not  defined  in  the  rules,  but  it 
may  be  assumed  that  it  meant  that  the  members  were 
not  professional  painters.  Many  men  noted  in  liter- 
ature and  art  joined  the  club;  Thackeray,  Ruskin, 
Carlyle,  and  Browning  being  amongst  the  former, 
whilst  art  was  represented  by  Leighton,  Burne-Jones, 
and    most    of   the    members    of  the    Pre-Raphaelite 


128    THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM 

Brotherhood.     Madox  Brown  died  in   1893,  and  was 
buried  in  Finchley  Cemetery. 

Sir  Edward  Coley  Burne-Jones,  Bart.,  R.W.S., 
was  an  imaginative  and  poetic  painter  of  the  highest 
order,  and  followed  the  principles  of  the  Pre-Raphaelites. 
He  was  born  of  Welsh  ancestry  at  Birmingham  in 
1833.  After  receiving  his  early  education  at  King 
Edward  VI. 's  Grammar  School  in  that  city,  he  entered 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  with  a  view  to  an  ecclesiastical 
career;  but,  his  enthusiasm  being  aroused  by  the  work 
of  Rossetti,  he  left  Oxford  and  came  to  London, 
where  he  studied  art  for  a  time  with  William  Morris. 
He  returned  to  Oxford  in  185710  assist  Rossetti,  with 
others,  in  the  execution  of  the  decorations  in  the 
debating  hall,  now  the  library,  of  the  Oxford  Union 
Society.  Burne-Jones  was  elected  an  associate  of  the 
Old  Water  Colour  Society  in  1864,  and  became  a  full 
member  four  years  later;  but  in  1870  he  severed  his 
connection  with  the  society,  owing  to  a  question  with 
respect  to  the  propriety  of  exhibiting  one  of  his  pictures 
which  include  a  nude  figure,  to  which  objection  had 
been  made  by  visitors  to  the  gallery;  in  1886  the  un- 
fortunate difference  was  made  up,  and  he  was  re-elected 
a  member.  In  1885  he  became  an  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  but  in  1893  resigned  that  position. 
Burne-Jones  executed  several  series  of  paintings  in  a 
decorative  character  on  a  large  scale,  the  most  impor- 
tant being  works  entitled  "The  Briar  Rose";  another 
series,  consisting  of  seven  paintings  representing  the 
legend  of  St.  George  and  the  Dragon,  w^as  designed 
for  the  decoration  of  Birket  Foster's  house  at  Witley. 
His  water-colour  paintings  display  an  intense  poetic 


PLATE   XLVIII 


VENUS   EPITHALAMIA 

By  Sir  Edward  C.  Burne-Jones,  Bart.,  R.W.S. 

Size  of  original  13  x  9J  inches 


IlIVJX   HTA.li 


AIM AJAHTwa  au  wa  / 
v°ars  later;  bi 


obiection 


"^OSltlOl 

-s  executed  se 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM     129 

feeling,  as  is  shown  in  "  Venus  Epithalamia "  (see 
Plate  XLVIIL).  He  designed  tapestry,  stained  glass, 
and  mosaics.  He  was  created  a  baronet  in  1894. 
His  death  occurred  in  1898,  and  he  was  buried  at 
Rottingdean,  near  Brighton. 

When  Thomas  Bewick  restored  wood  engraving 
to  England  it  was  executed  with  fine  lines  in  the 
manner  of  copper  plates,  and  later,  when  steel  plates 
with  still  finer  lines  became  in  vogue,  wood  engravings 
also  increased  in  greater  delicacy  till  shortly  before 
the  "  sixties,"  when  a  freer  and  more  open  style  was 
adopted  by  the  introduction  of  a  "  fat "  line.  Three 
periodicals.  Once  a  Week,  The  Cornhill  Maga'zine,  and 
Good  Words,  were  amongst  the  first  publications  to 
produce  illustrations  executed  in  this  broad  manner ; 
the  principal  artists  engaged  in  making  the  drawings 
on  the  wood  blocks  were  J.  E.  Millais,  Frederick 
Walker,  George  J.  Pinwell,  A.  B.  Houghton,  and 
others  ;  J.  A.  McNeill  Whistler  also  drew  four  blocks 
for  Once  a  Week  and  two  for  Good  Words.  About  the 
same  period  these  and  other  artists,  influenced,  it  may 
be,  by  this  new  style  of  wood  engraving,  were  breaking 
away  from  the  conventional  compositions  of  the  older 
men,  and  were  engaged  in  painting  works  direct  from 
Nature  unhampered  by  the  theories  of  the  early 
*'  drawing  masters." 

Sir  John  Everett  Millais,  Bart.,  P.R.A., 
principally  known  as  a  painter  in  oils,  nevertheless 
executed  many  charming  little  drawings  in  water 
colours,  chiefly  replicas  of  his  large  works  in  oil.  Of 
these  "The  Eve  of  St.  Agnes"  [see  Plate  XLIX.)  is  an 
example;  it  was  painted  in  1863,  when  Millais  was 

17 


I30    THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM 

breaking  away  from  some  of  the  tenets  of  the  Prc- 
RaphaeHte  Brotherhood.  The  scene  is  depicted  in  a 
bedroom  at  Knole,  near  Sevenoaks. 

Full  on  this  casement  shone  the  wintry  moon, 

her  vespers  done, 
Of  all  its  wreathed  pearls  her  hair  she  frees  ; 
Unclasps  her  warmed  jewels  one  by  one  ; 
Loosens  her  fragrant  bodice  ;  by  degrees 
Her  rich  attire  creeps  rustling  to  her  knees  : 
Half  hidden,  like  a  mermaid  in  sea-weed. 
Pensive  awhile  she  dreams  awake,  and  sees, 
In  fancy,  fair  St.  Agnes  in  her  bed. 
But  dare  not  look  behind,  or  all  the  charm  is  fled. 

Keats,  The  Eve  of  St.  Agnes 

Millais,  who  was  born  in  1829  at  Southampton, 
was  of  Norman  extraction.  He  spent  his  early- 
childhood  in  Jersey  and  Brittany  ;  but,  on  showing 
remarkable  talent  for  drawing,  he  was  sent  to  Sass's 
School.  At  the  age  of  eleven  he  entered  the  Royal 
Academy  Schools,  where  he  won  the  gold  medal 
for  his  historical  painting  a  few  years  later.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  exhibited  his  first  painting  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  "  Pizarro  Seizing  the  Inca  of 
Peru,"  which  now  hangs  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum.  As  has  already  been  stated,  he  was  one 
of  the  founders,  with  Holman  Hunt  and  Rossetti, 
of  the  Pre-Raphaelite  Brotherhood,  and  his  paintings 
at  that  period  shared  with  those  of  his  colleagues 
fierce  criticism  ;  but  eventually  his  pictures  were 
received  with  enthusiastic  appreciation.  He  became 
an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1853,  ^"^  ^ 
full  member    ten    years    later,   by    which    time    the 


FLAtE    XLIX 


THE   EVE   OF   ST.    AGNES 

By  Sir  Johti  Everett  Millais,  Bart.,  P.R.A. 

Size  uf  uriginal  7j  x   lo^  inches 


X.KJX  jiltAjJ'i 


^M7. 


.llil' 


.K.'A     . 


.ji! 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM    131 

Pre-Raphaelite  Brotherhood  had  more  or  less  broken 
up.  In  February,  1896,  he  succeeded  Lord  Leighton 
as  President  of  the  Royal  Academy  ;  but  he  did  not 
live  long  to  enjoy  the  honour,  as  he  was  at  the  time 
of  his  election  suffering  from  a  malignant  disease, 
from  which  he  died  on  August  i  3  in  the  same  year. 
He  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

Frederick  Walker,  A.R.A.,  the  son  of  an 
artistic  designer  of  jewellery,  was  born  in  Marylebone 
in  1840.  Displaying  an  artistic  bent  at  an  early 
age,  he  was  placed  with  an  architect  and  surveyor 
named  Baker;  but  soon  left  him,  in  order  to  attend 
Leigh's  Life  School,  and  to  study  the  antique  in  the 
British  Museum.  In  1858  he  became  a  student  at 
the  Royal  Academy  Schools ;  and  subsequently  he 
was  employed  by  Whymper  in  drawing  book  illus- 
trations on  wood  blocks.  At  this  period  he  had  a 
hard  struggle  for  existence,  until  he  was  fortunately 
engaged  by  Thackeray  to  illustrate  his  stories 
"  Philip "  and  "  Denis  Duval  "  in  The  Cornhill 
Magazine,  when  he  rose  rapidly  into  fame.  He  was 
elected  an  associate  of  the  Old  Water  Colour  Society 
in  1864,  and  a  full  member  two  years  later.  Walker 
was,  in  1871,  the  first  painter  connected  with  the 
*'  Old  Society "  to  be  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy  ;  but  he  did  not  live  long  to  enjoy 
the  honour.  Fred.  Walker,  the  "  Little  Billee  "  of 
Du  Maurier's  Trilby,  was  slight  in  build,  and  was 
delicate  in  health,  which  at  last  gave  way  under 
an  attack  of  consumption  ;  he  died  at  St.  Fillan's, 
Perthshire,  on  June  4,  1875,  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
five.     He  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  of  Cookham, 


132     THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM 

a  village  at  which  he  particularly  loved  to  stay, 
and  where  he  executed  several  of  his  water-colour 
drawings,  including  "  A  Rainy  Day  at  Bisham  "  [see 
Plate  L.).  Within  the  church  there  is  a  medallion 
placed  to  his  memory  by  his  friends. 

Walker  had  a  genius  and  a  method  peculiar  to 
himself,  combined  with  a  refined  and  poetic  charm ; 
his  figures  were  beautifully  drawn,  with  a  true  feeling 
for  rustic  life,  although  his  men  are  heroic  and  often 
posed  in  a  Greek  style,  acquired  doubtless  by  his  early 
study  of  the  antique  at  the  British  Museum.  From  the 
comparatively  few  paintings  he  left  behind — he  only 
exhibited  eight  oil  paintings  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  thirty-eight  water  colours  at  the  *'  Old  Society  " 
— it  is  impossible  to  say  to  what  height  in  his  career 
he  might  not  have  attained.  His  principal  painting 
in  oil,  "  The  Harbour  of  Refuge,"  is  now  in  the 
Tate  Gallery  ;  he  painted  a  replica  of  it  in  water 
colours.  Walker's  water-colour  drawings  are  eagerly 
sought  after,  and  this  work  recently  fetched  2,580 
guineas  at  a  sale  at  Christie's  ;  whilst  at  the  same 
time  a  small  drawing  entitled  "  The  Violet  Field," 
measuring  only  9I  in.  by  15!  in.,  realised  1,600 
guineas.  It  was  executed  by  Walker  in  1867,  when 
he  was  only  twenty-seven  years  of  age,  and  was 
exhibited  at  the  winter  exhibition  of  the  Old 
Water  Colour  Society  in  the  same  year.  At  that 
time  it  had  no  title,  being  simply  No.  336  in  the 
catalogue  ;  the  picture,  a  fresh  and  sincere  transcript 
from  Nature,  was  painted  by  Walker  from  one  of 
the  front  windows  of  a  cottage  at  Beddington,  near 
Croydon,  where  he  frequently  stayed. 


PLATE    L 


A    RAINY    DAY    AT    BISHAM 

By  Frederick   JVa/ker,  A.R.A. 

Size  of  original  4I  x  10  inches.     Signed 


itO^'" 


there  is 


poetic  charm 
LTue  fer 


1/ Aiir-.m      I 

io  sa',' 

'         •    !'-^  -^  111'. 

^     are  eai., 
fetched  2,f;8< 


t  was  execute 
only    twent)  :id    was 

'    rr     *^-r-    Wiju;  e     Old 

iciety  ■  \t   tha^ 

had  no  title, 

the  pictu 


.  c^^-'"^' 


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a- 


% 


'■j^-'^mm 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM     133 

It  is  a  somewhat  remarkable  coincidence  that  the 
three  young  men,  Frederick  Walker,  George  J.  Pin- 
well,  and  A.  B.  Houghton,  who  did  so  much  for  wood 
engraving  in  the  "sixties"  should  all  have  passed 
away  before  reaching  the  prime  of  life,  and  within 
seven  months  of  each  other.  Pin  well's  death  occurred 
in  September,  1875,  four  months  after  that  of  Walker; 
and  Houghton  died  in  November  of  the  same  year. 

George  John  Pinwell,  the  son  of  a  builder,  was 
born  at  High  Wycombe  in  1842.  After  studying  at 
St.  Martin's  Lane  School  and  Heatherley's  Academy, 
he  first  obtained  a  livelihood  by  making  drawings 
for  Once  a  IVeek,  and  for  numerous  illustrated 
books  produced  by  the  Dalziel  brothers ;  he  also 
executed  many  small  water-colour  paintings  i^see 
Plate  LL),  with  a  peculiar  charm,  of  subjects  which 
he  had  already  produced  in  black-and-white.  Pinwell 
became  an  associate  in  1869,  and  a  full  member 
in  the  following  year,  of  the  Old  Water  Colour 
Society,  to  which  he  contributed  a  ^&w  notable 
pictures  ;  amongst  them  may  be  mentioned  *'  Gilbert 
a  Beckett's  Troth,"  two  versions  of  *'  The  Pied 
Piper  of  Hamelin,"  *'  The  Elixir  of  Love,"  and 
"  The  Great  Lady."  Pinwell,  when  studying  Nature, 
was  a  close  follower  of  Walker  ;  but  in  poetic 
imagination  he  went  far  beyond  him.  Much  of  his 
work  has  refined  feeling,  but  it  often  displays  im- 
perfections in  execution.  He  died  at  Adelaide  Road, 
South  Hampstead,  in  the  thirty-third  year  of  his  age, 
and  was  buried  in  Highgate  Cemetery. 

Arthur  Boyd  Houghton,  born  in  1836,  was 
the  son  of  Captain  Houghton  of  the    Indian  Navy. 


134    THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PRE-RAPHAELITISM 

He  at  first  tried  painting  in  oils,  but  later  turned 
his  hand  to  drawing  on  wood  blocks,  and  produced 
a  large  number  for  Dalziel's  "  Illustrated  Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments  " ;  a  good  example  of  one  of 
his  water-colour  paintings,  *'  The  Transformation  of 
King  Beder,"  a  variation  of  the  illustration  in  the 
book,  is  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.  He 
became  an  associate  of  the  Old  Water  Colour  Society 
four  years  before  his  death.  Houghton  possessed 
considerable  inventive  power,  and  his  inspirations  were 
chiefly  taken  from  the  East ;  his  drawing,  however, 
was  frequently  defective,  which  may  have  been  caused 
by  his  having  only  the  use  of  one  eye — the  other  he 
unfortunately  lost  in  early  life. 


THE   GOSSIPS 

By  George  yohn  Piuzvell 
Size  of  oiii;inal  5j  x  6|  inches 


PLATE     LI 


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aqraaoo  sht 


CHAPTER  X 

THE   ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF   PAINTERS   IN  WATER  COLOURS 

(continued) 

After  the  retirement  of  J.  F.  Lewis  from  the  "  Old 
Society"  in  1858,  Frederick  Tayler  became  the 
president,  which  post  he  held  till  1871.  During  his 
period  of  office  the  holding  of  winter  exhibitions  of 
sketches  and  studies  was  instituted ;  the  first  was 
opened  in  November,  1862,  and  they  have  been 
annually  continued  ever  since.  At  first  the  members 
adhered  to  the  original  intention  of  the  promoters, 
and  only  contributed  sketches,  but  gradually  finished 
works  made  their  appearance;  and  at  the  present  time 
the  only  difference  between  the  summer  and  winter 
exhibitions  is  that  at  the  former  all  the  works  are 
required  to  be  closely  framed  in  gilt,  whilst  at  the 
latter  they  are  allowed  to  have  white  margins. 

Another  important  event  took  place  during  Tayler's 
presidency  ;  the  council  of  the  Royal  Academy  re- 
scinded the  rule  forbidding  its  members  to  belong  to 
any  other  society  of  painters,  and  the  barrier  which 
had  stood  between  these  two  institutions  for  nearly 
three-quarters  of  a  century  was  removed.  In  1870, 
W.  C.  T.  Dobson,  who  had  been  an  Associate  of  the 

135 


136  THE    OLD    SOCIETY 

Royal  Academy  for  ten  years,  was  elected  an  associate 
of  the  *' Old  Society";  and  in  the  following  year 
Frederick  Walker  was  the  first  painter  connected  with 
the  "  Old  Society  "  who  received  the  honour  of  being 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Academy ;  whilst  Henry 
Stacy  Marks  achieved  the  distinction  of  being  made 
an  associate  of  both  institutions. 

Frederick  Tayler,  the  son  of  a  country  gentle- 
man, was  born  at  Boreham  Wood, near  Elstree,  in  1802. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Harrow,  and,  much 
against  the  wishes  of  his  family,  he  took  up  art  as  a 
profession ;  he  studied  at  Sass's  School  and  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  subsequently  under  Horace 
Vernet  in  Paris,  there  sharing  for  a  time  a  studio  with 
Bonington.  He  became  an  associate  of  the  "  Old 
Society  "in  1831,  and  a  full  member  three  years  later. 
He  received  many  honours,  including  the  Chevalier 
of  the  Legion  d'Honneur  of  France,  the  Belgian 
Order  of  Leopold,  and  gold  medals  at  various  inter- 
national exhibitions. 

The  subjects  of  his  paintings  were  mainly  hawking 
parties  and  other  sporting  scenes  of  the  olden  time 
[see  Plate  LIL),  for  which  he  became  noted.  There 
is  a  bright  sunlight  effect  and  a  freshness  in  his 
paintings,  executed  with  a  facile  handling  and  a  free 
touch;  Ruskin,  in  "Modern  Painters,"  compares  the 
works  of  Tayler  as  an  illustration  of  powerful  sketch- 
ing in  contrast  to  the  highly  finished  drawing  of 
Lewis. 

Tayler  was  a  member  of  the  Etching  Club, 
and  contributed  plates  to  the  various  publications 
issued   by  that   society ;    he   also   made  drawings    on 


HAWKINC; 

By  F7-ede7-ick  Tayirr,   P.  W.S. 

Size  of  ori,L,nn;il  6f  v,   lof  inches 


PLATE    Lll 


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THE   OLD   SOCIETY  137 

wood  blocks  for  illustrated  gift-books,  which  were  so 
popular  during  the  middle  of  last  century.  He  died 
at  West   Hampstead  in    1889. 

After  the  retirement  of  Tayler  from  the  post 
of  president  in  1871,  on  account  of  ill  health, 
John  Gilbert  was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy.  In 
the  following  year  Gilbert  received  the  honour 
both  of  knighthood  and  of  being  elected  an  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Academy  ;  four  years  later  he 
became  a  full  Academician  ;  and  he  was  thus  the 
first  painter  to  be  on  the  governing  body  of  both 
institutions  at  the  same  time.  Whilst  he  was  presi- 
dent, in  1 88 1,  the  society  received  Her  late  Majesty 
Queen  Victoria's  permission  to  prefix  the  word 
"  Royal "  to  its  original  title ;  and  Gilbert  designed 
the  diploma  which  is  granted  to  its  members. 

Sir  John  Gilbert,  R.A.,  P.R.W.S.,  born  at  Black- 
heath  in  18 17,  was  the  son  of  an  estate  agent. 
With  a  view  to  entering  his  father's  profession  he 
worked  in  an  ofiice  near  the  Mansion  House ;  and,  by 
using  his  opportunities  of  sketching  from  the  windows 
of  his  ofiice,  uniforms  and  liveries  worn  by  those 
attending  civic  functions,  acquired  a  skill  afterwards 
useful  to  him  in  painting  historical  subjects.  He 
studied  for  a  short  time  under  George  Lance,  but  was 
mainly  self-taught. 

During  the  first  part  of  his  life,  Gilbert  was  a 
prolific  draughtsman,  and  executed  numberless  draw- 
ings on  wood  blocks  for  the  engraver.  Amongst  the 
earliest  wood  engravings  after  Gilbert  are  illustrations  to 
"  Robin  Hood  and  his  Merry  Men,"  the  first  of  a  series 
of  illustrated  nursery  tales  for  children  published  by 


138  THE   OLD   SOCIETY 

Joseph  Cundall  ;  the  book  appeared  in  1841,  and  the 
prints  were  coloured  by  hand.  In  the  following  year 
'The  Illustrated  London  News  made  its  appearance,  and 
Gilbert  contributed  to  the  first  number,  and  continued 
to  work  for  that  journal  for  nearly  twenty  years,  many 
of  his  double-page  illustrations  in  colour  printing 
forming  the  chief  attraction.  He  also  supplied  very 
many  illustrations  for  poetical  works  and  an  elaborate 
"Illustrated  Shakespeare"  published  in  1856  [see 
Plate  LIII.).  Gilbert  s  water-colour  drawings,  executed 
with  great  freedom,  are  rich  in  colour  and  full  of  con- 
trasts, and  chiefly  represent  scenes  of  military  and  state 
pageantry,  in  which  brilliant  uniforms  play  a  con- 
spicuous part.  He  also  painted  in  oils.  Gilbert  died  at 
his  native  town  in  1897,  and  was  buried  at  Lewisham. 
Sir  Ernest  A.  Waterlow,  R.A.,  was  elected  to  the 
vacant  post  of  president,  which  position  he  still 
enjoys. 

During  the  presidency  of  Tayler  and  Gilbert,  there 
were  many  noted  painters  who  considerably  contri- 
buted to  uphold  the  prestige  of  the  Old  Water  Colour 
Society.  Amongst  them  must  be  mentioned  Samuel 
Palmer,  Edward  Duncan,  and  William  Callow  (who 
had  all  been  members  for  many  years),  Samuel  Read, 
Birket  Foster,  the  two  brothers  Henry  and  Albert 
Moore,  and  Arthur  Melville  ;  they  practised  difl^erent 
styles,  and  their  varied  paintings  added  a  special 
charm  to  the  exhibitions,  and  relieved  them  of 
monotony. 

Samuel  Palmer  was  a  painter  with  a  most  poetic 
mind.  "  His  life,"  says  Richard  Redgrave,  "  was  a 
long  study  of  the  varied  aspects  of  Nature,  and,  having 


PLATK    LIII 


ARRIVAL   OF   CARDINAL   VVOLSEY   AT   LEICESTER   ABBEY 

By  Sir  John  Gilbert,  R.A.,  P.R.W.S. 

Size  uf  original  14^  x  2 15  inches.     Signed 


I  ;  I   '      -I'!  / 


jn\;i<       -j:1j( 


THE   OLD   SOCIETY  139 

mastered  all  Imitative  detail,  and  having  a  mind  filled 
with  the  study  of  classic  poetry,  and  deeply  imbued 
with  the  noble  imagery  of  the  most  classic  of  our 
English  poets,  Milton,  he  acquired  the  power  of 
rendering  Nature  in  her  grandest  phases,  and  of  painting 
her  as  she  appeared  to  his  original  and  learned  mind. 
Palmer  was  born  in  Surrey  Square,  Newington,  in 
1805.  He  received  little  or  no  education  in  art,  and 
was  almost  self-taught.  At  the  early  age  of  fourteen 
he  exhibited  an  oil  painting  at  the  Royal  Academy. 
Later  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  John  Linnell,  one 
of  whose  daughters  he  afterwards  married,  and  of 
William  Blake,  whose  strong  poetic  mind  greatly 
inspired  the  younger  man ;  Palmer  always  spoke  of 
him  with  deep  veneration.  He  visited  France  and 
Italy,  spending  two  years  in  the  latter  country.  On 
his  return  to  England  he  abandoned  oil  painting  and 
devoted  himself  to  water  colours.  He  was  elected  an 
associate  of  the  "  Old  Society"  in  1843,  and  became 
a  full  member  in  1854. 

Palmer  also  practised  etching,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Etching  Club.  "  Thrice  happy  those,"  he 
once  wrote,  "  to  whom  etching  is  just  a  pleasant 
recreation  like  amateurs  hay-making.  With  me  it  is 
both  a  *  labor '  and  an  'opus,'  enjoyable  though,  in 
another  way,  for  this  very  reason,"  and  he  complained 
that "  through  over-devotion  to  that  great  time-killer, 
chiaroscuro,  my  etchings  consume  much  of  it." 

Palmer,  who  was  always  delicate  in  health,  went, 
about  1862,  to  reside  at  Redhill,  where  he  lived  in 
retirement  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He 
suffered    greatly  from    asthma  ;    and,  writing  in  the 


I40  THE   OLD   SOCIETY 

year  before  his  death,  1881,  to  an  old  friend 
similarly  afflicted,  he  said  :  "  I  have  been  free  from 
asthmatic  attacks  for  three  or  four  years  ;  perhaps 
through  creating  an  artificial  climate  with  the  glass 
about  60  day  and  night,  nor  do  I  so  much  as  go 
out  into  the  garden,  save  in  warm  weather  ;  though, 
with  sufficient  clothing,  the  '  respirator  '  gives  much 
liberty  in  that  respect."  Although  almost  entirely 
confined  to  his  rooms,  his  most  important  works 
were  executed  during  this  latter  period,  when  his 
love  of  effects  of  dazzling  light  and  mystic  sunsets 
(see  Plate  LIV.)  was  shown  with  great  power. 

Samuel  Palmer's  wife,  who  was  a  daughter  of  John 
Linnell,  executed  some  charming  drawings. 

Edward  Duncan,  R.W.S.,  chiefly  painted  marine 
subjects,  which  are  remarkable  for  their  freshness.  He 
was  born  in  London  in  1 803,  and  was  articled  to  Robert 
Havell,  the  aquatint  engraver.  Subsequently  he  gave 
up  engraving,  and  became  a  water-colour  painter. 
He  joined  the  *'  New  Society  "  in  1833  >  ^^^  resigned 
it  in  1 847  to  become  an  associate  of  the  "  Old 
Society  "  in  1 848,  and  a  full  member  in  the  follow- 
ing year.      He  died  in  1882  at  Haverstock  Hill. 

William  Callow,  R.W.S.,  was  for  many  years 
the  father  of  the  "  Old  Society."  He  was  born  at 
Greenwich  in  18  12;  and  at  the  age  of  eleven  he  was 
articled  to  Theodore  and  Thales  Fielding,  the  brothers 
of  Copley  Fielding.  He  went  to  Paris  in  1829,  and 
resided  there  for  more  than  ten  years.  He  was 
appointed  teacher  of  drawing  to  the  children  of 
Louis  Philippe,  and  subsequently  had  many  other 
distinguished  pupils.     He  was  elected  an  associate  of 


THE   WINDING   STREAM 

By  Samuel  Palmer 

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THE   OLD   SOCIETY  141 

the  "Old  Society"  in  1838,  and  a  full  member  ten 
years  later.  He  died,  upwards  of  ninety-five  years  of 
age,  at  Great  Missenden,  where  he  had  lived  for  more 
than  half  a  century,  on  February  20  of  the  present 
year.  He  was  a  prolific  worker,  and  a  constant 
contributor,  for  seventy  years,  of  a  large  number  of 
paintings,  mostly  the  outcome  of  his  many  tours  in 
France,  Belgium,  Germany,  and  Italy,  to  the  exhi- 
bitions of  the  *'  Old  Society."  He  was  especially  fond 
of  picturesque  architecture,  such  as  Gothic  churches, 
ancient  timbered  houses,  wharves  with  shipping,  and, 
above  all,  those  quaint  old  market-places  which  are 
to  be  found  in  Continental  towns.  He  did  not  belong 
to  the  severe  class  of  architectural  draughtsmen  who 
minutely  depict  every  ornament  ;  but  street  scenes, 
with  old  buildings  and  overhanging  houses,  usually 
formed  the  chief  features  of  his  compositions,  in  which 
effective  disposition  of  light  and  shade,  and  masses  of 
colour,  play  a  more  conspicuous  part  than  local  colour. 
He  also  executed  many  seascapes. 

Samuel  Read,  R.W.S.,  was  another  painter  of 
architectural  subjects  of  a  picturesque  character,  and 
was  noted  for  his  drawings  of  moated  granges  and 
haunted  houses,  which  were  engraved  in  The  Illus- 
trated London  News.  He  was  born  at  Needham 
Market,  Suffolk,  about  1815.  It  was  at  first  intended 
that  he  should  take  up  the  legal  profession,  and  he 
was  placed  in  a  lawyer's  office  at  Ipswich  ;  but, 
showing  artistic  proclivities,  he  was  transferred  to  an 
architect.  He  came  to  London  in  1841,  and  was 
taught  drawing  on  wood  under  J.  W.  Whymper ; 
his    connection     with    The    Illustrated    London    News 


142  THE   OLD    SOCIETY 

began  soon  after  that  journal  was  started,  and  it 
lasted  until  his  death.  In  1853,  just  before  the 
outbreak  of  the  Crimean  War,  he  was  sent  to  Con- 
stantinople and  the  Black  Sea  ;  and  this  was  the  first 
occasion  of  any  special  artist  being  sent  abroad  to 
furnish  sketches  for  an  illustrated  paper.  He  became 
an  associate  of  the  "  Old  Society  "  in  1857,  but  did 
not  become  a  full  member  until  three  years  before 
his  death,  which  took  place  in  1883. 

The  two  brothers  Henry  Moore,  R.A.,  R.W.S., 
and  Albert  Joseph  Moore,  A.R.W.S.,  came  of  a 
large  family,  the  former  being  the  ninth,  and  the 
latter  the  fourteenth  child  of  William  Moore,  a 
portrait  painter  at  York.  They  both  received  early 
instruction  in  drawing  from  their  father  ;  but  here  all 
similarity  ends,  as  their  styles  diverged,  and  the  com- 
position of  their  paintings  became  totally  different. 

Henry  Moore,  who  was  born  in  1831,  commenced 
his  career  as  a  painter  under  the  influence  of  the  Pre- 
Raphaelites  ;  but  about  1858  he  turned  his  attention 
almost  entirely  to  marine  subjects.  He  was  elected 
an  associate  of  the  Old  Water  Colour  Society  in 
1876,  and  a  member  in  1880.  Henry  Moore  painted 
in  oils  as  well  as  water  colours,  and  became  an 
associate,  and  afterwards  a  full  member,  of  the  Royal 
Academy.     He  died  at  Margate  in  1895. 

Albert  Moore  was  born  ten  years  after  his  brother 
Henry.  He  showed  an  early  proclivity  for  art,  gaining 
a  Government  School  of  Design  medal  when  only 
twelve  years  of  age  ;  and  his  first  picture  was  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  only  four  years  later.  Albert 
Moore's  work  was  decorative  in  character,  of  graceful 


PLATE    L? 


AN    OPEN    BOOK 

Jiy  Albert  Joseph  Moore,  A.RIV.S. 

Size  of  original  i  if  x  9  inches 


^.l^^TA.I4  CIETY 


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iie  turned  hi'^^  attention 
almost  entire!  ubjects 

Water    Colour    bociety    m 
v..  ....  i88o.     Henry  Moore  painted 

as   water   colours,    and   became  an 
nd  afterwards  a  full  member,  of  the  Royal 

He  died  at  f  " 
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le  showed  an  earl 
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THE   OLD   SOCIETY  143 

line,  sweet  in  colour,  and  full  of  poetical  motives.  His 
fancy  dwelt  on  beautiful  women  arrayed  in  flowing 
robes  and  classical  costumes,  frequently  reclining  in 
languid  positions.  "An  Open  Book,"  of  which  an 
illustration  is  given  [see  Plate  LV.),  is  a  replica  of  a 
single  figure  in  a  large  composition  entitled  "  Reading 
Aloud,"  which  was  recently  sold  at  Messrs.  Christie's, 
at  the  sale  of  the  late  Mr.  William  Connal's  collection. 
Albert  Moore  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  Old 
Water  Colour  Society  in  1884.  He  died  on  Septem- 
ber 25,  1893. 

Another  brother,  John  CoUingham  Moore,  was 
also  a  painter.  He  lived  for  a  long  while  in  Italy, 
and  made  many  sketches,  both  in  oils  and  water 
colours,  in  Florence  and  Rome  and  their  environs. 

The  great  charm  of  the  paintings  of  Birket 
Foster,  R.W.S.,  lies  in  the  poetic  feeling  with  which 
he  indued  them,  and  the  care  and  felicity  wdth  which 
his  compositions  were  selected,  especially  those  repre- 
senting the  homely  scenes  so  frequently  selected  from 
the  neighbourhood  of  Witley,  that  picturesque  part 
of  Surrey  {see  Plate  LVI.)  where  he  lived  for  many 
years.  He  revelled  in  sunny  landscapes,  with  sheep 
roaming  in  the  distance,  and  with  rustic  children 
playing  in  the  foreground  ;  he  was  also  attracted  by 
peaceful  red-brick  cottages  covered  with  thatch,  and 
enlivened  by  domestic  scenes.  It  is  by  these  rural 
paintings  that  he  is  best  known.  He  wandered  far 
afield  in  search  of  the  picturesque,  and  produced 
paintings  selected  from  all  parts  of  England,  Wales, 
and  Scotland.  He  also  travelled  frequently  on  the 
Continent,   and  painted  the  charms    of  Venice,    the 


144  THE    OLD    SOCIETY 

grandeur  of  the  Rhine,  and  the  picturesque  scenery 
of  Brittany. 

Mvles  Birket  Foster,  who  was  born  at  North 
Shields  in  1825,  belonged  to  a  Quaker  family; 
and,  when  about  sixteen  years  of  age,  he  was 
employed  by  Peter  Landells  to  make  drawings  on 
wood  blocks  for  Punch  and  T^he  Illustrated  London 
Neivs.  Subsequently  he  drew  a  vast  number  of 
illustrations  for  books,  but  abandoned  this  work 
about  1B59,  and  confined  himself  to  painting,  chiefly 
in  water  colours.  He  became  an  associate  of  the 
Old  Water  Colour  Society  in  i860,  and  a  full 
member  two  years  afterwards,  Foster  died  at  Wey- 
bridge  in  1899. 

Complaints  had  frequently  been  made  against  the 
Old  Water  Colour  Society  that  they  wxre  too  re- 
stricted a  body  ;  but,  when  Arthur  Melville  was  elected 
an  associate  in  1888,  such  an  accusation  could  no 
longer  be  justified,  as  his  work  was  of  the  most 
advanced  impressionist  school,  painted  in  vivid  colours 
in  the  open  sunshine. 

Arthur  Melville,  R.W.S.,  A.R.S.A.,  was  born 
in  1858,  and  w^as  devoted  to  painting  from  his  child- 
hood ;  he  was  almost  entirely  self-taught,  and,  after 
working  at  a  night  school  during  his  boyhood,  he 
went,  in  1877,  to  study  at  Paris.  Although  influenced 
to  some  degree  by  contemporary  French  art,  it  was 
in  the  East  that  his  genius  found  its  completely 
individual  note,  as  expressed  in  his  paintings. 

During  the  years  1881  and  1882  he  visited  Egypt, 
India,  and  Persia,  and  rode  alone  from  Bagdad  to  the 
Black  Sea  {^see  illustration  of  "The  Gateway  of  Kerkuk," 


A   SURREY   LANE 
By  Myles  Birkef  Foster,  R.  W.S. 
Size  of  original  8  x   12^  inches.     Signed 


PLATE    LVI 


IVJ  <3;TAJ4 


was 


:r/iAj  yhm;iu8  a 


THE   OLD   SOCIETY  145 

Plate  LVIL).  Melville  lived  for  some  time  in  Scot- 
land, and  afterwards  came  to  London.  He  was  elected 
an  associate  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1886, 
and  of  the  Royal  Water  Society  in  1888,  becoming  a 
full  member  in  1 900.  There  is  a  fine  example  of  Mel- 
ville's water-colour  painting  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum  entitled,  "  The  Little  Bull  Fight.  Bravo, 
Toro  !  "  From  1897  he  lived  chiefly  near  Witley, 
painting  a  series  of  large  oil  paintings,  "The  Christmas 
Carols,"  and  an  immense  canvas,  *'  The  Return  from 
the  Crucifixion,"  all  of  which  were  unfinished  at  the 
time  of  his  death  in    1904. 


19 


CHAPTER    XI 

THE    LAST    DECADE    OF    THE    NINETEENTH    CENTURY 

The  time  has  not  yet  arrived  when  the  history  of 
British  water-colour  art  during  the  last  years  of  the 
nineteenth  century  can  be  written,  for  it  is  not  yet 
possible  to  say  what  will  be  the  ultimate  position  it 
will  take  ;  whether  it  will  eventually  become  a  recog- 
nised school  of  British  painting,  or  whether  it  will 
have  only  a  mere  ephemeral  existence,  cannot  be 
predicted;  nevertheless,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to 
give  a  brief  statement  of  a  development  which  has 
gradually  sprung  up  amongst  painters,  not  water- 
colourists  alone,  during  recent  years,  and  the  first 
inception  of  which  was  created  towards  the  end  of 
last  century. 

After  the  severance  of  the  Pre-Raphaelite  Brother- 
hood the  aesthetic  school  came  into  existence,  in 
which  not  only  painters,  but  also  poets  were  con- 
spicuous, Rossetti,  Swinburne,  and  Oscar  Wilde 
being  typical  representatives.  Morbid  melancholy 
was  a  prominent  feature  in  the  works  of  the  aesthetic 
painters  as  well  as  in  those  of  the  poets.  The  former 
peopled  many  canvases  with  pale  and  distrait  maidens 
with  tangled  locks,  and  youths  with  lank  hair  ;  all 
with  features  full  of  sad  weariness,  of  lovelorn  languor. 

146 


LAST  DECADE  OF  NINETEENTH  CENTURY    147 

"  Culture,"  "  intense,"  and  "  high  art  "  became  the 
jargon  of  the  day.  The  Grosvenor  Gallery  was 
established  by  Sir  Coutts  Lindsay,  Bart.,  in  1877, 
with  the  intention,  by  special  invitation,  of  giving 
advantages  of  exhibition  to  artists  of  estabUshed 
reputation,  but  whose  works  were  imperfectly  known 
to  the  public,  and  of  providing  a  home  for  all  the 
best  and  most  intellectual  art  of  the  day,  without 
restriction  to  any  particular  school ;  but,  as  a  matter  of 
fact,  it  became,  to  a  great  extent,  the  centre  in  which 
the  esthetics  displayed  their  talents.  Credit,  how- 
ever, must  be  given  to  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  of 
being  the  means  of  making  the  works  of  one  genius 
known  to  the  British  public.  This  was  James 
McNeill  Whistler.  To  the  exhibitions  held  at  the 
Grosvenor  during  its  most  popular  existence,  from 
1877  to  1884,  Whistler  contributed  some  of  his 
noted  paintings,  for  the  nomenclature  of  which  he 
was  the  first  to  borrow  the  phraseology  of  music  and 
to  synchronise  them  as  nocturnes,  harmonies,  scherzos, 
symphonies,  and  arrangements.  "  Nature  contains," 
said  Whistler  in  his  "  Ten  o'Clock,"  "  the  elements,  in 
colour  and  form,  of  all  pictures,  as  the  keyboard  con- 
tains the  notes  of  all  music.  But  the  artist  is  born 
to  pick  and  choose,  and  group  with  science,  these 
elements,  that  the  result  may  be  beautiful — as  the 
musician  gathers  his  notes,  and  forms  his  chords,  until 
he  brings  forth  from  chaos  glorious  harmony.  To  say 
to  the  painter  that  Nature  is  to  be  taken  as  she  is,  is 
to  say  to  the  player,  that  he  may  sit  on  the  piano." 

Although   Whistler    may    be    best    known    by  his 
paintings  in  oil  and  by  his  etchings,  yet  he,  from  time 


148    LAST  DECADE  OF  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

to  time,  executed  many  slight  water-colour  paintings 
of  a  peculiar  charm.  Some  critics  may  be  inclined 
to  carp  at  an  illustration  of  a  work  by  Whistler  being 
given  in  a  "  History  of  British  Water  Colour  Painting." 
It  is  true  that  he  was  an  American  by  birth,  and  a 
Frenchman  by  artistic  training  and  sympathy,  but  he 
spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in  England.  He, 
moreover,  became  for  a  time  the  President  of  the 
Society  of  British  Artists,  and  his  art,  without  doubt, 
greatly  influenced  that  of  English  painters ;  conse- 
quently, in  giving  some  account  of  the  water-colour 
painting  in  England  at  this  period,  reference  to  the 
art  of  Whistler  cannot  be  omitted. 

James  Abbott  McNeill  Whistler  was  born  at 
Lowell,  in  Massachusetts,  about  the  year  1834.  His 
father,  Major  George  Washington  Whistler,  a  descen- 
dant of  a  Scotch  family  named  McNeill,  who  had 
settled  in  North  Carolina  in  the  early  days  of  the 
Republic,  was  an  engineer.  He  obtained  a  position 
of  railway  engineer  in  Russia ;  and  Whistler  appears 
to  have  spent  some  years  of  his  boyhood  there  with 
his  father. 

On  his  return  to  America,  Whistler  entered  as  a 
student  at  West  Point  Military  Academy.  About  1 857 
he  went  to  study  painting  at  Paris,  where  he  also 
practised  etching,  and  produced  the  "  French  Set." 
Some  time  later  Whistler  came  to  England,  and  took 
up  his  abode  at  Chelsea ;  here  he  made  the  series  of 
"  The  Thames  Etchings "  at  intervals  during  the 
"  sixties."  At  the  same  time  he  was  executing  some 
oil  paintings ;  and  the  "  The  Artist's  Mother,"  which 
now  hangs  in  the  Luxembourg,  Paris,  was  exhibited 


LAST  DECADE  OF  NINETEENTH  CENTURY    149 

at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1872.  This  was  succeeded 
by  other  notable  portraits,  especially  *'Miss  Alexander," 
exhibited  at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery,  and  the  "  Portrait 
of  Carlyle,"  bought  for  the  Glasgow  Corporation 
Galleries. 

After  contributing  numerous  paintings  and  etchings 
to  the  early  exhibitions  at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery, 
Whistler  became  a  member  of  the  Society  of  British 
Artists  in  1884;  in  the  next  year  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  council,  and  in  1886  he  was  chosen  to 
be  the  president  of  the  society.  It  is  not  surprising, 
however,  that  one  of  such  a  peculiar  temperament  as 
Whistler  could  not  agree  for  long  with  his  fellow- 
members  ;  and  he  only  held  the  post  for  a  little  more 
than  two  vears. 

The  Pvoyal  Society  of  British  Artists,  which  was 
founded  in  1823,  and  incorporated  under  a  Royal 
Charter  in  1847,  ^^  mainly  devoted  to  paintings  in  oil, 
but,  like  the  Royal  Academy,  a  small  portion  of  the 
walls  of  the  galleries  is  set  apart  for  the  exhibition 
of  water-colour  paintings. 

After  his  retirement  from  the  "  British  Artists " 
Whistler  withdrew  to  a  great  extent  from  London, 
and  for  some  time  resided  in  Paris.  On  the  formation 
of  the  International  Society  of  Sculptors,  Painters,  and 
Gravers,  Whistler  was  elected  the  first  president,  and 
once  more  took  an  interest  in  a  London  exhibition, 
the  first  of  the  series  being  held  at  Knightsbridge  in 
1898;  but  the  old  fire  within  him  was  gradually 
burning  out,  and  he  died  in  London  in  1903,  and  was 
buried  at  Chiswick. 

A  memorial  exhibition  of  Whistler's  works  was  held 


I50    LAST  DECADE  OF  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

under  the  auspices  of  the  International  Society  at  the 
New  Gallery  in  1905,  at  which  sixteen  of  his  delicate 
water  paintings  were  brought  together,  including 
"The  Beach,"  of  which  an  illustration  is  given  (^see 
Plate  LVIIL). 

Whistler  may  be  said  to  be  the  first  interpreter  and 
the  pioneer  of  Japanese  art  in  Europe.  He  was  a 
cynic,  and  used  his  pen  obviously  without  reserve 
or  discretion ;  but  like  all  cynics,  whilst  he  did 
not  mind  how  much  his  caustic  epigrams  might  hurt 
others,  he  could  not  himself  stand  being  criticised,  and 
considered  all  those  who  did  not  agree  with  him  to  be 
fools.  He  issued  several  pamphlets,  such  as  "Art  and 
Art  Critics"  and  "Ten  o'Clock,"  which  were  after- 
wards all  combined  and  published  under  the  title  of 
"The  Gentle  Art  of  Making  Enemies."  Whistler, 
whilst  he  had  many  devout  followers,  made  still  more 
enemies  ;  and  whether  future  generations  will  consider 
his  name  worthy  only  to  be  coupled  with  those  of 
Rembrandt,  Titian,  and  Velasquez,  or  whether  he  will 
be  ranked  as  a  coxcomb  who  asked  "  two  hundred 
guineas  for  flinging  a  pot  of  paint  in  the  public's  face," 
posterity  alone  can  decides. 

About  the  time  of  the  decadence  of  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery,  a  new  school  of  painting  styled  "  impres- 
sionist "  was  growing  into  existence  ;  and  a  body  of 
young  painters,  who  felt  their  work  was  out  of 
sympathy  with  the  general  quality  of  other  ex- 
hibitions, established  "  The  New  English  Art 
Club."  Their  first  exhibition  was  opened  at  the 
Marlborough  Gallery  in  1886,  and  afterwards  exhi- 
bitions were    held    almost   annually    at    the    Dudley 


PLATE    LVIII 


THE    BEACH 

By  James  Abbott  McNeill  Whistler 

Size  of  original  8g  x  4I  inches 


iir/j</iTA.f' 


HOAaa   3HT 


LAST  DECADE  OF  NINETEENTH  CENTURY    1 5 1 

Gallery  down  to  the  year  1904,  since  which  date  the 
society  has  had  a  fitful  existence.  Their  aims  have 
been  to  paint  Nature  in  her  various  phases  in  rapid 
effects,  with  all  her  brilliant  colouring  ;  and  amongst 
the  most  successful  exponents  of  this  art  was 
Hercules  Brabazon  Brabazon,  who  joined  the 
society  in  1891.  He  was  an  amateur  painter  of 
considerable  means.  His  original  name  was  Sharpe  ; 
but,  on  succeeding  to  the  Brabazon  estates  in  County 
Mayo  in  1847,  ^^  took  the  name  of  Brabazon.  On 
the  death  of  his  father  he  came  into  the  family 
property  of  Oaklands,  near  Battle,  in  Sussex,  where 
he  died  in  1906,  in  his  eighty-fifth  year. 

Although  there  has  been  much  clever  work 
executed  with  rapid  effects  produced  solely  by  the 
brush,  it  is  doubtful  whether  a  teaching  which 
dispenses  with  accurate  drawing  of  details  with 
the  pencil,  and  relies  solely  on  broad  washes, 
now  pervading  even  the  schools  for  the  instruction 
of  children,  will  ultimately  become  a  permanent 
one.  "  That  there  is,"  says  Sir  William  Richmond, 
R.A.,  "  a  great  mass  of  amateur  work  exhibited 
as  consummate  shorthand,  much  praised  and  prized 
by  persons  of  strangely  distorted  taste,  is  evident 
and  growing,  so  that  being  trained  to  accept  as  great 
that  which  is  small,  and  what  is  puerile  is  advanced 
as  naive,  this  work  can  easily  be  tested  upon  the 
principles  laid  down  by  modern  dicta  :  *  as  little  labour 
as  possible,  as  much  indifferent  drawing  as  possible, 
as  little  selection  as  possible,  as  ugly  as  possible,  and 
as  badly  painted  as  possible  '  ;  nor  is  it  needful  to  test 
the  work  of  a  great  artist  by  any  theories." 


APPENDIX     I 


LIST  OF  MEMBERS  AND  ASSOCIATES  OF  THE 
ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  PAINTERS  IN  WATER 
COLOURS,  KNOWN  AS  THE  «  OLD  "  WATER- 
COLOUR   SOCIETY 


Member. 


Died. 


12  3  Gilpin,  William  Sawrey     .... 

1  2  4  Hills,  Robert 

1  Nattes,  John  Claude  (expelled,  1807) 
1  5  Nicholson,  Francis  (President,  18 12) 

1  2  PococK,  Nicolas 

1  2  Pyne,  William  Henry  (resigned,  1809) 

1  Shelley,  Samuel  (Treasurer,  1804-6) . 

1  Varley,  John  (Treasurer,  18 14-15)    . 

1  Varley,  Cornelius  (resigned,  1820)   . 

1  2  Wells,  William  Frederick  (President,  1806-7) 

^  Barret,  George,  Jun 

'  Cristall,  Joshua 

8  Glover,  John 

»  Havell,  William 


1762 
1769 
1765? 

1753 

1741? 

1769 

1750? 

1778 

1781 

1762 

1767? 

1767? 

1767 

1782 


1804 
1804 
1804 
1804 
1804 
1804 
1804 
1804 
1804 
1804 
1805 
1805 
1805 
1805 


1843 
1844 
1822 
1844 
1821 

1843 

1808? 

1842 

1873 
1836 
1842 
1847 
1849 
1857 


1827 

6 
1815 


Original  Member  of  the  Society. 

Did  not  rejoin  the  Society  at  its  reconstitution  in  1812. 
President,  1804-6  ;  re-elected  Member,  1813  ;  resigned  about  18 14. 
Secretary  in  1804-12  ;  rejoined  the  Society  in  1823  ;  and  was  Treasurer  in 
-31,  and  Secretary  1831-44. 
Resigned  Membership  in  1813,  but  was  allowed  to  exhibit  as  a  Member  in 

Treasurer,  1812-13,  and  1815-16. 

President,  1815-16  and  1818-19  ;  Treasurer,  1S19-20  ;  President,  1820-31. 

President,  1807-S  and  1814-15  ;  resigned  Membership,  1817. 

Retired  about  1814  ;  became  Member  again  in  1827,  but  retired  in  1829. 


153 


20 


154 


MEMBERS   AND    ASSOCIATES 


Name. 

Bom. 

Associ- 
ate. 

Member. 

Died. 

HoLWORTHY,  James  (resigned,  1814)    . 

1781 



1805 

1 841 

1  2  RiGAUD,  Stephen  Francis 

1777 

— 

1805 

1861 

1  3  Byrne,  Miss  Anne  Frances  . 

1775 

1805 

— 

1837 

1  Chalon,  John  James,  R.A. 

1778 

1805 

1807 

1854 

*  Delamoti  E,  William        .... 

1775 

1805 

— 

1863 

Freebairn,  Robert    ..... 

1765 

1805 

— 

1808 

1  Munn,  Paul  Sandby        .... 

1773 

1805 

— 

1845 

1  s  Reinagle,  Ramsay  Richard  . 

1775 

1805 

1806 

1862 

s  Smith,  John  ("  Warwick  ")      • 

1749 

1805 

1806 

183I 

1  Stevens,  Francis  (re-elected  Member,i823) 

1781 

1805 

1809 

1823 

7  Thurston,  John 

1774 

1805 

— 

1822 

1  Heaphy,  Thomas  (resigned,  18 1 2)    . 

1775 

1807 

1807 

1835 

1  8  PuGiN,  Augustus  Charles    . 

1762 

1807 

1812 

1832 

1  Atkinson,  John  Augustus 

1775 

1808 

1808 

1  after 

11833 
1862 

Turner,  William  ("  of  Oxford  ")      . 

1789 

1808 

1808 

1  Dorrell,  Edmund            .... 

1778 

1809 

1809 

1857 

8  UwiNS,  Thomas,  R.A 

1782 

1809 

181O 

1857 

1  Payne,  William 

? 

1809 



? 

1  10  Wild,  Charles 

1781 

1809 

1812 

1835 

1  DeWint, Peter  (rejoinedasMember,  1825) 

1784 

1810 

i8ii 

1849 

"  Fielding,  Anthony  Vandyke  Copley    . 

1787 

181O 

1812 

1855 

1  12  Nash,  Frederick 

1782 

181O 

1810 

1856 

1  Westall,  William,  A.R.A. 

1781 

1810 

1811 

1850 

1  "  Scott,  William 

i 

181O 

— 

? 

^  Did  not  rejoin  the  Society  at  its  reconstitution  in  1812. 

-  Treasurer,  1S08-12. 

3  Re-elected  Member,  1820  ;  resigned,  1834. 

*  Associateship  ceased  about  1807. 

*  Treasurer,  1806-8  ;  President,  1808-1812. 

^  Secretary,  1812-13,  1 815-16,  and  1819  ;  President,  181 3-14  and  1 816-18  ; 
Treasurer,   1821-2  ;  resigned  Membership,  1823. 
'  Last  exhibited  with  the  Society  in  1806. 

*  Re-elected  Member,  1820  ;  resigned,  1832. 

'-•  Secretary,  1813-14  and  1816-18  ;  resigned  Membership,  1819. 

'"  Re-elected  Member,  1821  ;  Treasurer,  1823-6  ;  Secretary,  1827-31  ;  re- 
signed, 1833. 

''  Treasurer,  181 3-14  and  1817-19  ;  Secretary,  1814-15,  1819-20,  and  1820-6; 
President,   1831-55. 

'^  Re-elected  Member  in  1824. 

"  Re-elected  Associate  in  1820  ;  last  exhibited  with  the  Society  in  1850. 


OF   THE   OLD   SOCIETY 


^SS 


Naue. 

Born. 

Associ- 
ate. 

Member 

Died. 

Cox,  David 

1783 

1812 

1812 

1859 

1  Clennell,  Luke 

I781 

1812 

— 

1840 

1  Barber,  Charles 

1784 

1812 

— 

1854 

2  LiNNELL,  John 

1792 

1812 

— 

1882 

GouLDSMiTH,      Miss       Harriett       (Mrs. 

Arnold)  (resigned,   1820) 

1786 

1812 

— 

1863 

Holmes,  James   (resigned,  1821). 

^777 

— 

1812 

i860 

3  Mackenzie,  Frederick  (Treasurer,  1831-54) 

1787 

— 

1813 

1854 

*  RicHTER,  Henry  J 

1772 

— 

1813 

1857 

5  RoBSON,  George  Fennel 

1788 

— 

1813 

1833 

6  Allport,  Henry  C.         .... 

? 

— 

1818 

? 

Prout,  Samuj-l    ...... 

1783 

— 

1819 

1852 

Stephanoff,  James  (resigned,  1861)    . 

1787? 

— 

1819 

1874 

7  Bennett,  William  James 

? 

1820 

— 

? 

8  Harding,  James  Duffield 

1797 

1820 

182I 

1863 

9  Walker,   William 

1780 

1820 

— 

1863 

Gastineau,  Henry 

1791? 

I82I 

1823 

1876 

Fielding,    Mrs.    Theodore    Henry    (nee 

Mary  Ann  Walton)  (resigned,  1835)     . 

? 

182I 

— 

? 

Moore,  Charles  (resigned,  1829) 

? 

1822 

— 

? 

Finch,  Francis  Oliver     .... 

1802 

1822 

1827 

1862 

1°  Cattermole,  George      .... 

1800 

1822 

1833 

1 868 

Barret,  Miss  M 

? 

1823 

1836 

"  Scott,  Miss  M.  (Mrs.  Brookbank) 

? 

1823 

— 

? 

"  Nesfield,  William  Andrews  . 

1793 

1823 

1823 

1881 

'  Did  not  rejoin  the  Society  at  its  reconstitution  in  1812. 
^  Treasurer,  1 816-17  ;  resigned  Membership,  1820. 

^  Resigned  about  1817  ;  re-elected  as  Associate  in  1822,  and  Member  in  same 
year. 

*  Resigned,  1813  ;  re-elected,  1820  ;  Membership  lapsed,  1821  ;  re-admitted 
as  Associate,  1823;  re-elected  Member,  1825  ;  resigned,  1827  ;re-elected  Associate, 
1828,  and  Member  the  same  year. 

•''  President,  1819—20. 

^  Retired  in  1821  ;  was  re-admitted  as  Associate  in  1823,  but  his  Associateship 
ceased  in  the  same  year. 
^  Retired  about  1825. 
^  Retired  in  1846  ;  re-elected  Member  in  1856. 

*  Last  exhibited  with  the  Society  in  1846,  but  appears  in  list  of  Associates 
until  1849. 

'"  Resigned  soon  after  election  in  1822;  re-elected  Associate  in  1829;  re- 
signed Membership,  1852. 

"  Membership  ceased,  1838.  "  Resigned,  1852. 


.j6 


MEMBERS    AND   ASSOCIATES 


Name. 


Essex,  Richard  Hamilton  (resigned,  1837) 
Jackson,  Samuel  (resigned,  1848) 
Whichelo,  C.  John   M.   . 
Hunt,  William  Henry     . 
Wright,  John   Masey  (or  Massey) 

*  CoTMAN,  John  Sell 
Austin,  Samuel  .... 
Pyne,  George  (resigned  about  1843) 
Byrne,   John       .... 

2  Lewis,   John   Frederick,   R.A. 
Evans,  William  ("  of  Eton  ") 
Williams,  Penry  (resigned,  1833) 
Fielding,  Thales 
Chisholm,  Alexander 
Sharpe,  Miss  Eliza  (resigned,  1872) 
Sharpe,    Miss    Louisa    (Mrs.    Woldemar 

Seyffarth) 
Wright,  John  William  (Secretary,  1844-8) 
Tayler,  Frederick  (President,  1858-71) 
Stone,  Frank,  A.R.A.  (resigned,  1846) 
Chambers,  George 
Bentley,  Charles 
Nash,  Joseph 
Bartholomew,  Valentine  . 

3  Holland,  James 
Glennie,  Arthur 

Price,  William  Lake  (resigned,  1852) 
Callow,  William  (Secretary,  1865-70) 

*  Fripp,  George  Arthur    . 
Oakley,  Octavius 
Palmer,  Samuel 

Richardson,  Thomas  Miles,  Jun 
^  Smith,  William  Collingwood 
«  Fripp,  Alfred  Downing 


1802 
1796 

? 
1790 
1777 
1782 
1796 
1800? 
1786 
1805 
1798? 
1800? 

1793 

1792? 

1796? 


1802? 

1802 

1800 

1803 

1805? 

1808 

1799 

1800 

1803 

1810 

1812 

1813 

1800 

1805 

1813 

1815 

1822 


Associ- 
ate. 


Member. 


823 
823 
823 
824 
824 
825 
827 
827 
827 
827 
828 
828 
829 
829 
829 

829 

831 
833 
834 
834 
834 
835 
835 
837 
837 


842 
843 
843 
843 
844 


1826 
1824 

1834 


1829 
1830 


I84I 

1834 
1842 

1835 
1843 
1842 

1857 


1845 
1844 
1854 
185I 
1849 
1846 


[890 
[887 
[895 


*  Cotman's  name  does  not  appear  in  the  catalogues  after  1839. 
^  President,  1855-8  ;  resigned  Membership,  1858. 

^  Resigned,  1842  ;  re-elected  as  Associate  in  1856. 

*  Secretary,  1848-54  and  1864. 

^  Treasurer,  1854-79  ;  resigned  Membership,  1879. 
^  Secretary,  1870-95. 


OF   THE   OLD   SOCIETY 


^S7 


Name. 

Bom. 

Associ- 
ate. 

Member. 

Died. 

MoRisoN,  Douglas 

1810 

1844 

_ 

1847? 

Evans,  William  ("of  Bristol"), 

1809 

1845 

— 

1858 

Harrison,  George  Henry  .... 

1816 

1845 

— 

1846 

Rayner,  Samuel  A.  (expelled,  185 1). 

? 

1845 

— 

? 

1  Harrison,   Miss   Maria   .... 

1847 

— 

Rosenberg,   George   F 

1825 

1847 

— 

1869 

DoDGSON,   George  Haydock 

181I 

1848 

1852 

1880 

Duncan,    Edward       •         .         .         .         . 

1803 

1848 

1849 

1882 

ToPHAM,  Francis  William 

1808 

1848 

1848 

1877 

Cox,  David,  Jun 

1809 

1848 

— 

1885 

2  Jenkins,  Joseph  John        .... 

181I 

1849 

1850 

1885 

Branwhite,   Charles 

I817 

1849 

— 

1880 

Criddle,    Mrs.    Harry    {nee    Mary    Ann 

Alabaster)  (resigned,  1880)     . 

1805 

1849 

— . 

1880 

Callow,  John 

1822 

1849 

1878 

3  Haag,  Carl 

1820 

1850 

1853 

Naftel,  Paul  Jacob 

? 

1850 

1859 

189I 

Rayner,  Miss  Nancy         .... 

1827 

1850 

1855 

Burgess,  John 

1814? 

185I 

— 

1874 

BosTOCK,  John  (Associateship  ceased,  1855) 

? 

1851 

— 

? 

Gilbert,  Sir  John, R. A.  (President,  1871-97) 

1817 

1852 

1854 

1897 

Riviere,  Henry  Parsons     .... 

181I 

1852 

1888 

Gillies,  Miss  Margaret     .... 

1803 

1852 



1887 

*  Burton,  Sir  Frederick  William 

1816 

1853 

1855 

1900 

°  Goodall,  Walter 

1830 

1853 

1861 

1889 

Jackson,  Samuel  Phillips  .... 

1830 

1853 

1876 

1904 

Brandling,  Henry  (name  withdrawn,  1857) 

? 

1853 

— 

? 

Collingwood,  William     .... 

1819 

1855 

1884 

1903 

8  Davidson,  Charles 

? 

1855 

1858 

1902 

7  Andrews,  George  Henry 

1816 

1856 

1878 

1898 

Read,  Samuel 

1815? 

1857 

1880 

1883 

Goodall,  Edward  A 

I819 

1858 

1864 

1908 

'  Membership  ceased,  1904. 

^  Secretary,  1854-6+  ;  resigned  Membership  in  1SS4,  becoming  an  Honorary 
Member. 

^  Honorary  Retired  Member  since  190a. 

■•  Resigned  in  1870  ;  elected  Honorary  Member  in  1886. 

*  Honorary  Retired  Member  from  1887. 

^  Honorary  Retired  Member  from  1897. 

^  Treasurer,  1879-98. 


158 


MEMBERS   AND   ASSOCIATES 


Bom. 


Associ- 
ate. 


iMember. 


Evans,  Samuel  T.  G. 
Newton,  Alfred  Pizzey  (or  Pizzi) 
Foster,   Myles   Birket 
Smallfield,    Frederick 
Willis,  Henry  Brittan     . 
Hunt,  Alfred  William 
Whittaker,  James  William 

1  BoYCE,  George  Price 

2  BuRNE-JoNES,  Sir  Edward  Coley,  Bart 
A.R.A 

LUNDGREN,  EgRON   SiLLIF    . 

Walker,  Frederick,  A.R.A, 
Watson,  John  Dawson 

3  Shields,  Frederick  J. 
Johnson,  Edward  Killingworth 
Lamont,  Thomas  R.  . 
Powell,  Sir  Francis 
Danby,  Thomas 
Bradley,  Basil   .... 
*  Hunt,  William  Holman,  O.M. 
PiNWELL,  George  John 
Dobson,  William  Charles  Thomas,  R.A. 
Marsh,  Arthur  H.      . 
Deane,  William  Wood 
Goodwin,  Albert 
North,  John  William,  A.R.A. . 
Hale,  William  Matthew 
Marks,  Henry  Stacy,  R.A. 
Houghton,  Arthur  Boyd. 
^  Macbeth,  Robert  Walker,  R.A. 
Brierley,  Sir  Oswald  Walter  . 
Whaite,  Henry  Clarence  . 
Alma-Tadema,  Sir  Lawrence,  O.M.,  R.A 


1829  I  1858 

1830  j  1858 

1825  I  i860 

1829  i860 
1810  j  1862 

1830  1862 
?   I  1862 

1826  1864 


1833 
1815 

1840 
1832 

1825 
? 

1833 

1818? 

1842 

1827 

1842 

1817 

1842 


1837 
1829 
1836 
1848 
1817 
1828 
1836 


1864 
1864 
1864 
1865 
1865 
1866 
1866 
1867 
1867 
1867 
1869 
1869 
1870 
1870 
1870 
1871 
1871 
1871 
1871 
1871 
1871 
1872 
1872 
1873 


1897 
1879 
1862 

1863 
1864 
1864 
1877 

1868 
1865 
1866 
1870 

1876 

1876 
1870 
1881 
1887 
1870 
1875 


1881 
1883 
1881 
1883 

1901 

1880 
1882 
187s 


'  Honorary  Retired  Member  from  189  V 

-'  Resigned,  1870  ;  re-elected,  1886  ;  Honorar)-  Retired  Member,  1898. 

■^  Associateship  ceased,  1900. 

*  Honorary  Retired  Member  since  1894. 

"  Resigned,  1879  ;  rejoined  the  Society  as  Associate  in  1895. 


OF   THE   OLD    SOCIETY 


159 


Name. 

Bom. 

Associ- 
ate. 

Member. 

Died. 

*  Duncan,  Walter 

1874 



MoNTALBA,  Miss  Clara     .... 

1874 

1892 

Brewtnall,  Edward  Frederick 

1846 

1875 

1883 

1902 

2  Allingham,  Mrs.  {jice  Helen  Paterson)  . 

1848 

1875 

1890 

Radford,   Edward 

1831 

1875 

— 

Moore,  Henry,  R.A 

1831 

1876 

1880 

1895 

Parker,  John 

1839 

1876 

1881 

Thorne-Waite,  Robert     .... 

1842 

1876 

1884 

Barnes,   Robert 

1840 

1876 

— 

1895 

Weber,   Otto 

1832 

1876 

— 

1888 

BucKMAN,  Edwin 

1 841 

1877 

— 

Hopkins,  Arthur   (Treasurer  since  1898)  . 

1849 

1877 

1896 

RiGBY,     CUTHBERT 

1850 

1877 

— 

Wallis,  Henry 

1830 

1878 

1880 

Lloyd,  Tom 

1878 

1886 

Lockhart,  William  E 

1846 

1878 

— 

1900 

Tayler,   Norman 

1878 

— 

Marshall,  Herbert  Menzies    . 

1 841 

1879 

1883 

Angell,  Mrs.  Thomas  William  (m/^  Helen 

Cordelia  Coleman)         .... 

1847 

1879 

— 

1884 

Field,  Walter 

1837 

1880 

— 

I90I 

Walker,  William  Eyre    .... 

1847 

1880 

1896 

3  Waterlow,  Sir  Ernest  Albert,  R.A. 

1850 

1880 

1894 

Watson,  Thomas  J 

1847 

1880 

— 

Du  Maurier,  George  L 

183I 

1881 

— 

1896 

PiLSBURY,    WiLMOT 

1840 

1881 

1898 

1908 

1882 

1883 

Hodson,  Samuel  John       .... 

? 

1882 

1890 

1908 

Beavis,  Richard 

1824 

1882 

1892 

1896 

Hardwick,  J.  Jessop 

1882 

— 

Phillott,  Miss  Constance 

1882 

— 

PoYNTER,  Sir  Edward  John,  Bart.,  P. R.A. 

1836 

1883 

1883 

Holl,  Frank,  R.A 

1845 

1883 

— 

1888 

Burr,  John  R,  (resigned,  1893) 

1836 

1883 

— 

1894 

1883 

— 

'  Associateship  ceased,  1906. 

'  The  first  lady  to  be  elected  a  full  Member;  prior  to  1889  lady  members 
ranked  as  Associates. 
^  President  since  1897. 


i6o 


MEMBERS   AND    ASSOCIATES 


Namb. 

Bom. 

Associ- 
ate. 

Member. 

Died. 

Henshall,   John   Henry  .... 

1856 

1883 

1897 

Wainwright,  William  J.          ... 

1855 

1883 

1905 

Moore,  Albert  Joseph       .... 

1 841 

1884 

— 

1893 

LoFTHOusE,  Mrs.  {nee  Mary  Forster) 

1853 

1884 

— 

1885 

Robertson,  Charles 

? 

1885 

189I 

189I 

Hardy,  Heywood  (Associate  till  1892) 

1885 

— 

Murray,  David,  R.A.         .... 

1849 

1886 

— 

Phillip,  Colin  Bent          .... 

1856 

1886 

1898 

1  Allan,  Robert  Weir       .... 

1887 

1896 

Naftel,  Miss  Maud 

1856 

1887 

— 

1890 

Leighton,  Frederic,  Lord,  P.R.A.     . 

1830 

— 

1888 

1896 

Crane,  Walter 

1845 

1888 

1899 

Emslie,  Alfred  Edward   .... 

1888 

— 

Martin EAU,  Miss  Edith     .... 

1842 

1888 

— 

Melville,  Arthur 

1858 

1888 

1900 

1904 

BuLLEiD,  G,  Laurence       .... 

1858 

1889 

— 

Clausen,  George,  R.A 

1852 

1889 

1898 

Hemy,  Charles  Napier,  A. R.A. 

1 841 

1890 

1897 

Fripp,  Charles  Edw^in       .... 

? 

189I 

— 

1906 

Hughes,  Edw^ard  Robert  .... 

189I 

189s 

RooKE,  Thomas  Matthews 

189I 

1903 

Smythe,  Lionel  Percy,  A.R.A.  . 

1840 

1892 

1894 

Little,  Robert 

1892 

1899 

Herkomer,  Sir  Hubert  von,  C.V.O.,  R.A,  . 

1849 

1893 

1894 

Barton,  Miss  Rose 

1893 

— 

Weguelin,  John  Reinhard 

1849 

1894 

1897 

Abbey,  Edwin  Austin,  R.A. 

1852 

1895 

— 

Swan,  John  Macallan,  R.A. 

1847 

1896 

1899 

HopwooD,  Henry  Silkstone 

i860 

1896 

1908 

Butler,  Miss  Mildred  A 

1896 

— 

Davis,  Louis 

1898 

— 

Paterson,  James 

1854 

1898 

— 

Alexander,  Edwin 

1870 

1899 

— 

Forbes,  Mrs.  E.  Stanhope 

1899 

— 

Parsons,  Alfred,  A.R.A 

1847 

1899 

1 90s 

Bayes,  Walter 

1900 

— 

Smythe,  Miss  Minnie 

1875 

I90I 

— 

Vice-President  since  1907. 


OF   THE   OLD   SOCIETY 


i6i 


Name. 

Born. 

Associ- 
ate. 

Member. 

Died. 

Barratt,    Reginald 

1861 

I9OI 

_ 

Bell,  Robert  Anning 

1901 

1904 

West,  Joseph  Walter 

i860 

1 901 

1904 

Brickdale,  Miss  Eleanor  Fortescue 

1902 

Rackham,  Arthur      .... 

1867 

1902 

1908 

Sullivan,  Edmund  J.         .        .        . 

1869 

1903 



Swan,  Miss  Alice  Macallan 

1903 

— 

Sargent,  John  Singer,  R.A. 

1856 

1904 

1908 

TuKE,  Henry  Scott,  A.R.A. 

1858 

1904 

— . 

Cameron,  David  Y.  . 

1865 

1904 

— 

Cow^PER,  Frank  Cadogan,  A.R.A. 

1877 

1904 

— 

Crocket,  Henry  E.    . 

1905 

— 

Alexander,  Herbert  . 

1905 

— 

DoLLMAN,  John  Charles  . 

1851 

1906 

— 

VosPER,  Sydney  Curnow  . 

1866 

1906 

— 

James,  Francis  .... 

1908 

— 

LoRiMER,  John  H.     ,        . 

1856 

1908 

— 

21 


APPENDIX    II 


LIST  OF  THE  MEMBERS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATED 
ARTISTS   IN   WATER    COLOURS 


Name. 

Member. 

Resigned. 

Wood,  William  (President,  1808-9)    •         .         •         • 

1807 

1810 

Green,  James  (Treasurer,   1808-10)      .... 

1807 

181O 

Robertson,  Andrew  (Secretary,  1808) 

1807 

I810 

*Bennett,  William  James  (Treasurer,  1811-12) 

1807 

1812 

Bone,  Henry  Pierce 

1807 

1808 

Chalon,  Alfred  E.  (afterwards  R.A.) 

1807 

1808 

Green,  Mrs.  James 

1807 

181O 

Villiers,  J.  F.  M.  Huet  (Assoc,  Memb.,  1811-12)    . 

1807 

1812 

Laporte,  John  (Assoc.  Memb.,  1811) 

1807 

181I 

Papworth,    John    (Secretary,    1809;     Hon.   Member, 

1811-12)    

1807 

I812 

Thomson,  William  John 

1807 

1809 

♦Walker,  William,  Jun.  (Assoc.  Memb.,  1811-12)    . 

1807 

1812 

Watts,  Walter  Henry 

1807 

1808 

*Westall,  William  (afterwards  A. R.A.)     . 

1807 

1809 

Owen,  Samuel 

1808 

1810 

Smith,  Miss  Emma 

1808 

1808 

Williams,  Hugh  William 

1808 

1809 

Wilson,  Andrew  (Secretary,  1810)      . 

1808 

18IO 

*De  Wint,  Peter 

1809 

1809 

♦Holmes,  James  (Assoc.  Memb.,  1811-12)  . 

1809 

1812 

*Nash,  Frederick 

1809 

1809 

Smith,  J.  Clarendon 

1809 

1810 

*Cox,  David  (President,  1810;  Assoc.  Memb.,  1811-12) 

I81O 

1812 

Craig,  William  Marshall  (Assoc.  Memb.,  1811-12) 

1810 

1812 

Francia,  Francois  Louis  Thomas  (Secretary,  1811-12) 

181O 

1812 

♦Richter,  Henry  J.  (President,  1811-12)  . 

1810 

1812 

*  Afterwards  joined  the  Old  Water  Colour  Society. 
163 


1 64  MEMBERS   OF   THE   ASSOCIATED   ARTISTS 


Name. 

Member. 

Resigned. 

♦Clennell,  Luke 

1810 

1812 

*CoTMAN,  John  Sell  . 

181O 

181I 

♦Prout,  Samuel  . 

1810 

1812 

Baynes,  James 

181I 

1812 

*Barber,  Charles 

181I 

1812 

Hewlett,  James  . 

181I 

1812 

*RoBsoN,  George  Fennel   . 

181I 

1812 

ScHETKY,  John  Alexander 

1811 

1812 

ScHETKY,  John  Christian    . 

181I 

1812 

Stephanoff,  Francis  Philip 

181I 

181I 

*Stephanoff,  James     . 

181I 

1812 

Hayter,  George  (afterwards  Sir) 

1812 

1812 

Blake,  William 

1812 

1812 

*Mackenzie,  Frederick 

1812 

1812 

Steele,  Miss  Jane 

1812 

1812 

Barker,  Benjamin 

1812 

1812 

H.  Barnard  Chalon  was  elected  a  Member  in   1807,  but  resigned  before  the 
opening;  of  the  first  exhibition. 

*  Afterwards  joined  the  Old  Water  Colour  Society. 


APPENDIX    III 


LIST  OF  MEMBERS  AND  ASSOCIATES  OF 
THE  ROYAL  INSTITUTE  OF  PAINTERS 
IN  WATER  COLOURS,  AT  FIRST  KNOWN 
AS   THE   ''NEW   SOCIETY" 


1  Powell,  Joseph  (President,  1832) 

2  CowEN,   William 

2  FuGE,  James         .... 

3  Maisey,  Thomas 

^  Phillips,  Giles  Firman 
Shepherd,  George  Sidney 
2  Taylor,  William  B.  Sarsfield  . 
*  Wageman,  Thomas  Charles 

1  Bach,  W.  H 

1  *  Burbank,  J.  M. 

'  Buss,  Robert  William 

s  Chambers,   George 

'  Clint,  Alfred     .... 

^  Cooper,  Thomas  Sidney,  R.A.     . 

«  Duncan,  Edward 

^  Kearney,  William  Henry  . 

Lindsay,  Thomas  .... 

1  Macpherson,  M. 

2  Martin,  Ambrose 


1797 
? 


1780 
? 

1781 
1787 

? 

? 

1804 
1803 
1807 
1803 
1803 
1801.? 

1793? 
? 

? 


Member. 


1831 

183I 
1831 
183I 
183I 
I83I 
183I 
183I 
1833 
1833 
1833 
1833 
1833 
1833 
1833 
1833 
1833 
1833 
1833 


Died. 


1834 
i860 
1838 
1840 
1867 
1858? 
1850 
1863 
? 

1873 
1875 
1840 
1883 
1902 
1882 
1858 
1861 
? 

? 


*  Membership  ceased  prior  to  the  1835  exhibition. 
-  Membership  ceased,  1S33. 

^  Treasurer,  1832  ;  Chairman,  1833-4  5  President,  1835-9. 

*  Honorary  Secretary,  i S3 3-4. 

*  Membership  ceased  prior  to  the  1834  exhibition. 

^  Vice-President,  184 1-7  ;  Treasurer,  1845-7  ;  resigned  Membership,  1847. 
'  Vice-President,  1835-8, 

165 


i66 


MEMBERS   AND   ASSOCIATES 


Namb. 

Bom. 

Member. 

Died. 

NoBLETT,  H.  John  (resigned,  1835) 

> 

1833 

? 

»  Pasquier,  E.  J 

? 

1833 

? 

ScHARF,  George  (resigned,  1836)     . 

1788 

1833 

i860 

Wood,  Thomas  (resigned,  1834)    . 

1800 

1833 

1878 

Bartholomew,  Valentine  (resigned,  1835)    . 

1799 

1834 

1879 

Bradley,  Gordon  (resigned,  1838) 

i 

1834 

? 

Burgess,  John,  Sen.  (resigned,  1835)     . 

} 

1834 

? 

Cahusac,   J.  A.  (resigned,  1838)    . 

? 

1834 

? 

Campion,  George  B.  (Vice-President,  1839- 

-40)  . 

1796 

1834 

1870 

Chase,  John 

1810 

1834 

1879 

Downing,  H.  E.  (Secretary,  1835) 

? 

1834 

1835 

DuNAGE,   Thomas  (resigned,  1835) 

? 

1834 

? 

2  Fahey,  James 

1804 

1834 

1885 

Firminger,  Rev.  T.  A.  C.  (resigned,  1844) 

? 

1834 

? 

Green,  Benjamin  Richard    . 

1808 

1834 

1876 

Hardwick,  William  N.         .         .         . 

? 

1834 

1865 

HowsE,  George  (Treasurer,  1842-4)     . 

? 

1834 

i860? 

Hudson,  William  (resigned,  1835) 

? 

1834 

1847 

Laporte,   George  Henry 

1799 

1834 

1873 

Oliver,  William 

1805 

1834 

1853 

Riviere,  Henry  Parsons  (resigned,  1850) 

1811 

1834 

1888 

Weigall,  Charles  Harvey  (Treasurer,  1839-41)  . 

? 

1834 

1877 

Chase,  Mrs.  John  (nee  Mary  A,  Rix)  (resigned  1839) 

? 

1835 

? 

3  Haghe,  Louis 

1806 

1835 

1885 

Harrison,  Mrs.  Geo.  H.  {nee  Mary  P.  Rcssiter)  . 

1788 

1835 

187s 

Laporte,  Miss  Mary  Anne  (resigned,  1846)   . 

? 

1835 

? 

Rochard,  Francois  Theodore 

1798 

1835 

1858 

Sims,  G. 

? 

1835 

1840 

*  Warren,  Henry 

1794 

1835 

1879 

Martin,  John  (resigned,  1838) 

1789 

1836 

1854 

Morison,  Douglas  (resigned,  1838) 

1810 

1836 

1847? 

Newton,  John  Edward  (resigned,  1840) 

? 

1836 

? 

Penson,  R.  Kyrke          .... 

1815 

1836 

1886 

Robertson,  William      .... 

? 

1836 

1856 

*  Membership  ceased  prior  to  the  1835  exhibition. 
■■^  Secretary,  1836-73  ;  Treasurer,  1848-58. 

'  Vice-President,  1848-73  ;  President,  1873-84  ;  Honorary  President,  1884-5. 

*  President,  1839-73  ;  Honorary  President,  1873-9, 


OF  THE  NEW   SOCIETY 


167 


Name. 

Born. 

Associ- 
ate. 

Member. 

Died. 

1  Tayler,  J.  M 

? 



1836 

2  CoRBAux,  Miss  Louisa 

1808 

— 

1837 

1  Gilbert,  John 

? 

— 

1837 

Hicks,  Lilburne 

? 

— 

1837 

1861 

Kearnan,  Thomas  (resigned,  1851)    . 

? 

— 

1837 

? 

Wehnert,   Edward   Henry 

I813 

— 

1837 

1868 

'  Pen  ley,  Aaron  Edwin 

1807 

— 

1838 

1870 

*  Prout,  John  Skinner 

1806 

— 

1838 

1876 

5  Absolon,  John 

1815 

— 

1838 

1895 

^  CoRBOULD,  Edward  Henry 

I815 

— 

1838 

1905 

Johnston,  Henry  (resigned,  1842) 

? 

— 

1838 

? 

Bright,  Henry  (resigned,  1845)  . 

I814 

— 

1839 

1873 

CoRBALTX,  Miss  Fanny 

1812 

— 

1839 

1883 

Robins,  Thomas  Sewell  (resigned,  1866)     . 

I814 

— 

1839 

1880 

Taylor,  Alfred  Henry  (resigned,  185 1)     . 

? 

— 

1839 

1868 

Telbin,  William 

!    1813 

— 

1839 

1873 

Boys,  Thomas  Shotfer 

1803 

1840 

184I 

1874 

D'Egville,  J,  Herve  . 

? 

1840 

1848 

1880 

'  Brierley,  Sir  Oswald  Walter 

1817 

1840 

— 

1894 

Keeling,  William  Knight 

1807 

1840 

184I 

1886 

'  Richardson,  Thomas  Miles,  Sen. 

1784 

1840 

— 

1848 

Cox,  David,  Jun.  (resigned,  1846) 

1809 

1 841 

1845 

1885 

Maplestone,   Henry  . 

? 

184I 

1848 

1884 

Youngman,  John  Mallows  (resigned,  1884) 

1817 

1 841 

— 

1899 

Setchel,  Miss  Sarah  (resigned,  1886) 

1813? 

— 

1 841 

1894 

8  Archer,  John  Wykeham  .... 

1808 

1842 

— 

1864 

Margetts,  Mrs.  Mary       .... 

? 

— 

1842 

1886 

DoDGSoN,  George  Haydock  (resigned, 1 847) 

1811 

1842 

1844 

1880 

Jenkins,  Joseph  John  (resigned,  1847) 

181I 

1842 

1843 

1885 

*  The  Membership  of  J.  M.  Tayler  and  John  Gilbert  was  of  short  duration  ; 
they  never  exhibited  with  the  Society. 

^  Membership  ceased,  1882. 

^  Resigned,  1S56  ;  re-elected  as  Associate,  1859. 

*  Forfeited  Membership  by  not  contributing  to  exhibitions  ;  was  re-elected 
as  Associate  in   1849,  and  as  Member  in   1862. 

*  Treasurer,  1866-87;   Honorary  Member  from  1887. 
^  Honorary  Member,  1898-1905. 

'  Resigned,  1843. 

*  Associateship  ceased,  1856. 


i68 


MEMBERS   AND   ASSOCIATES 


ToPHAM,  Francis  William  (resigned,  1847) 

JuTSUM,  Henry  (resigned,  1 848)  . 

Callow,  John  (resigned,  1848)  . 

Egerton,  Miss  Jane  Sophia 

Lee,  William    ..... 

CoLLiNGWOOD,  WiLLiAM  (resigned,  1854) 

PiDGEON,  Henry  Clark 

Vacher,  Charles         .... 

Harris,  Mrs.  {nee  Fanny  Rosenberg) 

Steers,  Miss  Fanny    . 

Davidson,  Charles  (resigned,  1853) 

1  Mole,  John  Henry  . 

Theobald,  Henry 

Bennett,  William     . 

3  Carrick,  Robert 

Hayes,  Michael  Angelo    . 

McKewan,  David  Hall    . 

Rowbotham,  Thomas  Leeson     . 

Cook,  Samuel    .... 
Oliver,      Mrs.      William       (nee      Emma 
Eburne)  . 

Weir,  Harrison  William  (resigned,  1870) 

Wyld,  William  (resigned,  1883) 

Cromek,  Thomas  Hartley 

BouviER,  Auguste  Jules 

Warren,  Edmund  George 

Brocky,  Charles 

Farm£R,  Miss  Emily  . 

Mitchell,  Philip 

Whymper,  Josiah  Wood 

Philp,  James  George 

SuTCLiFFE,  Thomas     . 

'  MoRiN,  Edward 

SiMONAU,   GUSTAVE  AdOLPHE 

TiDEY,  Henry  F. 

JoPLiNG,  Joseph  Middleton  (resigned,  1876) 


Associ- 
ate. 


1808 
1816 
1822 

? 
1810 
1819 
1807 
1818 
1822 

? 

? 

1814 

? 

181I 
? 

1820 
1817 
1823 
1806 

1819 

1824 
1806 
1809 
1827? 

1834 

1808? 

1826? 

1814 

1813 

1816 

? 

? 
1810 
1813 
183I 


1842 

1843 

1845 

1845 
1845 
1846 
1846 
1846 


1847 
1847 
1847 
1848 
1848 
1848 
1848 
1848 
1849 


1849 
1849 

1850 
1852 
1852 
1854 

1854 
1854 
1856 
1857 
1858 
1858 
1858 
1859 


Member. 


1843 
1848 

1848 
1852 
1861 
1850 
1846 
1846 
1849 
1848 

1849 
1850 

1850 
185I 
1854 

1849 
185I 
1879 

1865 
1856 

1854 
1879 
1857 
1863 


1859 


'  Treasurer,  1859-65  ;  Vice-President,  1884-6. 

*  Resigned,  1861  ;  re-elected,  1874  ;  Membership  ceased,  1903. 

'  Associateship  ceased,  1879. 


OF   THE   NEW    SOCIETY 


169 


Assoa- 
ate. 


Richardson,   Edward 

Hayes,  Edwin    ..... 

1  Werner,   Karl  Friedrich  Heinrich 
DuFFiELD,  Mrs.  William  {nee  Mary  Anne 

Rosenberg) 

Murray,  Mrs.  Henry   John    {nee   Eliza- 
beth Heaphy) 

Reed,  Joseph  Charles 

Deane,  William  Wood  (resigned,  1870) 

2  Leitch,  William  Leighton 
Cattermole,  Charles 

3  HiNE,  Henry  George 
Shalders,  George 
Green,  Charles  . 
Lucas,  William  (resigned,  1882) 
Thomas,  William  Luson    . 
Bach,  Guido  R.  . 
*Bonheur,  Mme.  Rosa 
*Gallait,  Louis  . 
KiLBURNE,    George    Goodwin 
*Madou,  Jean  Baptiste 
MoGFORD,  John 
Sherrin,  John    . 
Wood,  Lewis  John  (resigned,  i 
Beavis,  Richard  (resigned,  1882) 
*Browne,  Mme.  Henriette  {nee  de  Saux) 
*GooDALL,  Frederick,  R.A. 
Hargitt,  Edward 
*Herbert,  John  Rogers,  R.A. 
HixoN,  James  Thompson    . 
*  Linton,  Sir  James  Dromgole 
*Maclise,  Daniel,  R.A. 
Mahoney,  James  (resigned,  1873) 
*Meissonier,  Jean  Louis  Ernest 
*Millais,  Sir  John  Everett,  Bart.,  P. R.A. 
Roberts,  Henry  Benjamin  (resigned,  1884) 


? 
1829 
1808 


? 
1822 
1825 
1804 
1832 
1811 
1826? 
1840 

? 
1830 
1828 
1822 
1810 

1839 
1796 
1821 
1819 
1813 
1824 
1829 
1822 

183s 
1810 
1836 
1840 
1806 
? 

1811 
1829 


1859 
i860 
i860 


1862 
1862 
1863 
1863 
1863 
1864 
1864 
1864 
1865 


1866 

1866 
1866 
1866 
1867 


1867 

1867 
1867 

1867 
1867 


Member. 


1863 
i860 

1861 

1861 
1866 
1867 
1862 
1870 
1864 
1864 
1867 

1875 
1868 
1866 
1866 
1868 
1866 
1867 
1879 
187I 
187I 
1867 
1867 
187I 
1867 

1870 
1867 

1867 
1867 
1870 


*  Resigned,  1883.  '  Vice-President,  1887-95. 

*  Vice-President,  1873-83.  ^  President,  1884-98, 

*  Honorary  Member. 

22 


1 70     MEMBERS,   ETC.,   OF  THE   INSTITUTE 


Name. 

Born. 

Associ- 
ate. 

Member. 

Died. 

Bromley,  Valentine  Walter    . 

1848 

1868 

— 

1877 

»  Gov/,  Andrew  Carrick,  R.A.  . 

1848 

1868 

1870 

Johnson,  Harry  John       .... 

1826 

1868 

1870 

1884 

Collier,  Thomas 

1840 

1870 

1872 

189I 

2  Fahey,  Edward  Henry  .... 

1870 

1876 

1907 

Small,  William  (resigned,  1886) 

1870 

1874 

Carter,  Hugh  (resigned,  1899)    . 

1837 

187I 

1875 

1903 

3  Gregory,  Edward  John,  R.A. 

1850 

1871 

1876 

*  Herkomer,  Sir  Hubert  von,  C.V.O.,  R.A. 

1849 

187I 

1873 

May,  Walter  William     .... 

183I 

187I 

1873 

1896 

Orrock,  James 

1829 

187I 

1875 

Skill,  Frederick  John      .... 

1824.? 

187I 

1876 

I88I 

♦Israels,  Josef 

1824 

— 

1872 

"s  Wimperis,  Edmund  M 

1835 

1873 

1875 

1900 

Hardy,  James     , 

1832 

1874 

1877 

1889 

Houston,  John  Adam         .... 

1802 

1874 

1879 

1884 

8  Oakes,  John  Wright,  A.R.A.  . 

1820 

1874 

1887 

Simpson,  William 

1823 

1874 

1879 

1899 

Syer,  John 

1815 

1874 

187s 

1885 

7  Tenniel,  Sir  John          .... 

1820 

1874 

1874 

8  Thompson,  Miss  Elizabeth  (Lady  Butler) 

— 

1874 

Wolf,  Joseph 

1820 

1874 

1874 

1899 

Angell,  Mrs.  Thomas  William  (neg  Helen 

Cordelia  Coleman)  (resigned,  1878) 

1847 

— 

1875 

1884 

Chase,  Miss  Marian 

1844 

1875 

1879 

1905 

Gow,  Miss  Mary  L.  (Mrs.  Sydney  Prior 

Hall)  (resigned,   1903)    .... 

— 

1875 

Green,  H.  Town eley 

1836 

1875 

1879 

1899 

Holloway,  Charles  Edward     . 

1838 

1875 

1879 

1897 

^  Staniland,   Charles  Joseph   . 

1838 

1875 

1879 

AuMONiER,  James 

1876 

1879 

Bale,   Edwin 

1842 

1876 

1879 

Clausen,  George,  R.A.  (resigned,  1886)    . 

1852 

1876 

1879 

Resigned,  1889.  '  President  since  1898, 

Resigned,  1907.  *  Resigned,  1890. 

*  Treasurer,  1888-95  ;  Vice-President,  1 895-1 900. 
Resigned,  1875.  *  Resigned,  1878. 

Honorary  Member  since  1905.         *  Membership  ceased,  1907. 
*  Honorary  Member, 


MEMBERS,   ETC.,    OF   THE   INSTITUTE     171 


Namb. 

Bom. 

Associ- 
ate. 

Member. 

Died. 

1  Lucas,  John  Seymour,  R.A. 

1849 

1876 

1877 

*  Ward,  Edward  Matthew,  R.A. 

1816 

— 

1876 

1879 

2  Wilson,  Thomas  Walter 

1851 

1877 

1879 

FULLEYLOVE,    JoHN 

1847 

1878 

1879 

1908 

HiNE,   Harry 

1845 

1878 

1879 

PooLE,  Paul  Falconer,  R.A.     . 

1807 

1878 

1878 

1879 

3  Boughton,  George  Henry,  R.A.  . 

1833 

— 

1879 

1905 

Lindsay,  Lady  (of  Balcarres) 

— 

1879 

*  Lindsay,  Sir  Coutts,  Bart.     . 

1824 

— 

1879 

Stock,  Henry  J 

1853 

— 

1879 

ToPHAM,  Frank  William  Warwick 

1838 

— 

1879 

*  Germany,       H.  I.  H.      The       Empress 

Frederick  of 

1840 

— 

1880 

I90I 

Smythe,  Lionel  P.,  A.R.A.  (resigned,  1890) 

1840 

— 

1880 

Fisher,  Mark  (resigned,  1886)    . 

— 

1881 

*  Battenberg,  H.R.H.  Princess  Henry  of 

1857 

• — . 

1882 

Aston,  Charles  Reginald  (resigned,  1901) 

1832 

— 

1882 

Caldecott,    Randolph       .... 

1846 

— 

1882 

1886 

Cotman,  Frederick  George 

1850 

— 

1882 

Crane,  Walter  (resigned,  1886) 

1845 

— 

1882 

Dillon,  Frank 

1823 

— 

1882 

Earle,  Charles 

1832 

— 

1882 

1893 

Elgood,  George  S 

1851 

— 

1882 

Halswelle,  Keeley 

1834 

— 

1882 

189I 

*  Hamilton,  Dr.  Edward 

1815 

— 

1882 

1902 

Hunter,  Colin,  A.R.A.  (resigned,  1889)   . 

1841 

— 

1882 

1904 

Johnson,  Charles  Edward 

1832 

— 

1882 

Knight,  Joseph 

1838 

— 

1882 

Lewis,  Charles  James         .... 

1836 

— 

1882 

1892 

^  Macbeth,  Robert  Walker,  R.A.     . 

1848 

— 

1882 

Macquoid,  Percy  (resigned,  1905)     . 

— 

1882 

Macquoid,  Thomas  Robert 

— 

1882 

Macallum,  John  Thomas  Hamilton 

1843 

— 

1882 

1896 

MacWhirter,  John,  R.A.  (resigned,  1888) 

1839 

— 

1882 

Parsons,  Alfred,  A.R.A.  (resigned,  1898) 

1847 

— 

1882 

PiLLEAu,  Henry 

1815 

— 

1882 

1899 

^  Resigned,  1888.  *  Acting  Treasurer,  1887  ;  resigned  Membership,  1903. 

'  Resigned,  1885.  *  Membership  ceased,  1907. 

*  Resigned,   1891.  *  Honorary  Member, 


172 


MEMBERS   AND   ASSOCIATES 


»  Richardson,  John  Isaac    . 

Severn,  Arthur    .... 

Stocks,  Arthur    .... 

2  Vincent,  Spencer 

Walton,  Frank    .... 

Waterhouse,  John  William,  R.A.  (resigned,  1889) 

White,  John 

WooDviLLE,  Richard  Caton  (resigned,  1890) 
Wyllie,  William  Lionel,  R.A.  (resigned,  1894) 
Abbey,  Edwin  Austin,  R.A.  (resigned,  1893) 
HusoN,  Thomas     ..... 
Langley,  Walter         .... 
*  Passini,  Ludwig  .... 

Stanhope,  J.  R.  Spencer  (resigned,  1887) 
Wetherbbee,  George  Faulkner  . 
♦Gleichen,  H.S.H.  Count  . 

Dadd,  Frank 

Hemy,  Charles  Napier,  A. R.A.  (resigned,  i 
Steer,  Henry  R.    . 

Caffieri,  Hector 

*CoMBEs,  Edward,  C.M.G.   . 

Pyne,   Thomas 

Scott,  John 

Weatherhead,  William  Harris  (resigned, 
♦Battenberg,  H.S.H.  Prince  Louis  of 
♦Seckendorff,  H.E.  Count  ... 
Dollman,  John  Charles  (resigned,  1901) 
Hayes,  Claude      ..... 
Hegg  de  Lauderset,  Mme.  Teresa 
Nash,  Joseph  (Membership  ceased,  1907) 
East,  Alfred,  A.R.A.,  P.R.B.A.  (resigned,  i 
Johnson,  Cyrus    .... 
'  King,  Yeend       .... 
Lewis,  Lady  (nee  Jane  M.  Dealy) 
O'Connor,   John 
Weedon,  Augustus  Walford 
YouNGMAN,  Miss  Annie  Mary 


903) 


Bom. 


Member. 


1836 
1848 
1846 

1840 
1849 

1851 
1856 
I85I 
1852 
1844 
1852 
1832 
1829 
1850 

185I 

184I 
1858 
1847 
1830 

1843 
1850 

1843 
1854 

185I 
1853 


1849 
1848 
1855 

1832 
18^8 


882 
882 
882 
882 
882 
882 
882 
882 
882 


883 
883 
883 
883 
884 


886 


887 
887 


Honorary  Retired  Member,  1908.  *  Honorary  Member  till  1882. 

Treasurer,  1 895-1 901  ;  Vice-President  since  1901.  *  Honorary  Member. 


OF   THE    ROYAL   INSTITUTE 


173 


Namk. 

Bom. 

Member. 

Died. 

Brown,  T.  Austen   (resigned,  1 899)     . 

1888 

Evans,  Bernard  Walter 

1848 

1888 

Harris,  Sir  James  C,  K.C.V.O 

183I 

1888 

1904 

Hatherell,  William     . 

1855 

1888 

HoBSON,  Miss  Alice  Mary    . 

1888 

Lessore,    Jules       .... 

l888 

1892 

Squire,  Miss  Alice 

1888 

Wollen,  William  Barnes    . 

1857 

1888 

Green  AWAY,  Miss  Kate 

1846 

1889 

I90I 

Hague,  Joshua  Anderson 

1850 

1889 

Smith,  Carlton  Alfred 

1853 

1889 

Whitley,  Miss  Kate  Mary  . 

1889 

Bundy,  Edgar       .... 

1862 

1891 

Fowler,  Robert    .... 

1891 

LuDBY,  Max          .... 

1858 

1891 

Rainey,  William  .... 

1852 

1891 

Grierson,  Charles  MacIver 

1864 

1892 

Hare,  St.  George 

1857 

1892 

1  Knowles,  George  Sheridan 

1863 

1892 

2  NisBET,  Robert  Buchan     . 

1857 

1892 

Davis,  Joseph  Lucien    . 

i860 

1893 

*GiLBERT,  Alfred,  R.A. 

1854 

1893 

Rheam,  Henry  Meynell 

1859 

1893 

Thomson,  John  Leslie 

1851 

1893 

Ronner,  Mme.  Henriette    . 

1821 

1894 

*Ottewell,  B.  J 

1895 

Browne,  Gordon  Frederick 

1858 

1896 

Burrington,  Arthur  Alfred 

1856 

1896 

Davies,  Edward    .... 

1 841 

1896 

Hammond,  Miss  Gertrude  Demain 

1896 

Kinsley,  Albert  .... 

1852 

1896 

Partridge,  John  Bernard  (resigned,  i 

905) 

1861 

1896 

*Bartels,  Hans  von 

1896 

Almond,  William  Douglas 

1866 

1897 

Collins,  William  Wiehe 

1862 

1897 

Davis,  Frederick  William    . 

1864 

1897 

Green,  David  Goold    . 

1854 

1897 

'  Treasurer  since  1907.  *  Membership  ceased,  1907. 

*  Honorary  Member. 


174 


MEMBERS   AND   ASSOCIATES 


Namb. 

Born. 

Member. 

Died. 

GiiLicH,  John  Percival 

1865 

1897 

1899 

Hardy,  Dudley    .... 

t  1867 

1897 

May,  Phil 

1864 

1897 

1903 

Menpes,  Mortimer  (resigned,  1907) 

i860 

1897 

Peppercorn,  Arthur  Douglas  (resigned 

K  1903) 

1897 

Reid,  John  Robertson  . 

1851 

1897 

Richardson,  Frederic  Stuart 

1855 

1897 

Sainton,  Charles  Prosper    . 

1 861 

1897 

SwANWicK,  Joseph  Harold  . 

1866 

1897 

Thomson,  Hugh    .... 

■  i860 

1897 

Crompton,  James  Shaw 

:  1853 

1898 

Ferrier,  George  Straton     . 

1852 

1898 

Finnemore,  Joseph 

i860 

1898 

Han  key,  William  Lee  (resigned,  1905) 

1869 

1898 

Hill,  James  Stephens    . 

1854 

1898 

Meyerheim,  Robert  Gustav 

1847 

1898 

Pedder,  John         .... 

!  1850 

1898 

Ryland,  Henry     .... 

1856 

1898 

1  Shaw,  John  Byam  Liston  . 

i  1872 

1898 

Clifford,  Edward  Charles 

1858 

1899 

MacBride,  Alexander 

1859 

1899 

Dixon,  Charles  Edward 

1  1872 

1900 

Hurst,  Henry  William  Lowe  (Hal) 

1900 

Shepperson,  Claude  Allin  (resigned, 

1905) 

1867 

1900 

Winter-Shaw,  Arthur 

1868 

1900 

Browne,  Thomas  Arthur  (Tom) 

187I 

1901 

Haite,  George  Charles 

1855 

I90I 

Hassall,  John 

1868 

I90I 

HoBSON,  Cecil  James     . 

1874 

I90I 

Walker,    Horatio 

1858 

I90I 

Clark,  James 

1858 

1903 

Petrie,  Graham    . 

1859 

1903 

Reynolds,  Frank  . 

1876 

1903 

Sanderson-Wells,  John 

1872 

1903 

Williams,  Terrick 

i860 

1904 

Clark,  Christopher 

1905 

Munnings,  Alfred  James 

1905 

Briggs,  Ernest  Edward 

1866 

1906 

'  Membership  ceased,  1907. 


OF   THE    ROYAL   INSTITUTE 


175 


Name. 

Born. 

Member. 

Died. 

Brock,  Henry  Matthew 

1875 

1906 

Johnson,  E.  Borough  . 

1866 

1906 

Lindner,  Moffat  P.     . 

1906 

MacCormick,  Arthur  David 

i860 

1906 

Wilkinson,  Norman     . 

1878 

1906 

De  la  Bere,  Stephen  Baghot 

1907 

Ingram,  W.  Ayerst     . 

1855 

1907 

Kelly,   R.  Talbot 

1861 

1907 

Spenlove-Spenlove,  Frank  . 

1866 

1907 

Swinstead,  George  Hillyard 

i860 

1907 

APPENDIX    IV 


A     BIOGRAPHICAL    LIST     OF      WATER- 
COLOUR  PAINTERS,  ALPHABETICALLY 
ARRANGED 

The  following  abbreviations  are  used 


Acad. 

Academy. 

A.R.A.       . 

Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy. 

A.R.E.       . 

Associate    of    the  Royal  Society  of    Painter-Etchers 

and  Engravers. 

Assoc. 

Associate. 

b.       . 

Born. 

bd.     . 

Buried. 

B.I.    . 

British  Institution. 

Brit.  Mus.  . 

British  Museum. 

d.       . 

Died. 

Educ. 

Educated. 

Exhib. 

Exhibited. 

F.S.A. 

Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 

H.R.A.       . 

Honorary  Retired  Academician. 

H.R.W.S.  , 

,     Honorary  Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Painters 

in  Water  Colours. 

Illns. 

Illustrations. 

Incorp. 

Incorporated. 

Inst, 

Institute. 

Inst.,  The  . 

The  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours  (1863-83) 

See  also  N.W.C.S.  and  R.I. 

Landsc. 

Landscape. 

Memb. 

Member. 

Min.  . 

Miniature. 

Nat.  Gall. 

.     National  Gallery. 

N.W.C.S.    , 

,    New  Water  Colour  Society  (1831-63).     See  also  The 

Inst.  a7td  R.I. 

O.W.C.S.    . 

,     Old  Water  Colour  Society  (Royal  Society  of  Painters 

in  Water  Colours  since  1881). 

Pres.  . 

President. 

Prof.  . 

Professor. 

177 


178  ABSOLON— AGLIO 

Ptd.  .         .     Painted. 

Ptg.    .         .     Painting. 

Ptr.    .         .     Painter. 

R.A.  .         .     Royal  Academy  ;  Royal  Academician. 

R.B.A.       .     (Member  of)  Royal  Society  of  British  Artists.     See 

S.B.A. 
R.E.  .         .     (Fellow  of)    Royal    Society  of   Painter-Etchers   and 

Engravers. 
R.I.    .         .     (Member  of)  Royal   Institute  of  Painters  in  Water 

Colours  (1883  seq.).     See  N.W.C.S.  and  The  Inst. 
R.S.W.       .     (Member  of)  Royal  Scottish  Society  of  Painters    in 

Water  Colours. 
R.W.S.       .     (Member  of)    Royal  Society  of   Painters  in    Water 

Colours.     See  also  O.W.C.S. 
S.A.  .         .     Society  of  Artists. 
S.B.A.        .     Society  of  British  Artists  (Royal  Society  of  British 

Artists  since  1887). 
Sch.    .        .     School. 
Sec.    .         .     Secretary. 
Stud.  .        .     Student ;  studied 
Treas.         .    Treasurer. 
Water-col. .     Water-colour. 
W.C.S,        .     Water  Colour  Society. 

ABSOLON,  JOHN,  R.I.  {h.  Lambeth,  1815  ;  d.  1895).  Pupil 
of  Ferrigi.  Employed  by  Grieve  as  scene  ptr.  Memb.  and  Treas. 
of  N.W.C.S.  ;  Memb.  of  Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols.  Exhib.  from 
1832. 

ADAM,  J.  D.,  R.S.W.  (&.  1842  ;  d.  1896).  Ptd.  animals  and 
landscs. 

ADAM,  ROBERT  {h.  Kirkcaldy,  1728  ;  d.  1792  ;  hd.  in  West- 
minster Abbey).  Educ.  at  Edinburgh  Univ.  Architect  and  landsc. 
ptr.  Architect  to  the  King,  1762.  With  his  brother  James  con- 
structed the  "  Adelphi,"  a  block  of  buildings  on  the  Thames  shore. 

ADAMS,  JOHN  CLAYTON  {h.  1840;  d.  Ewhurst  Hill,  nr. 
Guildford,  1906).  Landsc.  ptr.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1863-1906), 
R.B.A.,  etc. 

AGLIO,  AGOSTINO  (6.  Cremona,  1777  ;  d.  London,  1857  ;  hd. 
Highgate).  Educ.  at  Milan.  Stud,  at  the  Brera.  Met  W. 
Wilkins,  R.A.,  at  Rome  ;  came  with  him  to  England,  1803.  Exe- 
cuted lithographs  ;  ptd.  landsc.  and  theatrical  scenery  ;  decorated 
churches,  etc.     Exhib.  1807-50  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc. 


AITKEN— ALLOM  179 

AITKEN.  JAMES  ALFRED,  A.R.H.A.,  R.S.W.  {b.  1846 ; 
d.  1897).     Ptd.  animals  and  landscs. 

ALABASTER,  MISS  MARY  ANN.     See  Criddle,  Mrs.  Harry. 

ALBIN,  ELEAZAR.  Draughtsman  and  naturalist  of  German 
origin.     Ptd.  birds,  flowers,  etc.     Worked  about  1720-40. 

ALEFOUNDER,  JOHN  (d.  Calcutta,  1795).  Stud,  of  R.A.  ; 
silver  medallist  there,  1782.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  oil  and  water-col. 
portraits.     Went  to  India,  1784.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1777-93. 

ALEXANDER,  WILLIAM  {b.  Maidstone,  1767  ;  d.  Maidstone, 
1816).  Son  of  a  coach  maker.  Educ.  at  Maidstone  Grammar  School. 
Stud,  under  Pars  and  Ibbetson.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1784.  Accom^ 
panied  Lord  Macartney's  embass}'  to  China,  1792.  Exhib.  at  R.A, 
from  1795.  Prof,  of  drawing  at  Great  Marlow  Milit.  Coll.,  1802. 
Keeper  of  Prints  and  Drawings  at  Brit.  Mus.,  1808. 

ALKEN,  HENRY.  Draughtsman  and  engraver  ;  said  to  hav« 
been  huntsman  or  groom  to  Duke  of  Beaufort.  Known  for  pictures 
and  illustrated  works  on  sport,  circ.  1816-31. 

ALLAN,  DAVID  {b.  Alloa,  1744 ;  d.  nr.  Edinburgh,  1796). 
Stud,  art  at  Glasgow.  Was  in  Italy,  1764-77,  and  in  London,  1777- 
80.  Director  of  Edinburgh  Acad,  of  Arts,  1786.  Ptd.  figures, 
portraits,  and  genre,  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  and 
Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1771-81. 

ALLAN,  SIR  WILLIAM,  R.A.,  P.R.S.A.  {b.  Edinburgh,  1782  ; 
d.  Edinburgh,  1850).  Son  of  a  macer  to  the  Court  of  Session, 
Edinburgh.  Stud,  at  Trustees'  Acad.  Travelled  extensively  in 
Russia,  etc.  A.R.A.,  1825  ;  R.A.,  1835  ;  Memb.  of  Scottish  Acad., 
1830  ;  P.R.S.A.,  1837-50.  Knighted,  1841.  Ptd.  figures,  travel 
sketches,  historical  genre.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1803-49. 

ALLEN,  JOSEPH  WILLIAM  {b.  Lambeth,  1803;  d.  1852). 
Son  of  a  schoolmaster.  Educ.  at  St.  Paul's  Sch.  ;  was  for  a  time  an 
assistant  master.  Ptd.  theatrical  scenery  with  Clarkson  Stanfield  ; 
also  produced  landscs.  A  founder  and  Sec.  of  S.B.A.  Drawing 
master  at  City  of  London  Sch.  Exhib.  1826-53  at  R.A.,  B.I., 
S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S. 

ALLEN,  THOMAS  JOHN  (6.  1821  ;  d.  1846).  Ptd.  architec- 
tural subjects. 

ALLOM,  THOMAS  {b.  London,  1804  ;  d.  Barnes,  1872).  Articled 
to  Francis  Goodwin,  architect,  1819.  Travelled  considerably.  A 
founder  of  Inst,  of  British  Architects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A., 
1823-71. 


i«o 


ALLPORT— ASHFIELD 


ALLPORT,  HENRY  C.  Lived  near  Lichfield.  Memb.  of 
O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  landscs.  at  R.A.,  1811-12,  and  at  O.W.C.S. 
from  1813. 

ALVES,  JAMES  (/;.  1737  or  1738  ;  d.  Inverness,  1808).  Ptd. 
miniatures  and  crayon  portraits.  Practised  chiefly  in  London. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1775-q. 

ANDERSON,  ROBERT,  A.R.S.A.,  R.S.W.  {d.  Edinburgh,  1885). 
Engraver  and  water-col.  ptr.  ;  ptd.  figure  subjects,  landscapes,  and 
seascapes.  A.R.S.A.,  1879.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  R.I.,  1880-4, 
and  in  Scotland. 

ANDERSON,  WILLIAM  {b.  Scotland,  1757  ;  d.  1837).  Lived 
in  London.  Exhib.  river  and  sea  views  at  R.A.  (1787-1834),  B.L, 
and  S.B.A. 

ANDREWS,  GEORGE  HENRY,  R.W.S.  {b.  Lambeth,  1816  ; 
d.  Hammersmith,  1898).  Engineer  by  profession.  Memb.  and 
Treas.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  marine  subjects,  etc.  Drew  for  Illustrated 
London  News  and  Graphic.  Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  R.A.,  B.L,  and 
R.B.A.,  1840-98. 

ANDREWS,  H.  {d.  1868).  Ptd.  genre,  and  copies  after  Watteau. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1827-63. 

ANGELL,  MRS.  THOMAS  WILLIAM,  A.R.W.S.  {nee  Helen 
Cordelia  Coleman)  {b.  Horsham,  1847 ;  d.  Kensington,  1884).  Pupil 
of  her  brother,  W.  S.  Coleman.  Produced  high-class  ceramic  de- 
corations and  ptd.  flowers,  fruit,  and  birds.  Married  Mr.  T.  W. 
Angell,  1875.     Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  till  1882. 

ANSELL,  CHARLES.     Ptd.  animals.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1780-1. 

ARCHER,  JOHN  WYKEHAM  {b.  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1808  ; 
d.  Kentish  Town,  1864).  Son  of  a  tradesman.  Pupil  of  John  Scott, 
engraver,  in  London.  Later  took  to  landsc.  ptg.  in  water-cols. 
Known  as  an  antiquary.     Assoc,  of  N.W.C.S. ;  exhib.  there,  1842-64. 

ARLAUD,  BENOIT  {b.  Geneva  ;  d.  London,  1719).  Brother  of 
J.  A.  Arlaud.     Ptd.  miniatures. 

ARLAUD,  JACQUES  ANTOINE  (6.  Geneva,  1688  ;  d.  Geneva, 
1743).  Stud,  theology,  but  took  up  art.  Ptd.  miniatures ; 
worked  at  Paris,  and  from  1721  in  London. 

ARNOLD,  MRS.     See  Gouldsmith,  Miss  Harriett. 

ASHFIELD,  EDMUND.  Pupil  of  Michael  Wright.  Ptd. 
miniatures  and  crayon  and  oil  portraits.  Worked  in  latter  half 
of  17th  century. 


ASHPITEL— BALDREY  1 8 1 

ASHPITEL,  ARTHUR  {b.  1807  ;  d.  1869).  Son  of  a  surveyor 
and  architect.  With  David  Roberts  in  Italy,  1853-4.  Scholar, 
linguist,  archaeologist.  Fellow  of  Inst,  of  British  Architects.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1845-64. 

ATKINS,  SAMUEL.  Marine  ptr,  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Was 
in  East  Indies  circ.  1796-1804.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1787-1808. 

ATKINSON,  JOHN  AUGUSTUS  {b.  London,  1775).  Lived 
in  Russia,  1784-1801.  Published  drawings  dealing  with  Russia. 
Produced  aquatint  engravings.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1803-33. 

AUSTIN,  SAMUEL  {b.  Liverpool,  1796  ;  d.  and  bd.  Llanfyllin, 
1834).  Began  life  as  a  merchant's  clerk.  Instructed  in  art  by 
De  Wint.  Memb.  of  Liverpool  Acad.,  1824.  Foundation  Memb. 
of  S.B.A.,  1824.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  with  figures, 
coast  scenes,  and  architectural  subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  from  1820. 

AYLESFORD,  HENEAGE  FINCH,  4TH  EARL  OF  {b.  1751  ; 
d.  1812).  Ptd.  architectural  subjects  and  landscs.  ;  also  etched. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1786-90. 


BACH,  GUIDO  R.,  R.I.  (6.  Annaberg,  1828  ;  d.  1905).  Pupil 
of  Julius  Hiibner  at  Dresden.  Came  to  England,  1862.  Memb.  of 
Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols.  Ptd.  portraits  and  genre.  Exhib,  from 
1866  at  The  Inst.,  etc. 

BACH,  W.  H.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at 
RA.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1829-59. 

BADESLADE,  THOMAS.  Made  drawings  of  country  seats 
which  were  published  in  county  histories,  1719-50. 

BAKER,  ALFRED  {b.  1850  ;  d.  1872).  Ptd.  landscs.  and  rustic 
genre.     Exhib.  at  S.B.A.,  1870-3. 

BAKER,  HARRY  {b.  1849  ;  ^-  ^^75)-  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib. 
at  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1868-74. 

BAKER,  THOMAS  {b.  1809  ;  d.  1869).  Known  as  "  Baker  of 
Leamington."  Ptd.  cattle  and  landscs.,  in  oils  and  water-cols. 
Exhib.  with  Birmingham  S.A.,  and  at  R.A.  (1831-58)  and  B.I.  (till 
i860). 

BALDREY,  JOHN  (or  JOSHUA)  KIRBY  {b.  1750  [?] ;  living  in 
1821).  Engraver  and  draughtsman,  and  ptr.  of  portraits  and 
landscs.  Many  of  his  works  were  printed  in  colours.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  1793-4. 


1 82  BALMER— BARLOW 

BALMER,  GEORGE  (b.  North  Shields,  1806  [?]  ;  d.  Ravens- 
worth,  Durham,  1846).  Son  of  a  house  ptr.  Decorator  at 
Edinburgh.  Stud,  at  the  Louvre.  Exhib.  marine,  architectural, 
and  landsc.  subjects  at  B.I,  and  S.B.A.,  1830-41. 

BANXKS,  CHARLES.  A  Swede,  who  probably  came  to  Eng- 
land about  1746.     Ptd.  miniatures. 

BARBER,  CHARLES  {b.  Birmingham,  1784  ;  d.  Liverpool, 
1854).  Friend  of  David  Cox.  Resided  40  years  at  or  nr.  Liverpool. 
Memb.  of  Liverpool  Acad,  about  1822,  and  Pres.  1847-53.  Memb. 
of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols. ;  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
landscs. 

BARBER,  CHRISTOPHER  {b.  1736;  d.  Marylebone,  1810). 
Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.  Ptd.  miniatures,  landscs.,  etc.  ;  worked  in 
water-cols.,  oils,  and  pastel.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1770-1808. 

BARBER,  JOHN  THOMAS.     See  Beaumont. 

BARBER,  JOHN  VINCENT  {b.  1788  ;  d.  Rome,  1838).  Son 
of  Joseph  Barber.  Ptd.  landscs.,  sometimes  with  figures.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1810-30. 

BARBER,  JOSEPH  {b.  1757  [?]  ;  d.  Birmingham,  1811).  Father 
of  J.  Vincent  Barber.  David  Cox  was  one  of  his  pupils.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  figures. 

BARBOR,  LUCIUS  {d.  1767).  Ptd.  miniatures  in  enamel ;  also 
ptd.  in  oils. 

BARCLAY,  HUGH  {b.  London,  1797;  d.  Paris,  1859).  Ptd. 
miniature  copies  of  Italian  pictures. 

BARKER,  BENJAMIN  {b.  1776  ;  d.  Totnes,  1838).  Son  of  Thos. 
Barker,  animal  ptr.,  and  bro.  of  Thos.  Barker  of  Bath.  Memb.  of 
Associated  Artists  in  W'ater  Cols.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water- 
cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1800-38. 

BARKER,  THOMAS,  "OF  BATH"  {b.m.  Pontypool,  Mon., 
1769  ;  d.  Bath,  1847).  Son  of  Thos.  Barker,  animal  ptr.,  and  bro.  of 
Benjamin  Barker.  Went  to  Italy  about  1790,  and  stayed  there  for 
some  years.  Afterwards  resided  chiefly  at  Bath.  Ptd.  landscs. 
(often  with  figures)  and  portraits,  and  executed  ornamental  designs 
for  manufactures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1791-1847. 

BARLOW,  FRANCIS  (6.  Lincolnshire,  1626  [?]  ;  d.  1702).  Ptd. 
portraits,  and  produced  pen  drawings,  slightly  tinted,  of  birds  and 
animals  with  landsc.  backgrounds.  Designed  ceilings  and  monu- 
ments. 


BARNARD— B  ARRET  i  g^ 

BARNARD,  FRED  {b.  London,  1846  ;  d.  Wimbledon,  1896). 
Stud,  at  Heatherley's  Art  Sch.  and  under  Bonnat  at  Paris.  Memb. 
of  S.B.A.  Produced  book-illns.  for  Dickens's  works,  etc.,  and 
drew  for  Punch  and  other  periodicals.  Exhib.  at  R. A.,  S.B.A. ,  etc., 
1858-87. 

BARNES,  ROBERT,  A.R.W.S.  {b.  1840;  ^.1895).  Ptd.  genre 
and  figures.     Exhib.  from  1873  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S. 

BARRALET,  JOHN  JAMES  {b.  Ireland  ;  d.  America,  1812  [?]). 
Of  French  descent.  Stud,  in  Schs.  of  Dublin  Acad.,  and  taught 
there  for  a  time.  Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.  Ptd.  landscs.,  figures,  and 
architectural  subjects  ;  drew  book-illns.  Emigrated  to  Philadel- 
phia, 1795.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  and  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1773-80. 

BARRALET,  JOHN  MELCHIOR.  Bro.  of  the  above.  Chiefly 
employed  as  a  teacher.  Ptd.  views  of  towns.  Exhib.  at  R.A. 
and  Incorp.  S.A.,  1775-87. 

BARRAUD,  HENRY  {b.  1812  ;  d.  1874).  Bro.  of  William 
Barraud.  Ptd.  horses,  dogs,  subject  pictures,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1831-68. 

BARRAUD,  WILLIAM  {b.  1810  ;  d.  1850).  Grandson  of  Bar- 
raud, the  chronometer  maker.  Pupil  of  Abraham  Cooper,  R.A. 
Ptd.  portraits  of  horses  and  dogs,  generally  in  oils.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1829-50. 

BARRET,  GEORGE,  SEN.,  R.A.  {b.  Dublin,  1732  [?]  ;  d.  nr. 
London,  1784).  Son  of  a  clothier.  Induced  by  Burke  to  come  to 
London,  1762.  Ptd.  landscs.,  often  with  horses  and  figures.  Memb. 
of  Incorp.  S.A.  Foundation  Memb.  of  R.A.,  1768.  Exhib.  at 
Incorp.  S.A.,  R.A.,  and  Free  S.A.,  1764-86.  Often  worked  with 
Sawrey  Gilpin,  R.A. 

BARRET  GEORGE,  JUN.  (b.  1767  [?]  ;  d.  1842 ;  bd.  at  St. 
Mary's,  Paddington  Green).  Son  of  G.  Barret,  R.A.  Ptd.  landscs., 
often  with  poetic  treatment  of  sunrise,  sunset,  and  moonlight  effects. 
His  later  works  were  largely  classical  compositions.  A  founder  of 
O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1800-43. 
Published  "  Theory  and  Practice  of  Water  Colour  Painting,"  1840. 

BARRET,  JAMES.  Son  of  G.  Barret,  Sen.  Ptd.  landscs.  in 
water-cols,  and  body-colour.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1785-1819. 

BARRET,  MISS  M.  {d.  1836).  Daughter  of  G.  Barret,  Sen.  ; 
pupil  of  Mrs.  Mee  (?).  Lady  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  miniatures, 
birds,  still  life,  etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1797-1835. 


184  BARROW— BEALE 

BARROW,  JOSEPH  CHARLES.  Taught  John  Varley.  Ptd. 
topographical  subjects.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  1790-1. 

BARRY,  JOHN.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.I., 
1784-1827. 

BARTHOLOMEW,  VALENTINE  {b.  Clerkenwell,  1799;  d. 
London,  1879).  He  and  his  second  wife  were  successful  flower  ptrs. 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.,  but  retired;  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Flower  ptr, 
to  Queen  Victoria.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  N.W.C.S.  and  S.B.A., 
1826-76. 

BARTHOLOMEW  MRS.  VALENTINE  {nee  Anne  Charlotte 
Fayermann)  [b.  Loddon,  Norfolk,  1800  ;  d.  London,  1862  ;  bd. 
Highgate)  ;  married  a  Mr.  Turnbull,  1827,  and  V.  Bartholomew, 
1840.  Ptd.  miniatures,  flowers,  and  fruit ;  wrote  poetry.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1826-62. 

BARTLETT,  WILLIAM  HENRY  {b.  Kentish  Town,  1809; 
d.  at  sea,  1854).  Articled  to  John  Britton.  Travelled  extensively 
in  the  East,  etc.  Ptd.  views  of  places  he  visited.  Published  illus. 
works,  such  as  "  Walks  about  Jerusalem  "  (1845).  Exhib.  at  R.A. 
and  N.W.C.S.,  1831-33. 

BAXTER,  THOMAS  {b.  Worcester,  1782  ;  d.  London,  1821). 
Ptd.  on  china  at  the  Worcester  works ;  established  an  art  sch.  in 
London,  1814 ;  china  ptr.  at  Swansea,  1816 ;  afterwards  returned 
to  Worcester.  Drew  for  Britton's  "  Salisbury  Cathedral."  Exe- 
cuted portraits,  mythical  subjects,  and  fruit  pieces  in  enamel ;  also 
produced  some  engravings.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1802-21. 

BAYLISS,  SIR  WYKE,  P.R.B.A.  {b.  1835;  d,  1906).  Son 
and  pupil  of  a  teacher  of  drawing  ;  stud,  at  R.A.  Schs.  ;  worked 
in  an  architect's  office.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1864  ;  P.R.B.A.,  1888. 
Knighted,  1897.  Ptd.  church  interiors  in  oils  and  water-cols. 
Wrote  and  lectured  on  art.     Exhib.  from  1855  at  R.B.A.,  etc. 

BAYNES,  FREDERICK  T.  Ptd.  still  life,  especially  fruit. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1833-64. 

BAYNES,  JAMES  {b.  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  1766  ;  d.  1837).  Pupil 
of  Romney.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in 
Water  Cols.  Ptd.  English  and  Welsh  landscs.  sometimes  with 
figures  and  cattle.  Successful  teacher.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and 
S.B.A.,  1796-1837. 

BEALE,  BARTHOLOMEW  {d.  Coventry).  Son  of  Mary  Beale. 
Ptd.  portraits  in  oils  and  water-cols. 

BEALE,  CHARLES  (6.  1660).  Son  of  Mary  Beale  ;  pupU  of 
Flatman.     Ptd.  miniatures  and  oil  portraits. 


BEALE— BENTLEY  185 

BEALE,  MRS.  MARY  [jiee  Cradock)  {b.  Suffolk,  1632  ;  d. 
London,  1697  ;  bd.  St.  James's,  Piccadilly).  Ptd.  miniatures  and 
oil  portraits. 

BEAUCLERK,  LADY  DIANA  (6.  1734  ;  d.  1808).  Daughter 
of  Chas.  Spencer,  2nd  Duke  of  Marlborough.  Married  2nd  Viscount 
Bolingbroke,  1757  ;  divorced,  1768.  Married  Topham  Beauclerk, 
1770.  Made  studies  of  children  which  were  engraved  by  Bartolozzi. 
Illustrated  Dryden's  "  Fables  "  and  Burger's  "  Leonora." 

BEAUMONT,  JOHN  THOMAS  BARBER  [b.  Marylebone,  1774  ; 
d.  London,  1841).  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1791.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1794-1806. 

BEAUVAIS,  SIMON  {d.  London).  Practised  in  Bath,  London, 
etc.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  drew  portraits  in  pencil  and  Indian  ink. 
Gained  a  Soc.  of  Arts'  premium,  1765.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and 
Free  S.A.,  1761-8. 

BEAVIS,  RICHARD,  R.W.S.  {b.  Exmouth,  1824;  d.  1896). 
Entered  Govt.  Sch.  of  Design  at  Somerset  House,  1846.  Employed 
by  firm  of  decorators.  Ptd.  animals,  landscs.  with  figures, 
military  subjects,  etc.,  in  oils  and  water-cols,  (subjects  often 
foreign).  Memb.  of  The  Inst.,  but  retired.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I., 
O.W.C.S.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  1851-96. 

BEECHEY,  SIR  WILLIAM,  R.A.  {b.  Burford,  Oxon.,  1753  ; 
d.  Hampstead,  1839).  Articled  to  solicitors.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1772. 
Lived  4  years  at  Norwich.  Chiefly  ptd.  portraits  in  oils.  A.R.A., 
1793  ;  R.A.,  1798.  Portrait  ptr.  to  Queen  Charlotte,  1798.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  1776-1839. 

BENNET,  WILLIAM  MINEARD  {b.  Exeter ;  d.  Exeter,  1858, 
aged  80).  Ptd.  miniatures  and  oil  portraits.  Worked  in  London 
and  Paris.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1812-16. 

BENNETT,  WILLIAM  {b.  1811  ;  d.  Clapham  Park,  1871). 
Pupil  of  David  Cox  (?).  Ptd.  landscs.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S  B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  1842-71. 

BENNETT,  WILLIAM  JAMES.  :\lemb.  and  Sec.  of  Asso- 
ciated Artists  in  Water  Cols ;  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S. ;  Pres.  of  New 
York  Acad.     Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1808-25. 

BENTLEY,  CHARLES  [b.  London,  1806;  d.  London,  1854). 
Articled  to  Theodore  and  Thales  Fielding.  Was  at  first  an  engraver. 
Ptd.  coast  and  river  scenes.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Book-illustrator. 
Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  B.I..  S.B.A..  and  N.W.C.S.,  1832-54. 

24 


186  BENTLEY— BOGLE 

BENTLEY,  JOSEPH  CLAYTON  {b.  Bradford,  1809;  d. 
Sydenham,  1851).  Pupil  of  Robert  Brandard.  Landsc.  ptr. 
and  line  engraver.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1833-51. 

BENWELL,  JOHN  HODGES  {b.  Blenheim,  Oxon.,  1764  ;  d. 
1785).  Stud,  under  Saunders,  a  portrait  and  genre  ptr.,  and 
at  K.A.  Schs.,  where  he  won  a  silver  medal,  1782.  Ptd.  illns.  of 
stories  and  poems,  etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1784. 

BENWELL,  MISS  MARY  {d.  about  1800).  Ptd.  portraits  in 
crayons  and  in  miniature.  Married  a  Mr.  Code.  Exhib.  at  Incorp. 
S.A.  and  R.A.,  1775-91. 

BESTLAND,  CHARLES.  Ptd.  historical  genre  and  domestic 
figure  subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1783-1837. 

BEVERLY,  WILLIAM  ROXBY  {b.  1824;  d.  Hampstead, 
1889).  Son  of  a  theatrical  manager.  Ptd.  sea  pieces,  landscs., 
and  theatrical  scenery.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1865-80. 

BEWICK,  THOMAS  {b.  Cherryburn,  Ovingham,  Northumber- 
land, 1753  ;  d.  Gateshead,  1828  ;  bd.  Ovingham).  Apprenticed  to 
R.  Beilby,  a  Newcastle  engraver,  and  became  his  partner.  Famous  as 
wood  engraver.     Illustrated  numerous  works,  especially  on  animals, 

BIFFIN,  SARAH  {b.  East  Quantoxhead,  Somerset,  1784  ;  d. 
1850).  Pupil  of  W.  M.  Craig.  Had  neither  hands  nor  feet  ;  painted 
miniatures  with  her  mouth.     Practised  at  Brighton  and  Liverpool. 

BLAKE,  WILLIAM  {b.  London,  1757  ;  d.  London,  1827  ;  bd. 
Bunhill  Fields).  Son  of  a  hosier.  Stud,  at  Pars's  Drawing  Sch.  ; 
apprenticed  to  J  as.  Basire.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in 
Water  Cols.  Designed  and  engraved  book-illns.  Wrote  "  Songs 
of  Innocence,"  "  Songs  of  Experience,"  and  other  poems.  Ptd. 
subjects  derived  from  the  Bible,  Milton,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
1780-1808. 

BLORE,  EDWARD,  F.R.S.  {b.  Derby,  1789  ;  d.  1879).  Ptd. 
topographical  and  architectural  subjects.  Drew  for  Britton  and 
Clutterbuck.     Friend  of  Sir  W.  Scott.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc. 

BOGDANI,  JAMES  {b.  Hungary ;  d.  London,  1720).  Came 
to  England  between  1670  and  1680.     Ptd.  flowers,  fruit,  and  birds. 

BOGLE,  JOHN.  Worked  as  a  miniature  ptr.  in  Glasgow  and 
Edinburgh,  and  from  1772  in  London.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A. 
and  R.A.,  1769-94. 


BONE— BOW  YER  187 

BONE,  HENRY,  R.A.  (b.  Truro,  1755  ;  d.  Somers  Town,  1834). 
Apprenticed  to  Richard  Champion,  a  ])orcelain  manufacturer  at 
Bristol.  Came  to  London,  1778.  A.R.A.,  1801  ;  R.A.,  1811. 
Ptd.  miniatures,  chiefly  in  enamel,  but  also  on  ivory.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  etc.,  1781-1834. 

BONE,  HENRY  PIERCE  {b.  Islington,  1779  ;  d.  London, 
1855).  Son  and  pupil  of  Henry  Bone,  R.A.  Memb.  of  Associated 
Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Ptd.  enamel  portraits  and  copies  of  old 
masters.     Exhib.  chiefly  at  R.A. 

BONINGTON,  RICHARD  PARKES  {b.  Arnold,  nr.  Notting- 
ham, 1801  ;  d.  London,  1828  ;  bd.  St.  James's  Ch.,  Pentonville). 
Son  of  a  landsc.  and  portrait  ptr.  Pupil  of  Louis  Francia  and 
Baron  Gros.  Ptd.  landscapes,  seascapes,  and  river  views.  Exerted 
a  great  influence  on  landsc.  ptg.  in  water-cols.  Ptd.  also  in  oils 
from  1824.     Exhib.  at  B.I.,  1826-9,  ^-^^  ^^  R.A.,  1827-8. 

BOSTOCK,  JOHN.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  genre  and  por- 
traits.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1826-69. 

BOUGH,  SAMUEL,  R.S.A.  {b.  Carlisle,  1822  ;  d.  Edinburgh, 
1878).  Son  of  a  shoemaker.  Worked  for  a  time  under  the  Town 
Clerk  of  Carlisle.  Self-taught  as  an  artist.  A.R.S.A.,  1856  ;  R.S.A., 
1875.  Ptd.  landscs.,  views  of  ports,  etc.,  in  oil  and  water-cols. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1856-76. 

BOUGHTON,  GEORGE  HENRY,  R.A.,  R.I.  {b.  nr.  Norwich, 
1833  ;  d.  London,  1905).  Son  of  a  farmer,  who  emigrated  to  America. 
Self-taught  at  first  as  an  artist.  Exhib.  at  New  York,  1857. 
Stud,  at  Paris.  Came  to  England,  1862.  A.R.A.,  1879  ;  R.A. 
1896.  Ptd.  landscs.,  portraits,  and  genre  scenes.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  1863-1904. 

BOURNE,  JAMES  {b.  Dalby,  Lines.,  1773;  d.  Sutton  Cold- 
field,  1854).     Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  1800-9. 

BOUVIER,  AUGUSTE  JULES  {b.  London,  1827  [?]  ;  d. 
London,  1881).  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1841.  Stud,  in  France  and 
Italy.  Ptd.  portraits  and  genre  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I., 
S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1845-81.     Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 

BOUVIER,  JULES,  SEN.  {b.  1800  ;  d.  1867).  Exhib.  domestic 
subjects  at  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1845-65. 

BOWYER,  ROBERT  {d.  Byfleet,  Surrey,  1834).  Pupil  of 
Smart  (?).  Ptr.  in  water-cols,  to  George  III.,  and  miniature  ptr. 
to  the  Queen.  Worked  in  London.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1783- 
1828. 


1 88  BOYCE— BRIERLEY 

BOYCE,  GEORGE  PRICE,  R.W.S.  {h.  1826  ;  d.  1897).  Trained 
as  an  architect.  Met  D.  Cox  in  1849  and  then  took  up  landsc.  ptg. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1853-61),  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.  A  founder  of  the 
original  Hogarth  Club.     Friend  of  D.  G.  Rossetti. 

BOYNE,  JOHN  {h.  Co.  Down,  1750  [?]  ;  d.  London,  1810). 
Son  of  a  joiner.  Apprenticed  to  Byrne,  the  engraver.  Opened  a 
drawing  sch.  in  London.  Ptd.  genre  subjects  and  scenes  from 
well-known  authors.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1788-1809. 

BOYS,  THOMAS  SHOTTER  (6.  Pentonville,  1803  ;  d.  Maryle- 
bone,  1874).  Articled  to  G.  Cooke,  the  engraver.  Worked  with 
W.  Callow  in  Paris.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  views  of  towns  ;  was  also  a 
lithographer.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  and  S.B.A.,  1824-73. 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 

BRABAZON,  HERCULES  BRABAZON  {d.  nr.  Battle,  1906, 
aged  84).     Ptd.  impressionist  landscs.  and  views  of  towns. 

BRADLEY,  BASIL,  R.W.S.  {h.  Hampstead,  1842  ;  d.  1904). 
Stud,  at  Manchester  Sch.  of  Art.  Ptd.  animals  in  oils  and  water- 
cols.     Exhib.  from  1866  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc. 

BRADLEY,  GORDON.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1832-9. 

BRANDARD,  ROBERT  {h.  Birmingham,  1805  ;  d.  Kensington, 
1862).  Came  to  London,  1824  ;  studied  landsc.  engraving  under 
Ed.  Goodall ;  engraved  plates  for  Turner's  "  England."  Ptd. 
landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1831-58. 

BRANDLING,  HENRY.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  views  of 
buildings  and  portraits.     Exhib.  at  R.A.^nd  O.W.C.S.,  1847-56. 

BRANWHITE,  CHARLES  {h.  Bristol,  1817  ;  d.  Bristol,  1880). 
Pupil  of  his  father  ;  practised  at  first  as  a  sculptor,  but  became  a 
landsc.  ptr.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A., 
and  O.W.C.S.,  1843-79. 

BREWTNALL,  EDWARD  FREDERICK,  R.W.S.  [b.  1846  ; 
d.  1902).  Ptd.  landscs.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.  (1882-6)  and  Inst,  of 
Oil  Ptrs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  R.B.A.,  etc.,  from  1868. 

BRIERLEY,  SIR  OSWALD  WALTER,  R.W.S.  {h.  Chester, 
1817  ;  d.  London,  1894).  Son  of  a  doctor.  Stud,  at  Sass's  Acad. 
Travelled  extensively.  Assoc,  of  N.W.C.S.,  but  resigned.  Curator 
of  Painted  Hall,  Greenwich,  1881.  Knighted,  1885.  Ptd.  marine 
subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.  and  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  from  1839. 


BRIGHT— BROOKES  189 

BRIGHT,  HENRY  (6.  Saxmundham,  1814  ;  d.  Ipswich,  1873). 
Apprenticed  to  a  chemist ;  became  a  dispenser  at  Norwich  Hospital. 
Ptd.  landscs.,  with  atmospheric  effects.  Came  to  London,  1836. 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  both  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Practised 
for  20  years  in  London.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A., 
1836-76. 

BRITTON,  JOHN  {h.  Kingston  St.  Michael,  Wilts.,  1771  ;  d. 
London,  1857).  Son  of  a  shopkeeper.  Came  to  London,  1787. 
Drew  architectural  subjects.  Published  works  on  architectural 
antiquities.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1799-1819. 

BROCAS,  HENRY  [b.  Dublin,  1766;  d.  1838).  Executed 
drawings  in  chalk  and  water-cols.  Taught  landsc.  in  Schs.  of 
Dublin  Society  from  1801. 

BROCAS,  SAMUEL  F.  Son  of  Henry  Brocas.  Ptd.  views 
of  Dublin,  etc.,  in  oils  and  water-cols. 

BROCAS,  WILLIAM,  R.H.A.  Son  of  Henry  Brocas.  Ptd. 
landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols. 

BROCKEDON,  WILLIAM,  F.R.S.  {b.  Totnes,  1787  ;  d.  Blooms- 
bury,  1854).  Son  of  a  watchmaker.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1809.  Travelled  in 
Italy,  1821-2.  Ptd.  portraits,  genre  subjects,  and  landscs.  ;  illus- 
trated works  on  foreign  countries.  Memb.  of  Acads.  of  Florence  and 
Rome.     Improved  steel  pens.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.I.,  1812-37. 

BROCKY,  CHARLES  [b.  Temeswar,  Hungary,  1807  or  1808  ; 
d.  London,  1855).  Son  of  a  theatrical  hairdresser.  After  trying 
several  occupations,  he  was  placed  in  a  drawing  sch.  at  Vienna. 
Came  to  London  about  1838.  Assoc,  of  N.W.C.S.  Exhib.  pencil 
portraits,  miniatures,  and  classical  and  genre  subjects  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1839-55. 

BROMLEY,  VALENTINE  WALTER  {b.  London,  1848;  d. 
Fallows  Green,  nr.  Harpenden,  1877).  Travelled  in  America. 
Drew  for  Illustrated  London  News,  etc.  ;  ptd.  historical,  poetical, 
and  figure  subjects.  Assoc,  of  The  Inst.  ;  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1870. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1865-77. 

BROOKBANK,  MRS.     See  Scott,  Miss  M. 

BROOKES,  WARWICK  ("  BROOKES  OF  MANCHESTER  ") 
{b.  Salford,  1808  ;  d.  Manchester,  1882).  Entered  calico  print 
works  of  John  Barge  &  Co.  ;  stud,  under  J.  Z.  Bell  at  the  Govt. 
Sch.  of  Design,  Manchester.  Head  designer  to  Rossendale  Printing 
Co.,  1840.  Placed  on  Civil  List,  1871.  Ptd.  figure  subjects  and 
landscs. 


190  BROOKING— BURGESS 

BROOKING,  CHARLES  {b.  1723;  d.  London,  1759).  Was 
at  first  a  ship  ptr.  Afterwards  became  an  artist,  and  produced 
pictures  of  shipping,  sea-fights,  and  marine  views.  Many  of  his 
works  were  engraved. 

BROWN,  FORD  MADOX  {b.  Calais,  1821  ;  d.  1893 ;  bd.  Finch- 
ley).  Son  of  a  naval  officer.  Stud,  at  Bruges,  Ghent,  and  Ant- 
werp. Took  part  in  the  Westminster  Hall  competition.  Worked 
for  a  time  at  Rome.  Took  D.  G.  Rossetti  as  a  pupil,  and  was  in- 
fluenced by  the  Pre-Raphaelites.  Executed  a  series  of  panels  in 
Manchester  Town  Hall.  Made  designs  for  stained  glass  and  other 
branches  of  decorative  art.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  S.B.A.,  1841-67. 

BROWNE,  HABLOT  KNIGHT  ("PHIZ")  (b.  Kennington, 
1815  ;  d.  Brighton,  1882).  Apprenticed  to  W.  Finden,  the  en- 
graver ;  stud,  at  St.  Martin's  Lane  Life  Sch.  Drew  book-illns.  ; 
ptd.  caricatures  and  humorous  genre  subjects,  in  water-cols.,  and 
occasionally  in  oils.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1834-75. 

BUCK,  ADAM  {b.  Cork,  1759  ;  d.  1833).  Practised  at  Dublin. 
Ptd.  portraits  in  crayons  and  oils,  and  miniatures.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
etc.,  1795-1833. 

BUCK,  SAMUEL  {b.  1706  ;  d.  1779  ;  bd.  St.  Clement's,  Strand). 
Ptd.  views  of  towns  and  old  buildings.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A., 
Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1761-75. 

BUCKLER,  JOHN  {b.  Calbourne,  I.O.W.,  1770;  d.  London, 
1851).  Practised  as  an  architect  till  about  1826.  Best-known  for 
his  drawings  and  aquatint  engravings  of  cathedrals,  churches,  and 
other  ancient  buildings.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1796-1849. 

BUNBURY,  HENRY  WILLIAM  {b.  1750  ;  d.  Keswick,  1811). 
Son  of  Rev.  Sir  W.  Bunbury,  Bart.,  of  Mildenhall,  Suffolk.  Educ. 
at  Westminster  and  St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge.  Colonel  in 
militia  ;  equerry  to  Duke  of  York.  His  best  works  are  caricatures 
and  humorous  drawings.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1780-1808. 

BURBANK,  J.M.  {d.  1873).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  animals, 
etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1825-72. 

BURGESS,  JOHN,  SEN.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  minia- 
tures.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1816-40. 

BURGESS,  JOHN  {b.  1814  [?]  ;  d.  1874).  Son  of  J.  Cart 
Burgess.  Stud,  in  Italy,  1834-7.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs. 
and  architectural  views.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1834-7. 


BURGESS— BUSS  191 

BURGESS,  JOHN  CART  {b.  1798;  d.  Leamington,  1863). 
Ptd.  landscs.  andflowers.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1812-37. 

BURNE-JONES,  SIR  EDWARD  COLEY,  BART.,  A.R.A., 
R.W.S.  {b.  Birmingham,  1833  ;  d.  London,  1898  ;  bd.  Rottingdean, 
nr.  Brighton).  Educ.  at  King  Edward  VL's  Grammar  Sch.,  Bir- 
mingham, and  Exeter  Coll.,  Oxford.  Joined  Wm.  Morris  in  London, 
1855.  Helped  Rossetti  and  others  to  decorate  the  Oxford  Union 
Society's  Debating  Hall,  1858.  Visited  Italy,  1859.  Followed 
the  principles  of  the  Pre-Raphaelites.  Designed  tapestry,  stained 
glass,  and  mosaics.  Ptd.  mythical  and  legendary  subjects,  etc., 
in  oils  and  water-cols.  A.R.A.,  1885-93.  Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S., 
Grosvenor  Gallery,  etc.,  from  1872. 

BURNET,  JOHN  (&.  nr.  Edinburgh,  1784  ;  d.  Stoke  Newington, 
1868).  Son  of  the  Surveyor-General  of  Excise  for  Scotland.  Stud, 
under  R.  Scott,  the  engraver,  and  at  the  Trustees'  Acad.  Came 
to  London,  1806.  Engraved  Wilkie's  pictures.  Ptd.  genre  subjects. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1808-62.     Wrote  works  on  art. 

BURNEY,  EDWARD  FRANCIS  {b.  Worcester,  1760;  d. 
London,  1848).  Came  to  London,  1776.  Stud,  at  Royal  Acad. 
Schs.  Friend  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  Ptd.  book-illns.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1780-1803. 

BURR,  JOHN  R.,  A.R.W.S.,  R.B.A.  {b.  1836  ;  d.  1894).  Ptd. 
genre.     Exhib.  from  1862  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc. 

BURTON,  SIR  FREDERICK  WILLIAM,  R.H.A.,  H.R.W.S., 
F.S.A.  {b.  in  Co.  Clare,  1816  ;  d.  Kensington,  1900).  Son  of  a 
landsc.  ptr.  Pupil  of  the  bros.  Brocas  at  Dublin,  1828  ;  noticed  by 
Geo.  Petrie,  P.R.H.A.  A.R.H.A.,  1837  ;  R.H.A.,  1839.  Memb.  of 
O.W.C.S.  Director  of  the  National  Gallery,  1874-94.  Ptd.  genre 
subjects,  miniatures,  water-col.  portraits,  landscs.,  etc.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1842-82. 

BURTON,  WILLIAM  PATON  {b.  Madras,  1828;  d.  Cults, 
Aberdeen,  1883).  Son  of  an  ofificer  in  the  Indian  army.  Educ.  at 
Edinburgh  ;  worked  with  D.  Bryce,  an  architect,  but  took  to  ptg. 
Drew  landscs.  in  Surrey,  Sussex,  etc.  ;  also  on  the  Continent,  and 
in  Egypt.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  The  Inst.,  1862-83. 

BUSS,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (6.  London,  1804  ;  d.  Camden 
Town,  1875).  Son  of  and  apprenticed  to  an  engraver  and  enameller  ; 
pupil  of  G.  Clint,  A.R.A.  Drew  theatrical  portraits,  humorous 
subjects,  and  book-illns.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1826-59. 


T92  BYRNE— CALLOW 

BYRNE,  MISS  ANNE  FRANCES  {b.  London,  1775  ;  d.  1837). 
Daughter  of  William  Byrne,  landsc.  engraver.  Ptd.  flowers  and 
fruit.  Lady  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  B.L, 
and  S.B.A.,  1796-1833. 

BYRNE,  JOHN  {b.  1786  ;  d.  1847  ;  bd.  Kensal  Green).  Son 
of  William  Byrne,  landsc.  engraver.  At  first  an  engraver  ;  after- 
wards became  a  ptr.  of  landscs.  in  water-cols.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S. 
Stud,  in  Italy,  1833-7.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  B.L,  and 
S.B.A.,  1822-47. 

BYRNE,  MISS  MARY.     See  Green,  Mrs.  James. 


CABALIERE,  JOHN  {d.  1780).  A  wine  merchant.  Ptd. 
miniatures  and  drew  in  pencil. 

CAHUSAC,  J.  A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
fruit  and  figure  subjects.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1827-53. 

CALDECOTT,  RANDOLPH,  R.I.  (6.  Chester,  1846;  d.  St. 
Augustine,  Florida,  1886).  Son  of  an  accountant.  Educ.  at  King's 
Sch.,  Chester.  Became  a  bank  clerk.  Drew  for  London  Society, 
Punch,  Graphic,  etc.,  from  1868.  Settled  in  London,  1872, 
Illustrated  "  Bracebridge  Hall"  and  many  children's  story  books. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.L,  etc.,  1872-85. 

CALLCOTT,  SIR  AUGUSTUS  WALL,  R.A.  {b.  Kensington, 
1779 '  ^-  Kensington,  1844 ;  bd.  Kensal  Green).  Chorister  at 
Westminster  Abbey  ;  stud,  music,  but  gave  it  up  for  ptg.  Stud. 
of  R.A.,  1797.  Pupil  of  Hoppner.  Ptd.  portraits,  and  subse- 
quently landscs.,  in  oil  and  water-cols.  A.R.A.,  1806  ;  R.A.,  1810. 
Knighted,  1837.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.L,  1799-1844. 

CALLOW,  JOHN  {b.  1822  ;  d.  New  Cross,  1878).  Bro.  and 
pupil  of  W.  Callow,  R.W.S.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.;  Assoc,  of 
O.W.C.S.  Prof,  at  Royal  Milit.  Coll.,  Addiscombe,  1855-61  ; 
master  of  landsc.  Royal  Milit.  Acad.,  Woolwich,  1861-5  ;  Prof. 
at  Queen's  Coll.,  London,  1875-8.  Ptd.  marine  subjects  and 
landscs.,  chiefly  in  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A., 
N.W.C.S.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1844-78. 

CALLOW,  WILLIAM,  R.W.S.,  F.R.G.S.  {b.  Greenwich,  1812  ; 
d.  Great  Missenden,  1908).  Articled  to  Theodore  and  Thales  Field- 
ing. Went  to  Paris,  1829.  Prof,  of  drawing  to  children  of  Louis 
Philippe.  Settled  in  London,  1841  ;  removed  to  Great  Missenden, 
1855.  Ptd.  landscs.,  buildings,  and  seascapes.  Exhib.  till  1908, 
chiefly  at  O.W.C.S. 


CALVERT— CARTER  1 93 

CALVERT,  CHARLES  (6.  1785,  Glossop  Hall,  Derby;  d. 
Bowness,  Westmorland,  1852).  Son  of  an  amateur  ptr.  Became 
a  cotton  merchant,  but  subsequently  both  practised  and  taught 
ptg.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Ptd.  landscs.  Helped  to  found  the 
Royal  Manchester  Institution. 

CALVERT,  EDWIN  SHERWOOD,  R.S.W.  [b.  1844  ;  d.  1898). 
Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  from  1878. 

CALVERT,  FREDERICK.  Exhib.  1827-44.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Wrote  on  artistic  and  archaeological  subjects. 

CAMPION,  GEORGE  B.  {h.  1796 ;  d.  Munich,  1870).  Was  for 
a  time  drawing  master  at  Woolwich  Milit.  Acad.  Memb.  of 
N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  topographical  views  and  genre  scenes.  Exhib. 
at  N.W.C.S.  and  S.B.A.,  1829-69. 

CARMICHAEL,  JAMES  WILSON  [h.  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
1800  ;  d.  Scarborough,  1868).  Went  to  sea  at  an  early  age. 
Apprenticed  to  a  ship  builder.  Ptd.  marine  subjects,  etc.,  in 
water-cols,  and  oils.  Came  to  London  about  1845.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1835-62. 

CARPENTER,  MRS.  WILLIAM  HOOKHAM  {nee  Margaret 
Sarah  Geddes)  {h.  Salisbury,  1793  ;  d.  London,  1872).  Came 
to  London,  1814.  Ptd.  portraits,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc., 
1814-66. 

CARRICK,  ROBERT,  R.I.  (b.  in  West  of  Scotland ;  d.  1805). 
Influenced  by  Pre-Raphaelitism.  Ptd.  genre.  Memb.  of  Inst,  of 
Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.I.,  etc.,  from  1847. 

CARRICK,  THOMAS  HEATHFIELD  {h.  Upperley,  Carlisle, 
1802 ;  d.  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1875).  Became  a  chemist.  Self- 
taught  in  art.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Worked  at  Carlisle,  Newcastle, 
and  in  London.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1841-66. 

CARTER,  H.  B.  {h.  Scarborough  ;  d.  in  West  of  England). 
Ptd.  landscs.  and  marine  subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1827-30. 

CARTER,  HUGH,  R.I.  [b.  1837  ;  d.  1903).  Ptd.  genre  scenes, 
portraits,  and  topographical  views.  Memb.  of  Inst,  of  Oil  Ptrs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.I.,  and  Inst,  of  Oil  Ptrs.,  1859-1903. 

CARTER,  JOHN,  F.S.A.  {b.  1748  ;  d.  Pmilico,  1817).  Archao- 
logist ;  draughtsman  to  Soc.  of  Antiquaries  ;  writer  on  Gothic 
architecture  ;  musical  composer.  Made  views  of  old  buildings, 
gxhib.  at  R.A,,  Incorp.  S.A.,  and  Free  S.A.,  1765-94. 

25 


1 94  CARTWRIGHT— CH  ALON 

CARTWRIGHT,  JOSEPH  {d.  1829).  Attached  to  the  Army 
in  a  civil  capacity.  Sketched  in  Greece,  etc.  ;  ptd.  landscs. 
and  marine  subjects.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1826.  Exhib.  at  B.I.  and 
S.B.A.,  1823-9. 

CARVER,  ROBERT  {b.  Ireland;  d.  London,  1791).  Scene 
ptr.  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre.  Memb,  of  Incorp.  S.A.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  coast  scenes.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  Free  S.A., 
and  R.A.,  1765-90. 

CASSIE,  JAMES,  R.S.A.,  R.S.W.  {b.  Inverurie,  1819  ;  d. 
Edinburgh,  1879).  A.R.S.A.,  1869  ;  R.S.A.,  1879.  Ptd.  landscs., 
portraits,  genre,  and  especially  coast  scenes.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc., 
1854-79,  ^^'^  i^  Scotland. 

CATTERMOLE,  CHARLES,  R.I.,  R.B.A.  {b.  1832  ;  d.  1900). 
Nephew  of  G.  Cattermole.  Ptd.  figure  subjects  in  oils  and  water- 
cols.,  and  drew  book-illns.  Memb.  of  Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  R.B.A.,  and  R.I  ,  from  1858. 

CATTERMOLE,  GEORGE  {b.  Dickleburgh,  nr.  Diss,  1800; 
d.  Clapham  Common,  1868).  Pupil  of  John  Britton.  Ptd.  in  oils 
and  water-cols,  dramatic  pictures  of  romantic  subjects,  also 
landscs.,  etc. ;  illus.  works  by  Dickens,  etc.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S., 
Amsterdam  Acad.,  and  Belgian  Water  Col.  Soc.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1819-50.     Was  awarded  a  medal  at  Paris,  1855. 

CATTERMOLE,  REV.  RICHARD.  Ptd.  palace  interiors. 
Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  1814-18.  Afterwards  entered  the  Church. 
Wrote  history. 

CATTON,  CHARLES,  JUN.  {b.  London,  1756  ;  d.  in  America, 
1819).  Pupil  of  his  father,  Chas,  Catton,  R.A.  ;  stud,  of  R.A. 
Made  drawings  of  animals  and  topographical  views.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  1776-1800.     Emigrated,  1804. 

CHALON,  ALFRED  EDWARD,  R.A.  {b.  Geneva,  1780;  d. 
Kensington,  i860  ;  bd.  Highgate).  Son  of  a  prof,  of  French  at 
Sandhurst  ;  brother  of  J.  J.  Chalon.  Stud,  of  K.A.,  1797.  Memb. 
of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.  A.R.A.,  1812  ;  R.A.,  1816. 
Ptd.  miniatures,  water-col.  portraits  of  singers  and  dancers,  etc. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1801-60. 

CHALON,  JOHN  JAMES,  R.A.  {b.  Geneva,  1778  ;  d.  Kensing- 
ton, 1854;  ^^-  Highgate).  Son  of  a  prof,  of  French  at  Sandhurst; 
brother  of  A.  E.  Chalon.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1796.  Ptd.  landscs., 
marine  views,  animals,  and  figure  subjects.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S. 
A.R.A.,  1827  ;  R.A.,  1841.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S., 
1801-54. 


CHALMERS— CMISHOLM  195 

CHALMERS,  GEORGE  PAUL,  R.S.A.,  R.S.W.  {b.  Montrose, 
1836  ;  d.  Edinburgh,  1S78).  Stud,  under  Lauder  at  Edinburgh 
Sch.  of  Design.  A.R.S.A.,  1867  >  R-S.A.,  1871.  Ptd.  genre,  portraits, 
and  landscapes.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1863-76,  and  in  Scotland. 

CHAMBERS,  GEORGE  {b.  Whitby,  1803  ;  d.  1840).  Son  of  a 
seaman.  Went  to  sea  at  an  early  age.  Became  a  house  ptr.  at 
Whitby.  Subsequently  came  to  London,  and  ptd.  theatrical 
scenery  ;  also  ptd.  river  and  coast  scenes,  and  naval  views.  Memb. 
of  O.W.C.S.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1827-40. 

CHARRETIE,  MRS.  JOHN  {nee  Anna  Maria  KenvveU)  {d. 
Kensington,  1875,  aged  56).  Ptd.  miniatures,  flowers,  and  oil 
portraits.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1842-75. 

CHASE,  JOHN  {b.  London,  1810  ;  d.  London,  1879).  Received 
instruction  from  Constable ;  stud,  architecture.  Ptd.  landscs., 
views  of  churches,  etc.  Memb.  of  X.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.L,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1826-79. 

CHASE,  MRS.  JOHN  {nee  RLx).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
landscs.     Exhib.  at  N.W.C.S.,  1836-9. 

CHASE,  MISS  MARIAN,  R.I.  {b.  1844  ;  d.  1905).  Daughter  of 
John  Chase.  Ptd.  flower  pieces,  etc.  Exhib,  from  1866  at  R.A., 
R.B.A.,  and  R.I. 

CHILD,  JAMES  WARREN  {d.  1862,  aged  84).  Ptd.  miniatures, 
especially  of  actors  and  actresses.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  S.B.A., 
1815-53- 

CHILDE,  ELI  AS.  Ptd.  landscs.,  often  with  figures.  Memb. 
of  S.B.A.,  1825.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1798-1848. 

CHINNERY,  GEORGE,  R.H.A.  {d.  Macao,  1857  [?]  ).  Elected 
R.H.A.,  1798.  Ptd.  miniatures,  and  portraits  and  landscs.  in  oils 
and  water-cols.  Spent  over  50  yrs.  in  China  and  India.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1791-1846. 

CHISHOLM,  ALEXANDER  {b.  Elgin,  1792  or  1793,  d.  Rothesay, 
1847).  Apprenticed  to  a  weaver.  Patronised  by  the  Earl  of 
Buchan.  Art  teacher  at  Edinburgh.  Came  to  London,  1818. 
Ptd.  portraits,  and  genre  and  historical  subjects.  Drew  illns.  for 
"  Waverley  Novels,"  etc.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1820-47. 


1 96  CHURCHMAN— CODE 

r CHURCHMAN,  JOHN  {d.  Bloomsbury,  1780).     Was  at  one  time 
a  curate.     Ptd.  miniatures. 

CIPRIANI,  GIOVANNI  BATTISTA,  R.A.  {b.  Florence,  1727  ;  d. 
Hammersmith,  1785  ;  bd.  Chelsea).  Pupil  of  Hugford  at  Florence. 
Went  to  Rome,  1750  ;  came  to  England,  1755.  Designed  classical 
figure  subjects,  etc.,  many  of  which  were  engraved  by  Bartolozzi. 
Foundation  Memb.  of  R.A.,  1768  ;   exhib.  there  till  1779. 

[CLARK,  JOHN  ("WATERLOO"  CLARK)  {b.  1751  or  1752; 
d.  Edinburgh,  1863).     Ptd.  landscs.  and  drew  book-illns. 

CLAYTON,  JOHN  {b.  1727  or  172S  ;  d.  Enfield,  1800).  Brought 
up  as  a  surgeon.  Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.  Ptd.  fruit  and  still  life 
in  oils  and  water-cols. 

CLENNELL,  LUKE  {b.  Ulgham,  nr.  Morpeth,  1781  ;  d.  New- 
castle-on-Tyne,  1840).  Son  of  a  farmer.  Apprenticed  to  Bewick, 
1797.  Came  to  London,  1804,  as  an  engraver  ;  subsequently  took 
to  ptg.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Ptd.  genre 
subjects.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  O.W.C.S., 
etc.,  1810-18. 

CLERISSEAU,  CHARLES  LOUIS  {b.  Paris,  1722  ;  d.  Auteuil, 
1820).  Architectural  draughtsman.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and 
R.A.,  1772-90. 

CLEVELEY,  JOHN  {b.  Deptford,  1747 ;  d.  17S6).  Twin  brother 
of  R.  Cleveley.  Pupil  of  Paul  Sandby.  Employed  at  Deptford 
dockyard.  Ptd.  sea  views  and  shipping.  Accompanied  two  ex- 
peditions to  northern  regions.  Exhib.  at  Free  S.A.  and  R.A., 
1764-86. 

CLEVELEY,  ROBERT  {b.  Deptford,  1747  ;  d.  Dover,  1809). 
Twin  bro.  of  John  Cleveley.  Ptd.  marine  views  and  sea-fights. 
Marine  ptr.  to  Prince  of  Wales.  Exhib.  at  Free  S.A.  and  R.A., 
1767-1803. 

CLEYN,  CHARLES,  JOHN,  and  PENELOPE.  Children  of 
F.  Cleyn,  a  German  tapestry  designer.  Ptd.  miniatures  about  the 
middle  of  the  17th  century. 

CLINT,  ALFRED  {b.  1807  ;  d.  1883).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  ; 
Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1843  ;  Pres.,  1870.  Ptd.  portraits,  landscs.,  and 
coast  scenes.  Wrote  a  "  Guide  to  Oil  Painting."  E.xhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1828-81. 

CODE,  MRS.    See  Benwell,  Miss  Mary. 


COLE— COMERFORD  197 

COLE,  GEORGE  VICAT,  R.A.  {b.  Portsmouth,  1833  ;  d. 
Kensington,  1893).  Son  of  an  artist.  Ptd.  landscs.,  including 
many  views  of  the  Thames.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1859-64  ;  A.R.A., 
1869  ;  R.A.,  1880.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  R.B.A.,  1852-92. 

COLEMAN,  WILLIAM  STEPHEN  {b.  1829  or  1830  ;  d.  1904). 
Educ.  as  a  surgeon.  Keen  naturahst.  Drew  illns.  for  works  on 
natural  history,  and  for  Illustrated  London  Almanack.  Designed 
the  heading  of  the  Field.  Executed  designs  for  pottery.  Exhib. 
1865-79. 

COLLET,  JOHN  {h.  London,  1725  [?]  ;  i.  Chelsea,  1780).  Pupil 
of  G.  Lambert,  and  at  St.  Martin's  Lane  Acad.  Ptd.  in  oils  and 
water-cols,  figure  subjects  and  humorous  pieces  in  style  of  Hogarth, 
Exhib.  at  Free  S.A.,  1761-83. 

COLLIER,  THOMAS,  R.I.  {b.  Glossop,  1840  ;  d.  Hampstead, 
1891).  Stud,  at  Manchester  Sch.  of  Art.  Ptd.  landscs.  Chevalier 
de  la  Legion  d'Honneur,  1878.  Silver  Medallist  at  Paris  Exhibition, 
1889.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  and  R.I.,  1863-92. 

COLLINGWOOD,  WILLIAM,  R.W.S.  {b.  Greenwich,  1819  ; 
d.  1903).  Son  of  an  architect.  Pupil  of  J.  D.  Harding  and  S.  Prout. 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  and  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  interiors,  Alpine  landscs., 
etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  from  1838. 

COLLINS,  RICHARD  {b.  Hampshire,  1755  ;  d.  London,  183 1). 
Pupil  of  Jeremiah  Meyer.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  enamels.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1777-1818. 

COLLINS,  SAMUEL  [b.  Bristol).  Son  of  a  clergyman.  Educ. 
as  an  attorney.  Executed  miniatures  on  ivory  and  in  enamel. 
Practised  at  Bath  ;   removed  to  Dublin  about  1762. 

COLLINS,  WILLIAM,  R.A.  {b.  London,  1788  ;  d.  London,  1847  ; 
hd.  St.  Mary's  Churchyard,  Paddington).  Son  of  a  picture  dealer. 
Stud,  of  R.A.,  1807.  Ptd.  landscs.,  marine  views,  and  pictures  of 
rustic  Hfe.  A.R.A.,  1814  ;  R.A.,  1820  ;  Librarian  to  R.A.,  1840. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1807-46,  and  at  B.I. 

COMERFORD,  JOHN  {b.  Kilkenny,  1762  [?]  ;  d.  Dublin,  1833 
[?]).  Son  of  a  flax  dresser.  Stud,  at  the  Dublin  Society's 
Schs.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  sketch-portraits.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
1804  and  1809. 


198  CONEY— COOPER 

CONEY,  JOHN  {b.  Ratcliff  Highway,  1786  ;  d.  Camberwell, 
1833).  Articled  to  an  architect.  Ptd.  views,  and  made  drawings 
and  engravings  of  English  and  foreign  architectural  subjects. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1805-21. 

CONSTABLE,  JOHN,  R.A.  {b.  East  Bergholt,  1776  ;  d.  London, 
1837;  bd.  Hampstcad).  Son  of  a  miller.  Educ.  at  Lavenham  and 
Dedham.  Went  to  London,  1795,  and  again,  1799.  Stud,  of  R.A., 
1799.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  A.R.A.,  1819  ;  R.A., 
1829.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1802-37.  Exerted  much 
influence  on  English  and  French  landsc.  ptg. 

COOK,  SAMUEL  (b.  Camelford,  1806  ;  d.  Plymouth,  1859). 
Apprenticed  to  a  woollen  manufacturer  ;  afterwards  worked  as  a 
ptr.  and  glazier.  Ptd.  excellent  coast  scenes.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 
Exhib.  at  N.W.C.S.  and  S.B.A.,  1843-59. 

COOKE,  EDWARD  WILLIAM,  R.A.,  F.R.S.  {b.  London, 
181 1 ;  d.  Glen  Andred,  Groombridge,  nr.  Tunbridge  Wells,  1880  ; 
bd.  Groombridge).  Drew  iJlns.  for  the  "  Botanical  Cabinet." 
Published  etchings  of  shipping.  Ptd.  river  and  sea  subjects,  etc., 
in  oils  and  water-cols.  Travelled  considerably.  A.R.A.,  1851  ; 
R.A.,  1863.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1835-79,  ^^^  ^.t  B.L,  etc. 

COOPER,  ALEXANDER  ABRAHAM  {b.  1605  [?]  ;  d.  Stock- 
holm, 1660).  Brother  of  Samuel  Cooper.  Pupil  of  John  Hoskins. 
Was  at  the  Hague  in  1632-3  ;  portrait  ptr.  at  Stockholm  to  Queen 
Christina,  1646-56  ;  worked  for  Christian  IV.  in  Denmark,  1656  ; 
was  again  at  Stockholm  from  1657.     ^^^-  rniniatures. 

COOPER,  RICHARD,  JUN.  {b.  Edinburgh,  about  1740  ;  living 
in  1814).  Son  and  pupil  of  Richard  Cooper,  engraver.  Stud,  at 
Paris,  and  in  Italy.  Drawing  master  at  Eton.  Ptd.  landscs.  and 
views  of  Rome,  Windsor,  Richmond,  etc.    Exhib.  at  R.A. ,  1787-1809. 

COOPER,  SAMUEL  {b.  London,  1609  ;  d.  1672  ;  bd.  St.  Pancras- 
in-the-Fields).  Pupil  of  John  Hoskins.  Famous  miniature  ptr.  ; 
worked  in  England,  and  on  the  Continent ;  was  a  musician  and  a 
linguist. 

COOPER,  THOMAS  SIDNEY,  C.V.O.,  R.A.  {b.  Canterbury, 
1803,  d.  nr.  Canterbury,  1902).  Worked  as  a  coach  ptr.  Helped  by 
Sir  T.  Lawrence  to  enter  R.A.  Schs.,  but  soon  after  went  to  Brussels, 
1827,  and  studied  under  Verboeckhoven.  Returned,  1831.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.  from  1833.  A.R.A.,  1845  ;  R.A.,  1867.  Ptd.  cattle  and 
pastoral  scenes  in  oils  and  water-cols. 


CORE  AUX— COTM  AN  1 99 

CORBAUX,  MISS  FANNY  {b.  1812  ;  d.  Brighton,  1883).  Self- 
taught  in  art.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.;  Hon.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1830;  won 
gold  medal  of  Soc.  of  Arts,  1830.  Ptd.  portraits.  Wrote  on  oriental 
subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1828-54. 

CORBAUX,  MISS  LOUISA  {b.  1808).  Ptd.  animals  and 
domestic  subjects.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A., 
and  N.W.C.S.,  1828-81. 

CORBOULD,  EDWARD  HENRY,  R.I.  {b.  1815  ;  d.  1905).  Ptd. 
genre  subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  1835-80. 

CORBOULD,  RICHARD  {b.  London,  1757 ;  d.  Highgatc,  1831 ; 
bd.  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn).  Ptd.  miniatures,  landscs.  and  a  few 
historical  subjects  on  porcelain  and  ivory,  and  in  enamel.  Exhib. 
at  Free  S.A.,  R.A.,  and  B.I.,  1776-1817. 

COSTELLO,  MISS  LOUISA  STUART  {b.  France,  1799;  d. 
Boulogne,  1870).  Daughter  of  a  colonel.  Came  to  London  about 
1820.     Ptd.  miniatures  and  wrote  poetry.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1822-38. 

COSWAY,  RICHARD,  R.A.  {b.  Tiverton,  1740  [?]  ;  d.  London, 

1821  ;  bd.  Marylebone  Church).  Son  of  a  schoolmaster.  Awarded 
premiums  by  Soc.  of  Arts,  1755  and  1758-60  ;  stud,  of  R.A.,  1769  ; 
A.R.A.,  1770 ;  R.A.,  1771.  Became  a  leading  miniature  ptr. 
E.xhib.  at  Incorp.  and  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1760-1806. 

COSWAY,  MRS.  RICHARD  {nee  Miss  Maria  L.  C.  C.  Hadfield) 
{b.  Florence,  1759  ;  d.  and  bd.  Lodi,  nr.  Milan,  1838).  Memb.  of 
Acad,  at  Florence,  1778.  Married  Cosway  in  1781.  Ptd.  minia- 
tures.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1781-1801. 

COTES,  SAMUEL  {b.  1734  ;  d.  Chelsea,  1818).  Son  of  an  apothe- 
cary ;  bro.  of  F.  Cotes,  R.A.  Ptd.  miniatures,  crayon  portraits,  and 
enamels.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1760-89. 

COTMAN,  JOHN  JOSEPH  {b.  Yarmouth,  1814  ;  d.  Norwich, 
1878).  Second  son  of  J.  S.  Cotman.  Taught  drawing.  Ptd. 
landscs.  Memb.  of  Norwich  School.  Exhib.  at  B.I.,  1852-6,  and 
at  R.A.,  1853. 

COTMAN,  JOHN  SELL  {b.  Norwich,  1782  ;  d.  London,  1842). 
Son  of  a  silk  mercer.  Came  to  London,  1800.  Befriended  by  Dr. 
Monro.  Returned  to  Norwich,  1806.  ]\Iemb.  of  Associated  Artists 
in  Water  Cols.  Pres.  of  Norwich  S.A.,  1811.  Assoc,  of  O.W.CS. 
Taught  drawing  at  Yarmouth,  and  at  King's  College  School.  Ptd. 
landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Etched  architectural  subjects. 
One  of  the  chief  members  of  the  Norwich  School.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
BJ.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1800-39. 


200  COTMAN— CRANE 

COTMAN,  MILES  EDMUND  (6.  Norwich,  1811  ;  d.  Norwich, 
1858).  Eldest  son  of  J.  S.  Cotman.  Ptd.  river  and  sea  views  in 
oils  and  water-cols.  Succeeded  his  father  as  drawing  master  at 
King's  Coll  Sch.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1835-56. 

COWEN,  WILLIAM  [h.  i-jc^j  ;  d.  i860).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  Continental  views,  and  produced  etchings.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1811-60. 

COX,  DAVID  [h.  Deritend,  Birmingham,  1783  ;  d.  and  hd. 
Harborne,  1859).  Son  of  a  blacksmith.  Apprenticed  to  a  miniature 
ptr.  Pupil  of  Joseph  Barker.  Scene  ptr.  at  Birmingham.  Came 
to  London,  1804,  and  had  lessons  from  John  Varley.  Ptd.  theatrical 
scenery,  and  taught  drawing;  ptd.  landscs.,  in  oils  and  water-cols. 
President  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S. 
Resided  at  Hereford  about  1815-27,  and  at  Harborne  from  1841. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1805-59. 

COX,  DAVID,  JUN.,  A.R.W.S.  {h.  Dulwich  Common,  1809  ;  d. 
Streatham  Hill,  1885).  Son  and  pupil  of  David  Cox.  Ptd.  landscs. 
in  water-cols.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. ;  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1827-84. 

COZENS,  ALEXANDER  {b.  in  Russia;  d.  London,  1786). 
Natural  son  of  Peter  the  Great  and  an  Englishwoman.  Stud,  in 
Italy.  Came  to  England,  1746.  Drawing  master  at  Eton,  1763-8. 
Practised  for  a  time  at  Bath.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A., 
Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1761-81. 

COZENS,  JOHN  ROBERT  {h.  1752  ;  d.  1799  [?]).  Son  of  Alex- 
ander Cozens.  Important  precursor  of  Girtin  and  Turner. 
Travelled  considerably.  Lost  his  reason,  1794.  Exhib.  at  Incorp. 
S.A.  and  R.A.,  1767-76. 

CRAFT,  WILLIAM.  Ptd.  portraits,  subject  pictures,  etc.,  in 
enamel  ;  also  ptd.  on  china,  and  was  employed  at  Bow  porcelain 
factory.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1774-95. 

CRAIG,  WILLIAM  MARSHALL  {b.  and  d.  unknown).  Ptd. 
portraits,  miniatures,  landscs.,  etc.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists 
in  Water  Cols.  Exhib.  1788-1828.  Published  books  on  drawing, 
ptg.,  and  engraving. 

CRANE,  THOMAS  {b.  Chester,  1808  ;  d.  Bayswater,  1859). 
Worked  in  London,  Chester,  Torquay,  etc.  Ptd.  miniatures,  oil 
portraits,  genre,  landscs.,  etc.  Assoc,  of  Liverpool  Academy,  1835. 
Memb.  1838  ;  Treas.,  1842-4  ;  retired,  1845.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.« 
and  S.B.A.,  1842-58. 


CRESWICK— CRUIKSHANK  201 

CRESWICK,  THOMAS,  R.A.  {b.  Sheffield,  1811  ;  d.  Bayswater, 
1869  ;  bd.  Kensal  Green).  Pupil  of  J.  V.  Barber  at  Birmingham. 
Settled  in  London,  1828.  Ptd.  landscs.,  chiefly  in  oils,  including 
scenes  from  Wales,  Ireland,  and  N.  England,  often  with  streams. 
A.R.A.,  1842  ;  R.A.,  1851.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A., 
1828-70. 

CRIDDLE,  MRS.  HARRY  {nee  Mary  Ann  Alabaster)  {b.  Holy- 
well, Flintshire,  1805  ;  d.  Addlestone,  1880).  Pupil  of  Hayter, 
1824-6,  and  of  Miss  S.  Setchel,  1846.  Lady  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  at  first  in  oils,  and  afterwards  in  water-cols.  Ptd.  genre,  illns. 
of  the  poets,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc., 
1830-79. 

CRISTALL,  JOSHUA  (b.  1767  [?],  Camborne  or  London  ;  d. 
London,  1847  5  ^^-  Goodrich).  Son  of  the  master  of  a  trading- vessel. 
Became  a  china  ptr.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Befriended  by  Dr.  Monro. 
Ptd.  classical  figures  in  landscs.,  and  genre  scenes,  landscs.,  and 
rustic  groups.  Memb.  and  Pres.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L, 
and  O.W.C.S.,  1803-47. 

CROME,  JOHN  {b.  Norwich,  1768  ;  d.  Norwich,  1821).  Known 
as  "  Old  Crome."  Son  of  a  weaver.  Apprentice  of  Frank  Whisler, 
a  sign  ptr.  Patronised  by  Sir  W.  Beechey.  Founded  the  Norwich 
School  of  Ptg.  Helped  to  found  Norwich  S.A.,  1803  ;  became  its 
Pres.,  1810.     Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.L,  1806-21. 

CROMEK,  THO:\L\S  HARTLEY  {b.  London,  1809  ;  d.  Wake- 
field, 1873).  Son  of  R.  H.  Cromek  ;  pupil  of  J.  Hunter  at  Wakefield, 
and  J.  Rhodes  at  Leeds.  Abroad,  1831-49.  Ptd.  landscs.  Assoc, 
of  N.W.C.S.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1835-72. 

CROSSE,  LAWRENCE  {d.  1724).  Ptd.  miniatures  and 
water-col.  copies  of  old  masters. 

CROSSE,  RICHARD  {b.  Knowle,  Devon,  1742  ;  d.  Knowle, 
1810).  Deaf  and  dumb.  Awarded  premium  by  Soc.  of  Arts,  1758. 
Ptd.  miniatures  and  enamels.  Enamel  ptr.  to  George  III.,  1790. 
E.xhib.  at  Incorp.  and  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1760-96. 

CRUIKSHANK,  GEORGE  {b.  Bloomsbury,  1792;  d.  1878; 
bd.  St.  Paul's  Cathedral).  Son  of  Isaac  Cruikshank.  Drew  illns. 
for  numberless  periodicals  and  books  by  Dickens  and  others.  Exe- 
cuted numerous  etchings.  Drew  caricatures,  humorous  subjects, 
and  book-illns.  in  pencil,  water-cols.,  etc.,  and  ptd.  a  few  pictures 
in  oils.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1830-67. 

26 


202  CRUIKSHANK— DANIELL 

CRUIKSHANK,  ISAAC  {b.  Edinburgh,  1756  or  1757;  d. 
London,  1810  or  1811).  Caricaturist.  lUus.  works  by  Dean 
Swift,  Joe  Miller,  etc.  Ptd.  genre  subjects.  Exhib,  at  R.A., 
1789-92. 

CRUIKSHANK,  ROBERT  ISAAC.  Eldest  son  of  Isaac 
Cruikshank.  Was  for  a  time  in  the  East  India  Co.'s  service.  Drew 
portraits  and  book-illns.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1811-17. 


DADD,  RICHARD  {b.  Chatham,  1819  ;  d.  Broadmoor  Asylum, 
1887).  Son  of  a  chemist.  Stud,  at  R.A.  Schs.  Ptd.  100  works 
illustrating  Byron  and  Tasso.  Travelled  in  the  East,  1842-3.  Ptd, 
landscs.,  and  religious  and  mythological  subjects.  Lost  his  reason, 
and  murdered  his  father  ;  was  imprisoned  from  1844  in  Bethlehem 
Hospital  and  at  Broadmoor.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A., 
1837-42. 

DAGLEY,  RICHARD  {d.  1841).  Educ.  at  Christ's  Hospital. 
Apprenticed  to  a  jeweller.  Worked  in  London  and  Doncaster. 
Ptd.  domestic  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A., 
1785-1833- 

DANBY,  FRANCIS,  A.R.A.  {b.  nr.  Wexford,  1793  ;  d.  Exmouth, 
1861).  Pupil  of  J.  A.  O'Connor  at  Dublin.  Went  to  Bristol, 
1821,  and  later  came  to  London.  A.R.A.,  1825.  Lived  in  Switzer- 
land, 1830-41.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A., 
1820-60. 

DANBY,  THOMAS,  R.W.S.  {b.  in  Ireland,  1818  [?]  ;  d.  1886). 
Son  of  Francis  Danby,  A.R.A.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  marine  subjects. 
Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1841-85. 

DANIELL,  ABRAHAM  {d.  Bath,  1803).  Practised  miniature 
ptg.  at  Bath. 

DANIELL,  REV.  EDWARD  THOMAS  {b.  London,  1804  ;  d. 
Adalia,  1842).  Son  of  an  attorney-general  of  Dominica.  Educ.  at 
Norwich  Gram.  Sch.  and  Balliol  Coll.,  Oxford.  Stud,  under  Crome 
and  J.  S.  Cotman.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Travelled 
on  the  Continent,  in  Asia  Minor,  etc.  Exhib.  at  Norwich,  1832,  and 
at  R.A.  and  B.I.,  1836-40. 

DANIELL,  SAMUEL  {b.  lyys  [?]  ;  d.  in  Ceylon,  1811).  Bro. 
of  William  Daniell,  R.A.  Travelled  in  South  Africa  and  Ceylon  ; 
published  works  on  the  scenery  and  animals  of  those  countries.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  animals.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1791-1812. 


DANIELL— DEANE  203 

DANIELL,  THOMAS,  R.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.  {b.  Kingston-on- 
Thames,  1749  ;  d.  Kensington,  1840  ;  bd.  Kensal  Green).  Son  of 
a  Chertsey.  innkeeper.  Apprenticed  to  an  heraldic  ptr.  Stud,  at 
R.A.  Schs.,  1773.  Ptd.  landscs.  Spent  ten  years  in  India  with 
his  nephew  William  Daniell,  R.A.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1772-84  and 
1795-1828.     A.R.A.,  1796;  R.A.,  1799. 

DANIELL,  WILLIAM,  R.A.  {b.  1769  ;  d.  New  Camden  Town, 
1837).  "^t  the  age  of  14,  was  taken  by  his  uncle  Thomas  Daniell, 
R.A.,  to  India.  Ptd.  Indian  views,  and  subsequently  English  and 
Scotch  landscs.  A.R.A.,  1807  ;  R.A.,  1822.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and 
B.I.,  1795-1838. 

DANSON,  GEORGE  {b.  Lancaster,  1799  ;  d.  London,  1881). 
Scene  ptr.  Ptd.  landscs.,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A., 
1823-48. 

DARCEY,  W.  Living  at  Portsmouth  in  1778.  Subsequently 
accompanied  an  embassy  to  China.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  Chinese 
scenes. 

DAVIDSON,  ALEXANDER,  R.S.W.  {b.  1838;  d.  1897). 
Ptd.  genre  subjects.     Exhib.  from  1873  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  etc. 

DAVIDSON,  CHARLES,  R.W.S.  {d.  Falmouth,  1902).  Ptd. 
landscs.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  and  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  from  1844, 
chiefly  at  O.W.C.S.,  where  over  800  of  his  works  appeared. 

DAVIS  (or  DAVIES),  JOHN  SCARLETT  [b.  Hereford,  1804  ; 
d.  about  1844).  Son  of  a  shoemaker.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1820  ;  also 
stud,  at  the  Louvre.  Ptd.  landscs.,  interiors,  views  of  towns, 
genre,  etc.  Lithographed  some  heads  after  Rubens.  Exhib.  at  R.A. , 
B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1822-44. 

DAY,  ALEXANDER  {b.  1770  ;  d.  Chelsea,  1841).  Studied  in 
Italy.     Miniature  ptr.  and  sculptor, 

DAYES,  EDWARD  {b.  1763;  d.  1804).  Pupil  of  William 
Pether.  Ptd.  miniatures,  landscs.,  and  works  including  numerous 
figures.  Wrote  and  published  several  works.  Engraved  in  mezzo- 
tint.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1786-1804,  and  at  Incorp.  S.A. 

DEACON,  JAMES  {d.  1750,  aged  less  than  30).    Ptd.  miniatures. 

DEANE,  WILLIAM  WOOD  {b.  Islington,  1825  ;  d.  Hamp- 
stead,  1873).  Practised  for  a  time  as  an  architect.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  ;  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Medallist  at  Vienna  Ex- 
hibition, 1873.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  O.W.C.S.  etc.,  1844-73. 


204  D'EGVILLE— DEVIS 

D'EGVILLE,  J.  HERVE  [d.  1880).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  portraits.     Exhib.  1837-80,  chiefly  at  N.W.C.S. 

DELAMOTTE,  WILLIAM  (6.  Weymouth,  1775  ;  d.  Oxford, 
1863).  Stud,  of  R.A.,  and  pupil  of  Benjamin  West.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Drawing  master  at  Great  Marlow  Milit.  Coll. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1793-1850. 

DE  LOUTHERBOURG,  PHILIP  JAMES,  R.A.  (6.  Fulda, 
1740  ;  d.  Chisvvick,  1812  ;  hd.  Chisvvick).  Son  of  a  miniature  ptr. 
Pupil  of  Casanova  and  Carle  Vanloo.  Memb.  of  Acad.  Royale,  1767. 
Came  to  England,  1771.  A.R.A.,  1780  ;  R.A.,  1781.  Ptd.  landscs., 
battle  pieces,  coast  views,  and  theatrical  scenery.  Posed  as  a  faith- 
healer.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  Free  S.A.,  1772-1812. 

DENNING,  STEPHEN  POYNTZ  [h.  1795  ;  d.  Dulwich,  1864). 
Pupil  of  J.  Wright.  Ptd.  miniature  portraits  and  miniature  copies 
of  old  masters.  Appointed  Curator  of  Dulwich  Gallery,  1821. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1814-52. 

DENNISTOUN,  WILLIAM  {h.  1838  ;  d.  1884).  Ptd.  landscs. 
and  architectural  subjects.     Exhib.  1880-4. 

DERBY,  ALFRED  THOMAS  [d.  1873,  aged  52).  Son  of 
William  Derb5^     Ptd.  miniatures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1839-72. 

DERBY,  WILLIAM  {h.  Birmingham,  1786  ;  d.  London,  1847). 
Pupil  of  Joseph  Barber.  Settled  in  London,  1808.  Ptd.  portraits 
and  miniatures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1811-37,  etc. 

DES  GRANGES,  DAVID  {h.  London,  1611  ;  d.  1675).  Of 
Huguenot  parentage.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  oil  portraits  ;  was  also 
an  engraver. 

DE  TABLEY,  LORD  (Sir  John  Fleming  Leicester)  {b.  1762, 
d.  1827).     Art  collector.     Made  water-col.  sketches. 

DEVIS,  ANTHONY  THOMAS  [h.  1729  ;  d.  Albury,  nr.  Guild- 
ford, 1817).  Teacher  of  drawing.  Ptd.  landscs.  Won  premium  at 
Soc.  of  Arts,  1763.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1772  and  1781. 

DEVIS,  ARTHUR  WILLIAM  {h.  London,  1763  ;  d.  1882). 
Son  of  Arthur  Devis.  Accompanied  Capt.  Wilson  round  the  world 
in  the  Antelope  ;  afterwards  went  to  Bengal  ;  returned  in  1795. 
Ptd.  portraits,  genre,  and  travel  sketches.  Exhib.  at  Free  S.A., 
R.A.,  B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1779-1821. 


DE   WILDE— DOBSON  205 

DE  WILDE,  SAMUEL  {b.  1748  [?]  ;  d.  1832 ;  bd.  ground  of 
Whitefield's  Tabernacle,  Tottenham  Ct.  Rd.).  Ptd.  dramatic  por- 
traits and  scenes  from  plays,  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at 
Incorp.  S.A.,  R.A.,  BJ.,  and  S.B.A.,  1776-1832. 

DE  WINT,  PETER  {b.  Stone,  Staffs.,  1784  ;  d.  London,  1849  ; 
bd.  ground  of  Royal  Chapel  in  the  Savoy).  Son  of  a  doctor.  Pupil 
of  J.  R.  Smith.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1807.  Ptd.  English  landscs.  in  oils 
and  water-cols,  in  an  original  style.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists 
in  Water  Cols,  and  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S. 
1807-49. 

DIBDIN,  THOMAS  COLMAN  {b.  1810 ;  d.  1893).  Was  for  a 
time  clerk  in  the  G.P.O.  Ptd.  landscs.,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1831-83. 

DIGHTON,  DENIS  {b.  London,  1792  ;  d.  St.  Servan,  1827). 
Son  of  Robert  Dighton,  the  ptr.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Drew  good 
caricatures,  and  ptd.  battles  and  military  scenes.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
1811-25. 

DIGHTON,  ROBERT  {b.  1752  ;  d.  London,  1814).  Ptr.,  actor, 
dramatic  writer,  singer,  and  humorist.  Drew  caricatures,  and  ptd. 
portraits  and  groups.     Exhib.  at  Free  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1769-99. 

DITCHFIELD,  ARTHUR  {b.  London,  1842  ;  d.  1888).  Pupil 
at  Leigh's  Sch.  Travelled  considerably.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and 
water-cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  1864-86. 

DIXON,  JOHN  {d.  Thwaite,  nr.  Bungay,  1715).  Pupil  of  Lely. 
Ptd.  miniatures. 

DIXON,  NICHOLAS.  Perhaps  a  brother  of  John  Dixon. 
Ptd.  miniatures  in  latter  half  of  17th  century. 

DIXON,  ROBERT  {b.  Norwich,  1780  ;  d.  1815).  Vice-Pres.  of 
Norwich  Soc,  1809.  Ptd.  landscs.,  architectural  subjects,  com- 
positions, etc.  Published  some  etchings.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1798, 
and  at  Norwich. 

DOBSON,  JOHN  {b.  Chirton,  N.  Shields,  1787;  d.  1865). 
Articled  to  a  builder  at  Newcastle.  Pupil  of  John  Varley.  Drew 
architectural  subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1818  and  1850. 

DOBSON,  WILLIAM  CHARLES  THOMAS,  R.A.,  R.W.S. 
{b.  Hamburg,  1817  ;  d.  Ventnor,  1898).  Son  of  a  merchant.  Stud, 
of  R.A.,  1836.  Memb.  of  Etching  Club,  1842.  Headmaster  of 
Govt.  Sch.  of  Design  at  Birmingham,  1843-5.  Stud,  in  Italy 
and  Germany.  Ptd.  genre,  portraits,  and  religious  subjects. 
A.R.A.,  i860;  R.A.,  1871;  H.R.A.,  1895;  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  from  1842. 


2o6  .    DODD— DOYLE 

DODD,  CHARLES  TATTERSHALL  {h.  Tonbridge,  1815  ; 
d.  Tunbridge  Wells,  1878).  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I., 
etc.,  from  1832. 

DODGSON,  GEORGE  HAYDOCK  {h.  Liverpool,  1811  ;  d. 
London,  1880).  Worked  for  a  time  under  George  Stephenson.  Ptd. 
English  landscs.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  and  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1835-80. 

DONALD,  JOHN  MILNE  {h.  Nairn,  1819  ;  d.  1866).  Stud,  at 
Glasgow  and  Paris.     Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.L,  1844-7. 

DONALDSON,  ANDREW  {h.  Comber,  nr.  Belfast  ;  d.  Glasgow, 
1846).  Son  of  a  weaver.  Taught  drawing  at  Glasgow.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  architectural  subjects. 

DONALDSON,  JOHN  {h.  Edinburgh,  1737  ;  d.  and  hd.  Islington, 
1801).  Son  of  a  glover.  Came  to  London,  1762.  Memb.  of  Incorp. 
S.  A.  Was  for  a  time  a  china  ptr.  at  Worcester  ;  practised  miniature 
ptg.  in  London  and  Edinburgh  ;  also  etched.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A., 
Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1761-91. 

DORRELL,  EDMUND  {h.  Warwick,  1778  ;  d.  London,  1857). 
Ptd.  landscs.  and  rustic  scenes.  Memb.  of  O  W.C.S.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1807-36. 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  WILLIAM  FETTES,  P.R.S.A.  {h.  Edinburgh, 
1822  ;  d.  Newburgh,  N.B.,  1891).  Was  for  ten  years  in  business. 
A.R.S.A.,  1851  ;  R.S.A.,  1854;  Secretary,  1869;  P.R.S.A.,  1882. 
Knighted,  1882.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1862-75),  etc. 

DOWNING,  H.  E.  {d.  1835).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  views  of  towns.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  and 
N.W.C.S.,  1827-33. 

DOWNMAN,  JOHN,  A.R.A.  (6.  in  Devonshire  ;  d.  Wrexham, 
1824).  Pupil  of  B.  West;  stud,  of  R.A.,  1769.  Ptd.  portraits, 
which  he  drew  in  pencil  and  then  tinted.  A.R.A. ,  1795.  Prac- 
tised in  London,  Exeter,  Chester,  etc.  Exhib.  at  Free  S.A.  and 
R.A.,  1768-1819. 

DOYLE,  RICHARD  (6.  1824;  d.  London,  1883).  Son  of 
John  Doyle,  a  miniaturist  and  caricaturist.  Ptd.  fanciful  com- 
positions in  water-cols.  Illus.  works  by  Thackeray  and  others, 
and  designed  the  title-page  of  Punch.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and 
Grosvenor  Gall,  1868-83. 


DRUMMOND— EDWARDS  207 

DRUMMOND,  JAMES,  R.S.A.  {h.  Edinburgh,  1816  ;  d.  Edin- 
burgh, 1877).  Pupil  of  Sir  W.  Allan.  A.R.S.A.,  1845  ;  R.S.A.,  1852. 
Curator  of  Edinburgh  Nat.  Gall.,  1868.  Ptd.  historical  and  subject 
pictures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.S.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1835-74. 

DU  MAURIER,  GEORGE  LOUIS  PALMELLA  BUSSOX, 
A.R.W.S.  {b.  Paris,  1831  ;  d.  1896  ;  hd.  Hampstead).  Became  an 
analytical  chemist.  .Stud,  art  at  Paris  and  Antwerp.  Drew  illns. 
for  Punch  and  numerous  books,  chiefly  humorous  subjects  executed 
in  black  and  white.     Exhib.  from  1870  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc. 

DUNAGE,  THOMAS.     Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 

DUNCAN,  EDWARD,  R.W.S.  {b.  London,  1803  ;  d.  Haver- 
stock  Hill,  1882).  Articled  to  Robert  Havell,  the  engraver.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  marine  subjects.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  and  O.W.C.S. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1830-82. 

DYCE,  WILLIAM,  R.A.,  A.R.S.A.  {h.  Aberdeen,  1806;  d. 
and  bd.  Streatham,  1864).  Educ.  at  Marischal  Coll.  Stud,  of 
R.S.A.  ;  A.R.S.A.,  1835  ;  A.R.A.,  1844 ;  R.A.,  1848.  Ptd. 
frescoes  in  the  Houses  of  Parliament.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  historical 
subjects.  Was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Govt.  Schs.  of  Design. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.L,  1827-61. 

EARLE,  CHARLES,  R.I.  {b.  1832  ;  d.  1893).  Memb.  of  Inst. 
of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols  ,  and  of  R.I.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
R.B.A.,  R.I.,  etc.,  1857-93. 

EASTLAKE,  SIR  CHARLES  LOCK,  P.R.A.  {b.  Plymouth, 
1793  5  ^-  1865  ;  bd.  Kensal  Green).  Son  of  a  lawyer.  Pupil  of 
B.  R.  Haydon;  stud,  of  R.A.,  1809.  A.R.A.,  1827  ;  R.A.,  1830  ; 
P.R.A. ,  1850.  Keeper  of  Nat.  Gall.,  1S43;  Director,  1855.  Wrote 
on  art.  Ptd.  historical  and  subject  pictures,  and  portraits,  mostly 
in  oiL     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.L,  1813-55. 

EBURNE,  MISS  EMMA  SOPHIA.     See  Oliver,  Mrs.  William. 

EDRIDGE,  HENRY,  A.R.A.  (b.  Paddington,  1769  ;  d.  London, 
1821 ;  bd.  Bushey).  Apprenticed  to  William  Pether,  the  engraver. 
Stud,  of  R.A.,  1784.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  landscs.  A.R.A.,  1820. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1786-1821. 

EDW^ARDS,  EDWARD,  A.R.A.  {b.  London,  1738  ;  d.  1806). 
Son  of  a  chair  maker.  Received  premiums  from  the  Soc.  of  Arts. 
Stud,  at  the  St.  Martin's  Lane  Acad.  Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.  ; 
A.R.A.,  1773  ;  Prof,  of  Perspective,  1788.  Ptd.  landscs.,  portraits, 
etc.  Published  52  etchings,  1792.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  Free 
S.A.,  R.A.,  and  B.L,  1766-1806. 


2o8  EDWARDS— EVANS 

EDWARDS,  EDWIN  {b.  Framlingham,  1823  ;  d.  London,  1879). 
Pursued  a  legal  career  for  some  5'ears.  Became  well  known  as  an 
etcher;  ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc., 
1861-80. 

EDWARDS,  GEORGE  {b.  Stratford,  1694  ;  d.  Plaistow,  1773). 
Travelled  on  the  Continent,  1716-31.  Librarian  to  Coll.  of 
Physicians,  1733.  Wrote  on  natural  history.  Ptd.  birds  and 
animals. 

EDWARDS,  SYDENHAM  {b.  1768  [?]  ;  d.  Brompton,  1819). 
Drew  plants  and  animals  for  various  works.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
1792-1814. 

EGERTON,  MISS  JANE  SOPHIA.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
portraits.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1844-57. 

ELLIS,  EDWIN,  R.B.A.  {b.  Nottingham,  1841  ;  d.  1895).  Ptd. 
landscapes  and  seascapes.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1875.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  R.B.A.,  etc.,  1865-91. 

ENGLEHEART,  GEORGE  {b.  Kew,  1752;  d.  Blackhcath, 
1829;  bd.  Kew).  Pupil  of  G.  Barret,  R.A.,  and  Sir  J.  Rejmolds. 
Became  famous  as  a  miniature  ptr.  ;  also  ptd.  a  few  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1773-1812. 

ENGLEHEART,  JOHN  COX  DILLMAN  {b.  1783  ;  d.  Tun- 
bridge  Wells,  1862).  Nephew  and  pupil  of  Geo.  Engleheart.  Ptd. 
miniatures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.I.,  1801-28. 

ESSEX,  RICHARD  HAMILTON  {b.  1802  ;  d.  Bow,  Bucks. 
1855).  Ptd.  views  of  buildings,  chiefly  Gothic.  Assoc,  of 
O.W.C.S.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  1823-53. 

ESTALL,  WILLIAM  CHARLES  {b.  1857;  d.  1897).  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  sheep.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  etc.,  from  1874. 

EVANS,  SAMUEL  T.  G.,  R.W^S.  (b.  1829  ;  d.  1904).  Son  of 
Evans  of  Eton.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A. 
and  O.W.C.S.,  from  1854. 

EVANS,  WILLIAM,"OF  BRISTOL"  {b.  1809;  d.  London,  1858). 
Ptd.  landscs.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  atS.B.A.  and  O.W.C.S., 
1844-59. 

EVANS,  WILLIAM,  "  OF  ETON  "  {b.  Eton,  1797  or  1798  ; 
d.  1877).  Son  of  drawing  master  at  Eton  Coll.;  succeeded  him, 
1818.  Ptd.  landscs.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S., 
1828-73. 


FAED— FIELDING  209 

FAED,  THOMAS,  R.A.,  A.R.S.A.  {b.  1826,  Gatehouse  of  Fleet, 
Kirkcudbrightshire  ;  d.  London,  igoo).  Son  of  a  millwright. 
A.R.S.A.,  1849.  Came  to  London,  1852.  A.R.A.,  1861 ;  R.A., 
1864;  H.R.A.,  1892.  Ptd.  scenes  from  Scotch  peasant  life,  and 
landscs.     Became  blind,  1893.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  from  1851. 

FAHEY,  EDWARD  HENRY,  R.L  [b.  Brompton,  1844;  d. 
1907).  Son  of  J  as.  Fahey.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  genre.  Exhib.  from 
1863  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  R.L,  etc. 

FAHEY,  JAMES  {b.  Paddington,  1804 ;  d.  1885).  Pupil  of 
Swaine,  the  engraver  ;  worked  at  Munich  and  Paris.  Taught 
drawing  at  Merchant  Taylors'  Sch.  Sec.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
portraits,  landscs.,  etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1825-86. 

FARINGTON,  JOSEPH,  R.A.  {b.  Leigh,  Lanes.,  1747  ;  d.  1821). 
Son  of  a  clergyman.  Pupil  of  Richard  Wilson,  1763  ;  stud,  of  R.A. 
Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.,  1768;  A.R.A.,  1783;  R.A.,  1785.  Ptd. 
landscs.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1765-1813. 

FARMER,  MISS  EMILY,  R.I.  {b.  1826  [?]  ;  d.  Porchester, 
1905).  Exhib.  miniatures,  1847  ^-^^  ^^49'  ^-nd  afterwards  ptd. 
genre  subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  N.W.C.S.  from  1847. 

FARRIER,  ROBERT  {b.  Chelsea,  1796;  d.  Chelsea,  1879). 
Ptd.  miniatures,  domestic  scenes,  and  subjects  from  schoolboy  life. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1818-72. 

FAYERMANN,  MISS  ANNE  CHARLOTTE.  See  Bar- 
tholomew, Mrs.  Valentine. 

FIELD,  WALTER,  A.R.W.S.  {b.  1837  ;  d.  Hampstead,  1901). 
Ptd.  genre  subjects  and  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc., 
from  1856. 

FIELDING,  ANTHONY  VANDYKE  COPLEY  [b.  1787  ;  d. 
Worthing  and  bd.  Hove,  1855).  Second  son  of  T.  N.  Fielding. 
Pupil  of  John  Varley.  Pres.  of  O.W.C.S.  Gold  medallist  at 
Paris  Salon,  1824.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A. 
and  B.I.,  and  1,748  works  at  O.W.C.S.,  1810-55. 

FIELDING,  NEWTON  {b.  Huntingdon,  1799  ;  d.  Paris,  1856). 
Youngest  son  of  T.  N.  Fielding.  Ptd.  animals,  and  executed  en- 
i°;ravings  and  lithographs,    Tau;^ht  the  family  of  Louis  Philippe, 

27 


2IO  FIELDING— FISK 

FIELDING,  THALES  {b.  1793  ;  d.  London,  1837).  Third  son 
of  T.  N.  Fielding.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Drawing 
master  at  Woolwich  MiHt.  Acad.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A., 
and  O.W.C.S.,  till  1837. 

FIELDING,  THEODORE  HENRY  ADOLPHUS  (&.  1781  ;  d. 
Croydon,  1851).  Eldest  son  of  T.  N.  Fielding.  Ptd.  landscs.  and 
portraits.  Drawing  master  at  the  Milit.  Acad,  at  Addiscombe. 
Produced  engravings,  and  wrote  on  art.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I., 
S.B.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1799-1837. 

FIELDING,  MRS.  THEODORE  HENRY  ADOLPHUS  {nee 
Mary  Anne  Walton).  Daughter  of  an  artist.  Lady  Memb.  of 
O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  flowers,  birds,  insects,  etc.  Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S., 
etc.,  1820-34. 

FIELDING,  THEODORE  NATHAN.  Ptd.  miniatures  and 
portraits  in  oils.  Worked  in  north  of  England  and  in  London. 
Exhib.  at  Incorp,  S.A.,  etc.,  from  1775. 

FINCH,  FRANCIS  OLIVER  {h.  London,  1802;  d.  London, 
1862).  Son  of  a  merchant.  Pupil  of  John  Varley ;  stud,  at 
Sass's  Acad.  Ptd.  miniatures,  portraits,  landscs.,  and  classical  com- 
positions. Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S., 
1817-63. 

FINNEY,  SAMUEL  {h.  Cheshire,  1721  ;  d.  Cheshire,  1807). 
Portrait  ptr.  to  Queen  Charlotte.  Ptd.  miniatures  on  ivory  and  in 
enamel.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  and  Free  S.A.,  1761-6. 

FINNIE,  JOHN,  R.C.A.,  R.E.  (6.  Aberdeen,  1829  ;  d.  Bootle, 
1907).  Came  to  London,  1853.  Headmaster  of  the  Sch.  of  Art 
at  Liverpool  till  1896.  Pres.  of  Liverpool  Acad.  ;  Treasurer  of 
R.C.A.  Ptd.  landscs.  Engraved  in  mezzotint.  Exhib.  at  R.A. 
(1861-1905),  R.B.A.,  etc. 

FIRMINGER,  REV.  T.  A.  C.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
ruins,  etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1834-71. 

FISCHER,  JOHN  GEORGE  PAUL  {h.  Hanover,  1786  ;  d.  1875). 
Tenth  son  of  an  engraver  ;  pupil  of  H.  Bamberg.  Came  to  England, 
1810.  Patronised  by  Royalty.  Ptd.  miniatures,  theatrical  scenery, 
frescoes,  and  landscs. 

FISK,  WILLIAM  HENRY  [h.  1827  ;  d.  Hampstead,  1884). 
Son  and  pupil  of  a  ptr.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Lectured  on  art ;  taught 
drawing  at  Univ.  Coll.  Sch.  Ptd.  landscs.,  historical  subjects,  etc. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1846-73. 


FL  ATM  AN— FUGE  2 1 1 

FLATMAN,  THOMAS  (b.  London,  1637;  ^-  London,  1688). 
Educ.  at  Winchester,  New  Coll.,  Oxford,  and  Inner  Temple.  Ptd. 
miniatures  and  wrote  poetry. 

FOSTER,  MYLES  BIRKET,  R.W.S.  {b.  N.  Shields,  1825  ;  d. 
Weybridge,  1899).  Worked  under  Peter  Landells,  the  wood- 
engraver.  Drew  for  Illustrated  London  News,  gift  books,  etc.  Ptd. 
landscs.  in  water-cols.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
R.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  from  1859. 

FOX,  CHARLES  {b.  Falmouth,  1749  ;  d.  Bath,  1809).  Was 
for  a  time  a  bookseller.  Travelled  considerably.  Ptd.  miniatures  ; 
translated  poems  from  the  Persian. 

FRANCIA,  FRANCOIS  LOUIS  THOMAS  {b.  Calais,  1772  ; 
d.  Calais,  1839).  Came  at  an  early  age  to  London.  Memb.  and 
Secretary  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Ptd.  landscs.  and 
shore  scenes.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1795-1822. 

ERASER,  ALEXANDER,  R.S.A.  (&.  Woodcockdale,  1828  ;  d. 
Musselburgh,  1899).  Son  of  a  ptr.  A. R.S.A.  1858  ;  R.S.A.,  1862. 
Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  etc.,  till  1899. 

FREEBAIRN,  ROBERT  (6.  1765  ;  d.  1808).  Pupil  of  Wilson. 
Ptd.  landscs.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and 
O.W.C.S.,  1782-1813. 

FRIPP,  ALFRED  DOWNING,  R.W.S.  (&.  1822;  d.  Hamp- 
stead,  1895  ;  bd.  Rushton,  Dorset).  Bro.  of  G.  A.  Fripp,  and 
grandson  of  Nicholas  Pocock.  Came  to  London,  1840.  Stud,  of 
R.A.,  1842.  Memb.  and  Sec.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  and 
figures.     Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  from  1842. 

FRIPP,  CHARLES  EDWIN,  A.R.W.S.  {d.  Montreal,  1906). 
Ptd.  figures,  military  subjects,  etc.  Exhib.  from  1880  at  R.A., 
O.W.C.S.,  etc. 

FRIPP,  GEORGE  ARTHUR,  R.W.S.  {b.  Bristol,  1813  ;  d. 
Hampstead,  1896;  bd.  Highgate).  Bro.  of  A.  D.  Fripp,  and 
grandson  of  Nicholas  Pocock.  Pupil  of  J.  B.  Pyne  and  Samuel 
Jackson ;  stud,  in  Italy.  Memb.  and  Sec.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
portraits  and  landscs.     Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  from  1837. 

FUGE,  JAMES  (d.  1838).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1832-8. 


1 1 2  FULLEYLOVE— GEIKIE 

FULLEYLOVE,  JOHN,  R.I.  {h.  Leicester,  1847  ;  d.  Hampstead, 
igo8).  Articled  to  a  firm  of  architects.  Memb.  of  Inst,  of  Oil  Ptrs. 
Ptd.  views  of  towns  and  buildings.  Exhib.  from  1871  at  R.A.,  R.I., 
R.B.A.,  etc. 

FUSELI,  HENRY,  R.A.  {h.  Zurich,  1741  ;  d.  Putney  Heath, 
1825  ;  hd.  St.  Paul's  Cath.).  Son  of  J.  C.  Fiissli,  a  ptr.  Came  to 
England,  1763  [?].  Stud,  for  9  years  in  Italy  ;  returning  to  England, 
1779.  A.R.A.,  1788  ;  R.A.,  1790  ;  Prof,  of  Ptg.,  1799  ;  Keeper  of 
R.A.,  1804.  Ptd.  mythological  and  poetical  subjects  in  oils  and 
water-cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  Incorp.  S.A.,  and  B.I.,  1774-1825. 


GAINSBOROUGH,  THOMAS,  R.A.  {h.  Sudbury,  Suffolk,  1727  ; 
d.  London,  1788  ;  hd.  Kew).  Son  of  a  crape  maker.  Educ.  at  Sud- 
bury. Went  to  London,  1741.  Pupil  of  Francis  Hayman  ;  stud, 
at  St.  Martin's  Lane  Acad.  Returned  to  Sudbury,  1745  ;  moved  to 
Ipswich  about  1746  ;  and  to  Bath,  1760.  R.A.,  1768.  Settled  in 
London,  1774.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  portraits,  chiefly  in  oils.  Exhib. 
at  Incorp.  S.A.,  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1761-83. 

GANDY,  JOSEPH  MICHAEL,  A.R.A.  {h.  1771  ;  d.  1843). 
Pupil  of  Jas.  Wyatt;  stud,  of  R.A.  Gold  medallist  of  R.A., 
1790.  Went  to  Rome,  1794.  Ptd.  architectural  subjects  and 
classical  compositions.  A.R.A.,  1803.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1789- 
1838. 

GARDELLE,  THEODORE  (&.  Geneva,  1722  ;  d.  London,  1761). 
Miniature  ptr.  Studied  at  Paris.  Practised  in  Paris,  Geneva, 
Brussels,  and  London.     Executed  as  a  murderer. 

GARDNOR,  REV.  JAMES  {d.  Battersea,  1808,  aged  79).  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  a  few  portraits.  Worked  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Vicar 
of  Battersea.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1763-96. 

GARRARD,  GEORGE,  A.R.A.  [h.  1760  ;  d.  Brompton,  1826). 
Animal  ptr.  in  oils  and  water-cols.,  and  sculptor.  A.R.A.,  1802. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1781-1826. 

GASTINEAU,  HENRY  [h.  1791  [?]  ;  d.  Camberwell,  1876). 
Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc., 
1812-75. 

GEIKIE,  WALTER  {h.  Edinburgh,  1795  ;  d.  1837).  Stud,  at 
Trustees'  Acad.,  Edinburgh.  Ptd.  landscs.  Assoc,  of  Scottish 
Acad.,  1831 ;  Memb.,  1834.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1818  and  1835. 


GENDALL— GILLRAY  2 1 3 

""'  GENDALL,  JOHN  {b.  1790  [?],  in  Devonshire  ;  d.  Exeter,  1865). 
Employed  by  Ackermann  as  a  lithographer,  etc.  Ptd.  landscs.  in 
oils  and  water-cols.     Exhib.  at  RA,,  1818-63. 

GERBIER,  SIR  BALTHAZAR  {b.  Middelburg,  1592  ;  d.  1667  ; 
bd.  Hampstead  Marshall,  Berks.).  Adventurer,  architect,  courtier, 
diplomatist,  writer.  Went  to  Spain  with  Prince  Charles,  1623. 
Knighted,  1628.     Ptd.  miniatures. 

GESSXER,  JOHANX  COXRAD  (b.  Zurich,  1764;  d.  Zurich, 
1826).  Son  of  S.  Gessner,  the  poet.  Worked  in  Italy,  England 
(1796-1804),  and  Switzerland.  Ptd.  horses  and  military  subjects, 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1799-1803. 

GIBSOX,  RICHARD  {b.  1615  ;  d.  London,  1690  ;  bd.  Covent  Gar- 
den Church).  Known  as  "Gibson  the  Dwarf  "  ;  pupil  of  F.  Cleyn  ; 
married  a  dwarf.     Ptd.  miniatures  and  copies  of  pictures  by  Lely. 

GIBSOX,  SUSAN  PEXELOPE.     See  Rose.  Mrs. 

GIBSOX,  WILLIAM  {d.  1702,  aged  58).  Xephew  and  pupil  of 
Gibson  the  Dwarf ;  also  a  pupil  of  Lely,  Ptd.  miniatures  and  copied 
pictures  by  Lely. 

GILBERT,  JOHX.     Memb.  of  X.W.C.S.,  1837. 

GILBERT,  SIR  JOHX,  R.A.,  P.R.W.S.  {b.  Blackheath,  1817  ; 
d.  Blackheath,  1897  ;  bd.  Lewisham).  Son  of  an  estate  agent 
Pupil  of  George  Lance,  Ptd.  historical  scenes  and  subjects  in  oil 
and  water-cols.  Executed  many  book-illns.  A.R.A.,  1872  ;  R.A., 
1876.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  R.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  from  1836. 

GILES,  JAMES  WILLIAM,  R.S.A.  {b.  Glasgow,  1801  ;  d. 
Aberdeen,  1870).  Pupil  of  his  father,  an  artist ;  stud,  in  Italy. 
Ptd.  landscs.  (Highland  scenery,  etc.)  and  animals.  Memb.  of 
Scottish  Acad.,  1830.     Exhib,  at  R,A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A,,  1830-68. 

GILFILLAX,  JOHX  A.  Prof,  of  ptg,  at  the  Andersonian 
L'niv.,  Glasgow,  1830-40.     Emigrated  to  Xew  Zealand. 

GILLIES,  MISS  MARGARET,  A.R.W.S.  {b.  London,  1803  ;  d. 
Crockham  Hill,  Kent,  1887),  Brought  up  at  Edinburgh.  Stud, 
art  in  London  and  Paris.  Lady  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
miniatures  and  domestic  and  romantic  subjects.  E.xhib.  at  R.A., 
O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1842-87. 

GILLRAY,  JAMES  {b.  1757  ;  d.  London,  1815).  Apprenticed 
to  an  heraldic  engraver.  Stud,  of  R.  A.  Best  known  for  his  political 
and  satirical  caricatures. 


2 14  GILPIN— GOODALL 

GILPIN,  SAWREY,  R.A.  {b.  Carlisle,  1733  ;  d.  Brompton,  1807). 
Pupil  of  Samuel  Scott.  Ptd.  animals  and  landscs.  Pres.  of  Incorp, 
S.A.  A.R. A.,  1795;  R.A. ,  1797.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A., 
1762-1807. 

GILPIN,  REV.  WILLIAM,  M.A.  {b.  nr.  Carlisle,  1724 ;  d.  and 
bd.  Boldre,  1804).  Brother  of  SawTey  Gilpin.  Educ.  at  Oxford. 
Ptd.  landscs. 

GILPIN,  WILLIAM  SAWREY  {b.  1762  ;  d.  1843).  Son  of 
Sawrey  Gilpin.  First  Pres.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs,  Exhib.  at 
R.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1800-15. 

GIRTIN,  THOMAS  {b.  Southwark,  1775  ;  d.  London,  1802  ;  bd. 
St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden).  Son  of  a  rope  maker.  Apprenticed  to 
Edward  Dayes.  Befriended  by  Dr.  Monro.  Friend  of  Turner.  Ptd. 
landscs.  Exercised  great  influence  on  water-col.  ptg.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  1794-1801. 

GLENNIE,  ARTHUR,  R.W.S.  {b.  Dulwich  Grove,  1803  ;  d. 
Rome,  1890).  Taught  by  Samuel  Prout.  Settled  at  Rome,  1855. 
Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  1837-90. 

GLOVER,  JOHN  (&.  Houghton-on-the-Hill,  1767  ;  d.  Launces- 
ton,  Tasmania,  1849).  Son  of  a  farmer.  Self-taught  in  art.  Came 
to  London,  1804  ;  and  helped  to  found  the  O.W.C.S.,  of  which 
he  twice  became  the  Pres.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols. 
Helped  to  found  the  S.B.A.,  1824.  Went  to  Australia,  1831 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1795-1832. 

GOLDICUTT,  JOHN  {b.  1793  ;  d.  1842).  Made  architectural 
drawings  of  buildings  in  Italy,  etc.     Exhib.  1810-42. 

GOODALL,  EDWARD  A.,  R.W.S.  {b.  1819  ;  d.  1908).  Son  of 
Edward  Goodall,  landsc.  engraver.  Artist  to  the  Schomburgh 
Guiana  boundary  expedition,  1841  ;  artist  correspondent  to  the 
Illustrated  London  News  in  the  Crimea,  1854.  Ptd.  landscs.,  interiors, 
figures.     Exhib.  from  1841  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc. 

GOODALL,  FREDERICK,  R.A.,  H.R.I.,  {b.  1822  ;  d.  London, 
1904).  Son  of  an  engraver.  Ptd.  village  scenes.  Biblical  subjects, 
English  and  Eastern  landscs.,  etc.  A.R. A.,  1852  ;  R.A.,  1863  ; 
H.R.A.,  1902.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  R.B.A.,  etc.,  from  1838. 

GOODALL,  WALTER,  R.W.S.  {b.  1830;  d.  Clapham,  nr. 
Bedford,  1889).  Son  of  E.  Goodall,  engraver.  Stud,  at  Govt.  Sch. 
of  Design  and  at  R.A.  Schs.  Ptd.  scenes  from  rural  life.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1852-84. 


GOODWIN— GREEN  2 1 5 

GOODWIN,  EDWARD.  Ptd.  Welsh  views  and  other  landscs. 
Foundation  Memb.  of  Liverpool  Acad.,  1810.  Exhib.  at  R.A. 
(1801-8),  and  at  O.W.C.S.  (1814  and  1815). 

GOULDSMITH,  MISS  HARRIETT  (Mrs.  Arnold)  (b.  1786; 
d.  1863).  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Lady  Memb.  of 
O.W.C.S.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1809-55. 

GOUPY,  JOSEPH  {b.  Nevers  ;  d.  London,  1763).  Came  to 
London  when  young  ;  became  a  popular  drawing  master.  Ptd. 
miniatures,  figure  subjects,  theatrical  scenery,  landscs.,  and  copies 
after  Italian  masters.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A. 

GRACE,'JAMES  EDWARD,  R.B.A.  {b.  1851  ;  d.  Bedford  Park, 
1908).  Stud,  at  Liverpool  Institute  and  South  Kensington.  Drew 
book-illns.,  ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  Grosvenor  Gallery, 
etc.,  1871-1907. 

GRATTON,  GEORGE  (b.  in  Ireland).  Ptd.  genre  subjects  and 
topographical  views.  Exhib.  at  Dublin,  1809,  and  at  R.A.  and 
B.I.,  1812. 

GREEN,  AMOS  {b.  Halesowen,  1735  ;  d.  York,  1807).  Bro.  of 
Benjamin  Green,  the  engraver.  Settled  at  Bath  circ.  1757.  Ptd. 
flowers,  fruit,  and  landscs.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  1760-5. 

GREEN,  BENJAMIN  RICHARD  {b.  London,  1808  ;  d.  London, 
1876).  Son  of  Jas.  Green,  portrait  ptr.,  and  of  Mary  Green, 
miniature  ptr.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd.  miniatures,  interiors,  etc. 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc., 
1832-76. 

GREEN,  CHARLES,  R.I.  {b.  1840;  d.  Hampstead,  1898). 
Pupil  of  J.  W.  Whymper.  Drew  for  Once  a  Week,  Graphic,  etc. 
Illustrated  Dickens.  Ptd.  genre  scenes,  etc.,  in  oils  and  water-cols. 
Memb.  of  Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc., 
from  1862. 

GREEN,  H.  TOWNELEY,  R.I.  (b.  1836;    d.  1899).     Brother 

of  Chas.  Green,   R.I.     Produced  water-cols,  and  black-and-white 

drawings.     Memb.  of  Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
R.B.A.,  and  The  Inst.,  1855-99. 

GREEN,  JAMES  {b.  Leytonstone,  1771  ;  d.  Bath,  1834  ;  ^^• 
Wolcot  Church).  Son  of  a  builder.  Ptd.  water-col.  portraits,  etc. 
Memb.  and  Treas.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1792-1834. 


ii6  GREEN— GULICH 

GREEN,  MRS.  JAMES  {nee  Mary  Byrne)  {h.  1776  ;  d.  1845  ; 
hd.  Kensal  Green).  Second  daughter  of  William  Byrne,  landsc. 
engraver  ;  married  James  Green,  portrait  ptr.  Memb.  of  Associated 
Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Ptd.  miniature  portraits  and  copies  after 
Reynolds  and  Gainsborough.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc.,  1795-1845. 

GREEN,  WILLIAM  {h.  Manchester,  1760  or  1761  ;  d.  Ambleside, 
1823  ;  hd.  Grasmere).  Stud,  aquatint  engraving  in  London. 
Settled  in  the  north,  and  ptd.  views  of  the  Lake  District,  some 
of  which  he  engraved.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1797-1811. 

GREENAWAY,  KATE,  R.I.  [b.  Hoxton,  1846;  d.  1901). 
Daughter  of  a  wood  engraver.  Stud,  at  Islington  Sch.  of  Art, 
Heatherley's,  and  Slade  Sch.  Drew  for  Little  Folks  and  other 
periodicals.  Friend  of  Ruskin.  Ptd.  water-cols,  dealing  with  child 
life.  Illus.  books  for  children.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  The 
Inst,,  etc.,  from  1868. 

GRESSE,  JOHN  ALEXANDER  {b.  London,  1741  ;  d.  1794). 
Of  Swiss  extraction.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  landscs.  Was  a  fashion- 
able drawing  master.     Exhib.  at  Incorp,  S.A.  and  Free  S.A.,  1763-8. 

GRIFFITH,  MOSES  {b.  in  Carnarvonshire,  1749 ;  living  in 
1809).  Servant  of  Pennant,  the  antiquary.  Stud,  at  Sch.  of  Incorp. 
S.A.,  1771.     Ptd.  landscs, 

GRIMALDI,  WILLIAM  {b.  Middlesex,  1751  ;  d.  Pimlico,  1830). 
Stud,  under  Worlidge  and  at  Paris  ;  practised  miniature  ptg.  in 
enamel  and  on  ivory  at  Paris  and  in  various  towns  in  England. 
Miniature  ptr.  to  George  III.  and  George  IV.  Exhib.  atR.A.,  etc., 
1768-1830. 

GRIMM,  SAMUEL  HIERONYMUS  {b.  Burgdorf,  Berne,  1733  ; 
d.  iyg4).  Son  of  a  notary.  Settled  in  London,  1765.  Ptd.  landscs. 
and  mythological  subjects,  Exhib,  at  R,A,,  Incorp,  S,A,,  and  Free 
S.A.,  1769-93. 

GRISET,  ERNEST  HENRY  {b.  France,  1844  ;  d.  1907),  Drew 
animals  and  book-illns.     Exhib.  in  1871. 

GROGAN,  NATHANIEL  {b.  Cork  ;  d.  Cork,  1807  [?]),  Served 
in  the  army  in  the  American  war.  Ptd.  landscs,  and  humorous 
subjects,     Exhib,  at  Free  S.A,,  1782. 

GULICH,  JOHN  PERCIVAL,  R.I.  {b.  Wimbledon,  1865  ;  d. 
1899).  Educ.  at  Charterhouse.  Ptr.,  black-and-white  artist,  etcher, 
and  musician.  Drew  for  Graphic,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R,A,,  R.B.A,, 
ajid  R,I,,  from  1890. 


HADFIELD— HARDING  2 1 7 

HADFIELD,  MISS  MARIA  LOUISA  CATHERINE  CECILIA. 
See  Cos  way,  Mrs. 

HAGHE,  LOUIS,  P.R.I,  {b.  Tournai,  1806  ;  d.  London,  1885). 
Son  of  an  architect.  Came  early  to  England.  Ptd.  scenes  in  old 
towns  of  Belgium  and  France,  etc.  Gold  medal  at  Paris  for 
lithographs,  1834.     Exhib.  at  B.I.  and  N.W.C.S.,  1835-84. 

HAINES,  WILLIAM  {b.  1778  ;  d.  East  Brixton,  1848).  Ptd. 
miniatures  and  water-col.  portraits.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  O.W.C.S., 
and  S.B.A.,  1808-40. 

HAINES,  WILLIAM  HENRY  {b.  London,  1812  ;  d.  1884). 
Ptd.  genre  scenes  and  landscs.  Exhib.,  sometimes  as  "  William 
Henry,"  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1843-84. 

HALFPENNY,  JOSEPH  (b.  Bishopsthorpe  [?],  Yorks,  1748  ; 
d.  York,  1811).  Son  of  a  gardener.  Apprenticed  to  a  house  ptr. 
Became  a  teacher  of  drawing.  Drew  portraits  and  Biblical  and 
architectural  subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1805-8. 

HALL,  GEORGE  LOTHIAN.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  coast  scenes. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1856-78. 

HALSWELLE,  KEELEY,  R.I.,  A.R.S.A.  {b.  1834  ;  d.  1891). 
A.R.S.A.,  1865.  Ptd.  historical  subjects,  landscs.,  and  genre, 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  R.L,  etc.,  1862-gi. 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM,  R.A.  {b.  Chelsea,  1751  ;  d.  London, 
1801).  Stud,  in  Italy  under  Zucchi,  and  from  1769  at  R.A.  Ptd. 
portraits  and  historical  and  subject  pictures.  A.R.A.,  1784  ;  R.A,, 
1789.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1774-1801. 

HANDASYDE,  CHARLES.  Ptd.  miniatures  on  ivory  and  in 
enamel  ;  executed  etchings  and  mezzotints.  Exhib.  at  Incorp. 
S.A.,  etc.,  1760-76. 

HARDING,  GEORGE  PERFECT  (d.  1853).  Son  of  Sylvester 
Harding.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  water-col.  copies  of  English  historical 
portraits  ;  illus.  historical  and  antiquarian  works.  Exhib.  at  R.A. 
and  S.B.A.,  1802-40. 

HARDING,  JAMES  DUFFIELD  (b.  Deptford,  1797;  d. 
Barnes,  1863).  Had  a  few  lessons  from  Samuel  Prout.  Worked 
with  John  Pye,  the  engraver.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Lithographer. 
Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.I3.A.; 
O.W.CS.,  etc,  1811-64. 

28 


2 1 8  HARDING— HARRISON 

HARDING,  SYLVESTER  (b.  Newcastle-under-Lyme,  1745  ; 
(/.  London,  1809).  Came  to  London,  1775.  Ptd.  miniatures. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1777-1802. 

HARDWICK,  WILLIAM  N.  {d.  1865).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  landscs.  Resided  from  1838  at  Bath.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I., 
S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1829-64. 

HARDY,  JAMES,  JUN.,  R.I.  {b.  1832 ;  d.  1889).  Ptd.  moor- 
land landscs.,  sporting  scenes,  game,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I., 
S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1853-88. 

HARDY,  THOMAS  BUSH,  R.B.A.  {b.  Sheffield,  1842;  d. 
London,  1897).  Travelled  in  Holland  and  Italy.  Memb.  of 
S.B.A.,  1884.  Ptd.  marine  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A., 
N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  from  1870. 

HARGITT,  EDWARD,  R.I.  {b.  Edinburgh,  1835  ;  d.  1895). 
Pupil  of  Horatio  MacCulloch.  Ptd.  landscs.  Memb.  of  Inst,  of 
Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1853-81),  R.L,  etc. 

HARGREAVES,  GEORGE  {b.  1797  ;  d.  1870).  Son  of  Thos. 
Hargreaves.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1823  ;  Assoc,  of 
Liverpool  Acad.,  1822;  Memb.,  1823-31.  Exhib.  at  S.B.A., 
1824-34. 

HARGREAVES,  THOMAS  {b.  Liverpool,  1775  ;  d.  Liverpool, 
1846).  Came  to  London,  1793.  Articled  to  Sir  T.  Lawrence ; 
worked  at  first  in  oils  ;  returned  to  Liverpool,  and  practised  as  a 
miniature  ptr.  Memb.  of  Liverpool  Acad,  and  S.B.A.,  1823. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  S.B.A.,  1798-1831. 

HARLEY, GEORGE  (&.  1791;^.  London,  1871).  Drawingmaster. 
Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1817),  and  elsewhere  (till  1865). 

HARRIS,  MRS.  {nee  Fanny  Rosenberg)  {b.  1822  ;  d.  1872). 
Ptd.  domestic  subjects.  Memb.  of  The  Inst.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and 
The  Inst.,  1845-72. 

HARRISON,  GEORGE  HENRY  {b.  Liverpool,  1816  ;  d.  1846). 
Son  of  Mary  Harrison,  a  flower  ptr.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  genre. 
Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Resided  for  some  years  at  Paris.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1840-6. 

HARRISON,  MRS.  GEORGE  HENRY  {nee  Mary  P.  Rossiter) 
{b.  Liverpool,  1788  ;  d.  1875).  Daughter  of  a  hat  manufacturer. 
Ptd.  flowers  and  fruit.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L, 
S.B.A.,  and  N  W.C.S.,  1833-75. 


HART— HAZLITT  219 

HART,  SOLOMON  ALEXANDER,  R.A.  {h.  Plymouth,  1806  ; 
d.  London,  1881).  Son  of  a  goldsmith.  Apprenticed  to  Samuel 
Warren,  engraver.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1823,  Ptd.  views,  historical 
subjects,  portraits,  etc.  A.R.A.,  1835  ;  R.A.,  1840 ;  Prof,  of  Ptg., 
1854-63 ;  Librarian,  1865-81.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  and 
N.W.C.S.,  1826-81. 

HARTLAND,  HENRY  ALBERT  (6.  Mallow  ,  co.  Cork,  1840  ; 
d.  Waterloo,  Liverpool,  1893).  Son  of  a  landsc.  gardener.  Ptd. 
landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1868-89. 

HARVEY,  SIR  GEORGE,  P.R.S.A.  {b.  St.  Ninian's,  Perths., 
1806  ;  d.  Edinburgh,  1876).  Apprenticed  to  a  bookseller.  Stud, 
at  Trustees' Acad.  Assoc,  of  Scottish  Acad.,  1826;  Memb.,  1830; 
P.R.S.A.,  1864-76.  Ptd.  historical  subjects,  genre,  and  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc. 

HASSELL,  EDWARD  {d.  Lancaster,  1852).  Memb.  of  S.B.A. 
Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1827-52. 

HAVELL,  WILLIAM  {h.  Readmg,  1782  ;  d.  Kensington,  1857  5 
hd.  Kensal  Green).  Son  of  a  drawing  master.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S. 
Went  to  China  ;  also  spent  several  years  in  India  (1817-25).  Ptd. 
landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  B.L, 
and  S.B.A.,  1804-57. 

HAYES,  EDWIN,  R.H.A.,  R.I.  {h.  Bristol,  1820  ;  d.  1904). 
Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  R.B.A.,  R.I.,  etc.,  from  1854. 

HAYES,  MICHAEL  ANGELO,  R.H.A.  {h.  Waterford,  1829  ; 
d.  Dublin,  1877).  Son  of  Edward  Hayes,  R.H.A.  Assoc,  of 
N.W.C.S.  ;  R.H.A.,  1854  ;  Sec,  1856-70  ;  Memb.  of  Inst,  of  Oil 
Ptrs.  Ptd.  military  subjects  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at 
R.H.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1840-77. 

HAYES,  WILLIAM.  Ptd.  birds,  etc.,  in  latter  part  of  the 
iSth  century. 

HAYTER,  SIR  GEORGE  [b.  London,  1792  ;  d.  Marylebone, 
1S71).  Son  of  Charles  Hayter,  portrait  ptr.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Memb. 
of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Knighted,  1842.  Ptd. 
miniatures,  oil  portraits  and  historical  groups,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.L,  etc.,  1809-59. 

HAZLEHURST,  THOMAS  {d.  1820).  Miniaturist.  Worked 
from  about  1760.     Practised  at  Liverpool. 

HAZLITT,  JOHN  {b.  Wem,  1768  ;  d.  Stockport,  1837).  Brother 
of  Wm.  Hazlitt,  the  writer.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and 
B.L,  1788-1819. 


220  HEAPHY— HERING 

HEAPHY,  MISS  ELIZABETH.  See  Murray,  Mrs.  Henry 
John. 

HEAPHY,  THOMAS,  SEN.  {b.  London,  1775  ;  d.  London, 
1835).  Apprenticed  to  an  engraver.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  First 
Pres.  of  S.B.A.  Ptd.  portraits  and  genre  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1797-1836. 

HEARNE,  THOMAS  {b.  Brinkvvorth,  1744  ;  d.  London,  1817 ; 
bd.  Bushey).  Apprenticed  to  W.  Woollett,  the  engraver.  Visited 
the  Leeward  Islands,  1771.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  topographical  views. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  Incorp.  S.A.,  and  Free  S.A.,  1765-1806. 

HEATH,  WILLIAM  {b.  1795  ;  d.  Hampstead,  1840).  Ptd. 
subject  pictures  and  humorous  domestic  subjects. 

HENDERSON,  JOSEPH,  R.S.W.  [b.  Stanley,  Perths.,  1832  ; 
d.  Ballantrae,  Ayrshire,  1908).  Ptd.  marine  subjects.  Exhib.  at 
Glasgow,  and  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  etc. 

HERBERT,  ALFRED  {d.  1861).  Son  of  a  Thames  waterman. 
Self-taught  in  art.  Ptd.  marine  and  river  scenes.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1844-60. 

HERBERT,  ARTHUR  JOHN  {b.  1834  ;  d.  in  Auvergne,  1856). 
Pupil  of  his  father,  J.  R.  Herbert;  stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd.  subject 
pictures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1855-6. 

HERBERT,  JOHN  ROGERS,  R.A.  {b.  Maldon,  Essex,  1810  ; 
d.  Kilburn,  1890).  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1826.  A.R.A.,  1841  ;  R.A., 
1846.  ;  H.R.A.,  1886.  Ptd.  portraits,  Italian  and  religious  sub- 
jects, etc.    Hon.  Memb.  of  R.I.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc.,  1830-89. 

HERDMAN,  ROBERT,  R.S.A.,  R.S.W.  {b.  Rattray,  Perths., 
1829  ;  d.  Edinburgh,  1887).  Son  of  a  minister.  Stud,  at  Trustees' 
Acad.;  pupil  of  Lauder;  stud,  in  Italy.  A.R.S.A.,  1858  ;  R.S.A., 
1863.  Ptd.  portraits,  genre,  and  Scriptural  subjects,  chiefly  in 
oils.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.I.  (1861-87),  ^.nd  in  Scotland. 

HERDMAN,  WILLIAM  GAWIN  {b.  Liverpool,  1805  ;  d.  Liver- 
pool,  1882).  Ptd.  topographical  subjects  in  oils  and  w'ater-cols.  ; 
taught  drawing  at  Liverpool  ;  was  also  an  author.  Assoc,  of 
Liverpool  Acad.,  1836  ;  Memb.,  1838  ;  Secretar}',  1S45-7  ;  retired, 
1858.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  Liverpool,  etc. 

HERING,  GEORGE  EDWARDS  {b.  London,  1805  ;  d.  London, 
1879  ;  bd.  Highgate).  Son  of  a  bookbinder.  Stud,  at  Munich  and 
Venice.  Ptd.  Italian  views  and  lake  scenery.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  etc.,  1836-80. 


HEWETT— HOFLAND  221 

HEWETT,  SIR  PRESCOTT  GARDINER,  BART.,  H.R.W.S. 

{b.  1812  ;  d.  iSgi).  Held  important  surgical  appointments.  Ptd. 
landscs.     Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S. 

HEWLETT,  JAMES  {b.  1789  [?]  ;  d.  Isleworth,  1836).  Flower 
ptr.  at  Bath,  etc.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1799-1828. 

HICKS,  LILBURNE  {d.  1861).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
genre.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1830-^0. 

HILLIARD,  LAURENXE  {d.  1640  [?]).  Son  of  Nicholas  Hilliard. 
Ptd.  miniatures. 

HILLIARD,  NICHOLAS  {b.  Exeter,  1537  ;  ^-  London,  1619 ; 
hd.  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  Westminster).  Son  of  a  High  Sheriff 
of  Devon.  Apprenticed  to  a  jeweller  and  goldsmith.  Limner  to 
Queen  Elizabeth.     Ptd.  miniatures  on  card  and  vellum. 

HILLS,  ROBERT  {b.  Islington,  1769  ;  d.  London,  1844  ;  bd. 
Kensal  Green).  Instructed  by  John  Gresse.  Early  Memb.  of 
O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  animals.  Executed  many  etchings.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1791-1844. 

HINE,  HENRY  GEORGE,  V.P.R.I.  {b.  Sussex,  1811  ;  d. 
Hampstead,  1895).  Apprenticed  to  an  engraver.  Worked  at 
Rouen,  Brighton,  etc.  Drew  for  Punch,  Illustrated  London  News, 
etc.     Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.,  chiefly  at  N.W.C.S.(R.I.),  from  1856. 

HIXON,  JAMES  THOMPSON  {b.  1836  ;  d.  Capri,  1868  ;  bd. 
Naples).  Assoc,  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  Eastern  subjects.  Exhib.  at 
B.I.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1856-67. 

HODGES,  WILLIAM,  R.A.  {b.  London,  1744;  d.  Brixham, 
1797).  Son  of  a  blacksmith.  Pupil  of  R.  Wilson.  Scene  ptr. 
at  Derby.  Accompanied  Captain  Cook  on  his  second  voyage. 
Ptd.  landscs.  A.R.A.,  1786  ;  R.A.,  1787.  Established  a  bank  at 
Dartmouth  in  1795  ;  but  it  failed.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  Free 
S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1766-94. 

HODGSON,  SAMUEL  JOHN,  R.W.S.  {b.  London;  d.  1908). 
Son  of  a  print  seller  and  pubhsher.  Stud,  at  Leigh's  and  R.A.  Schs. 
Memb.  of  S.B.A.  Ptd.  views  of  towns  and  buildings,  with 
figures,  in  water-cols,  and  oils.  Exhib.  from  1858  at  R.A.,  R.B.A., 
O.W.C.S.,  etc. 

HOFLAND,  THOMAS  CHRISTOPHER  {b.  Worksop,  1777; 
d.  Leamington,  1843).  Son  of  a  manufacturer.  Received  in- 
struction from  Rathbone,  the  landsc.  ptr.  Ptd.  botanical  subjects, 
seascapes  and  landscapes.  Foundation  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1824. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B  I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1798-1843. 


222  HOGARTH— HONE 

HOGARTH,  WILLIAM  {b.  London,  1697  ;  d.  London,  1764  ; 
bd.  Chiswick).  Apprenticed  to  a  silversmith  ;  became  an  en- 
graver and  ptr.  Son-in-law  of  Sir  J.  Thornhill.  Ptd.  portraits  and 
genre,  and  satirical  and  moral  subjects,  chiefly  in  oils.  Exhib.  at 
Incorp.  S.A.,  1761. 

HOLBEIN,  HANS,  the  younger  {b.  Augsburg,  1497  ;  d.  London, 
1543).  Son  of  a  painter.  Worked  for  a  time  at  Basle.  Came  to 
England,  1526  ;  returned  to  Basle,  1528  ;  settled  in  England  about 
1531.     Ptd.  portraits  in  oil,  miniatures,  etc. 

HOLE,  FRANK,  R.A.,  A.R.W.S.  (b.  London,  1845  ;  d.  1888). 
Son  of  Francis  Holl,  A.R.A.  Educ.  at  Univ.  Coll.  Sch.,  London. 
Stud.  ofR.A.  A.R.A.,  1878  ;  R.A.,  1884.  Ptd.  genre  and  portraits. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  Grosvenor  Gall.,  etc.,  1864-88. 

HOLLAND,  JAMES  {b.  Burslem,  1800  ;  d.  London,  1870). 
Worked  as  a  boy  as  a  flower  ptr.  on  pottery.  Came  to  London, 
1819.  Ptd.  flower  pieces  and  landscs.  Made  several  tours  on  the 
Continent.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.  (1842-8)  and  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1815-69. 

HOLLAR,  WENCESLAUS  {b.  Prague,  1607  ;  d.  and  bd.,  West- 
minster, 1677).  Stud.  law.  Pupil  of  M.  Merian  at  Frankfort. 
Came  to  England,  1637  ;  was  abroad,  1645-52.  Etcher  and  en- 
graver.    Ptd.  portraits  and  landscs.  \ 

HOLLINS,  JOHN,  A.R.A.  {b.  Birmingham,  1798  ;  d.  London, 
1855).  Son  of  a  glass  ptr.  Ptd.  miniatures,  portraits,  historical 
subjects,  landscs.,  etc.  Travelled  in  Ital3%  1825-7.  A.R.A.,  1842. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1819-55. 

HOLLOWAY,  CHARLES  EDWARD,  R.I.  (b.  Christchurch, 
Hants,  1838  ;  d.  1897).  Worked  for  a  time  with  William  Morris  in 
his  productions  of  stained  glass.  Ptd.  landscs.,  and  executed  etchings 
and  lithographs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  R.I.,  etc.,  from  1866. 

HOLMES,  JAMES  {b.  1777  ;  d.  i860).  Memb.  of  Associated 
Artists  in  Water  Cols.,  and  of  O.W.C.S.  ;  also  of  S.B.A.,  1826-48. 
Ptd.  miniatures,  portraits,  and  genre,  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1798-1849. 

HOLWORTHY,  JAMES  {b.  1781  ;  d.  London,  1841  ;  bd. 
Kensal  Green).  Original  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1803-13. 

HONE,  HORACE,  A.R.A.  {b.  1756  ;  d.  1825).  Son  of  N.  Hone, 
R.A.  Ptd.  miniatures  in  water-cols,  and  enamel,  and  chalk  portraits. 
A.R.A.,  1779.  Lived  for  a  time  at  Dublin.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1772- 
1822. 


HONE— HUMPHREY  223 

HONE,  NATHANIEL,  R.A.  {b.  Dublin,  1718  ;  d.  1784  ;  bd 
Hendon).  Self-taught  in  art.  Worked  at  York,  and  from  1750  in 
London.  Foundation  Memb.  of  R.A.  Ptd.'"miniatures  in  watcr-cols. 
and  enamel.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1760-84. 

HOSKINS,  JOHN  {d.  London,  1664;  bd.  St.  Paul's,  Covent 
Garden).     Ptd.  miniatures.     Taught  Samuel  and  Alexander  Cooper. 

HOSKINS,  JOHN,  JUN.  Supposed  to  have  ptd.  miniatures 
till  about  1686. 

HOUGH,  W.  Ptd.  flowers  and  fruit.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A., 
N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1857-90. 

HOUGHTON,  ARTHUR  BOYD  {b.  1836  ;  d.  South  Hampstead, 
1875).  Son  of  a  Captain  in  the  Indian  Navy.  Drew  for  Fun, 
Graphic,  etc.  ;  illus.  Dalziels'  "  Arabian  Nights,"  and  other  works. 
Ptd.  genre  subjects,  etc.,  both  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Assoc,  of 
O.W.C.S.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1859-74. 

HOUSTON,  JOHN  ADAM,  R.S.A.,  R.I.  (b.  Wales,  1802  ;  d. 
London,  1884).  Educ.  at  Trustees'  Acad.,  Edinburgh.  Stud,  in 
Germany,  and  at  Paris.  A.R.S.A.,  1842  ;  R.S.A.,  1845.  Ptd.  genre, 
etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1840-85. 

HOWITT,  SAMUEL  {b.  1765  [?] ;  d.  Somerstown,  London, 
1822).  Self-taught  in  art.  Ptd.  animals  and  sporting  subjects. 
Spent  many  years  in  Bengal.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A., 
1783-1815. 

HOWSE,  GEORGE  {d.  i860  or  1861).  Ptd.  landscs.,  coast  scenes, 
views  of  towns,  and  architectural  subjects.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1830-61. 

HUDSON,  WILLIAM  {d.  1847).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
portraits.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1803-46. 

HULL,  THOMAS  H.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and 
S.B.A.,  1775-1827. 

HUMPHREY,  OZIAS,  R.A.  {b.  Honiton,  1742  ;  d.  London, 
1810).  Stud,  at  St.  Martin's  Lane  Acad.  Articled  to  S.  Collins,  of 
Bath  ;  afterwards  settled  in  London.  Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.  Was 
in  Italy,  1773-7,  and  in  India,  1785-8.  A.R.A.,  1779  ;  R.A.,  1791. 
Ptd.  miniatures  and  crayon  portraits.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and 
R.A.,  1765-97. 


224  HUNT— IRELAND 

HUNT,  ALFRED  WILLIAM,  R.W.S.  {b.  Liverpool,  1830  ;  d. 
Kensington,  1896).  Son  of  a  landsc.  ptr.  Educ.  at  Corpus  Christi 
Coll.,  Oxford  ;  Fellow,  1853.  Assoc,  of  Liverpool  Acad.,  1854  ; 
Mcmb.  1856.  Works  of  his  showing  Pre-Raj)haelite  tendency  were 
praised  byRuskin.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  O.W.C.S., 
etc.,  from  1846. 

HUNT,  WILLIAM  HENRY  {b.  London,  1790;  d.  London, 
1864).  Apprenticed  to  John  Varley.  Stud,  of  R. A.,  1808.  Memb. 
of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landsc,  flowers  and  fruit,  and  genre  subjects  in 
water-cols,  and  oils.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  B.I.,  etc.,  1807-64. 

HUNTER,  COLIN,  A.R.A.,  R.I.,  R.S.W.  (b.  Glasgow,  1841  ; 
d.  1904).  Chiefly  self-taught  in  art.  Came  to  London  after  working 
at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh.  A.R.A.,  1884  ;  Memb.  of  Inst,  of  Ptrs. 
in  Oil  Cols.  Ptd.  seascapes,  scenes  from  fishing  life,  and  rustic  sub- 
jects with  figures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc. 

HURTER,  JOHANN  HEINRICH  {b.  Schaffhausen,  1734). 
Worked  for  a  few  years  in  England.  Ptd.  enamel  miniature  copies 
after  Reynolds  and  others  ;  drew  crayon  portraits.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
1779-81. 

IBBETSON,  JULIUS  C^SAR  {b.  Scarborough,  1759;  d. 
Masham,  Yorks.,  1817).  Apprenticed  to  a  ship  ptr.  at  Hull.  Came 
to  London,  1777.  Ptd.  animals,  and  landscs.  with  figures.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1785-1815. 

INCE,  JOSEPH  MURRAY  {b.  Presteigne,  Radnorshire,  1806  ; 
d.  Presteigne,  1859).  Pupil  of  David  Cox.  Drew  marine,  landsc, 
and  architectural  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S., 
etc.,  1826-58. 

INCHBOLD,  JOHN  WILLIAM  {b.  Leeds,  1830  ;  d.  Headingley, 
1888).  Son  of  a  newspaper  editor.  Placed  with  Day  &  Haghe, 
lithographic  printers  ;  pupil  of  Louis  Haghe  ;  stud,  of  R.A.,  1847. 
Showed  Pre-Raphaelite  tendencies.  Ptd.  landscs.  Wrote  poetry. 
Lived  much  abroad.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc,  1849-87. 

INSKIPP,  JAMES  {b.  1790  ;  d.  Godalming,  1868).  Ptd.  por- 
traits and  domestic  figure  subjects,  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1816-64. 

IRELAND,  JANE.  Daughter  of  Samuel  Ireland.  Ptd. 
miniatures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1792-3. 

IRELAND,  SAMUEL  {d.  London,  1800).  Drew  and  en- 
graved landscs.  ;  published  topographical  works.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
1782-4. 


JACKSON— JOHNSON  225 

JACKSON,  JOHN,  R.A.  {b.  Lastingham,  Yorks.,  1778;  d. 
London,  1831).  Apprenticed  to  his  father,  a  tailor.  Stud,  of  R.A. , 
1805.  A.R.A.,  1815  ;  R.A.,  1817.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  portraits  ; 
made  travel  sketches.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.I.,  1804-30. 

JACKSON,  SAMUEL  {b.  1796  ;  d.  Clifton,  1869).  Son  of  a 
Bristol  merchant.  Received  instruction  from  Francis  Danby, 
A. R.A.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  England,  Wales,  and  Switzerland.  Assoc, 
of  O.W.C.S.     E.xhib.,  chiefly  at  O.W.C.S.,  1823-48. 

JACKSON,  SAMUEL  PHILLIPS  {b.  1830  ;  d.  1904).  Son  of 
Samuel  Jackson.  Ptd.  river  and  sea  views.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S. 
Exhib.  from  1S51,  at  R.A.  (1852-81),  B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S. 

JAGGER,  CHARLES  {b.  1770  ;  d.  Bath).  Miniature  ptr. 
Practised  at  Bath. 

JAMES,  EDITH  AUGUSTA  {b.  Eton,  1857  ;  d.  Tunbridge 
Wells,  1898).  Stud,  under  Chaplin  and  Luminals  at  Paris. 
Ptd.  flower  pieces,  portraits,  and  studies  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 
Exhib.  at  Paris  and  at  R.A.  (1886-96),  etc. 

JAMES,  WILLIAM.  Ptd.  views  of  London,  etc.,  in  style  of 
Bernardo  Bellotto  (Canaletto).  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A., 
1761-71. 

JAMESONE,  GEORGE  {b.  Aberdeen,  1586;  d.  Edinburgh, 
1644).  Son  of  an  architect.  Pupil  of  Rubens.  Ptd.  miniatures  and 
oil  pictures. 

JEAN,  P.  {b.  Jersey,  1755  ;  d.  Hempstead,  Kent,  1802).  Was 
for  a  time  in  the  Navy.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  oil  portraits.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  17S7-1802. 

JENKINS,  JOSEPH  JOHN,  R.W.S.,  F.S.A.  {b.  London,  1811  ; 
d.  London,  1885).  Son  of  an  engraver.  Ptd.  figures  and  landscs. 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  ;  Memb.  and  Sec.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib., 
chiefly  at  N.W.C.S.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1829-81. 

JOHNSON,  EDWARD  KILLINGWORTH,  R.W.S.  {b.  Strat- 
ford, 1825  ;  d.  1896).  Self-taught.  Ptd.  genre  subjects  in  the  style 
of  Meissonier.     Exhib.  from  1886  at  R.A..  R.B.A..  O.W.C.S.,  etc. 

JOHNSON,  HARRY  JOHN,  R.I.  (b.  Birmingham,  1826  ;  d. 
London,  1884).  Son  of  an  artist.  Pupil  of  S.  Lines  and  Wm. 
Miiller.  Stud,  at  Birmingham  Soc.  of  Arts  till  1S43.  Toured  in 
the  Levant  with  Wm.  Miiller,  and  in  Wales  with  D.  Cox.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  from  1845. 

29 


2  2  6  JOHNSON— JUTSU  M 

JOHNSON,  ROBERT  {b.  Shotley,  Northumberland,  1770; 
d.  Kenmore,  Perths.,  1796).  Apprenticed  to  Bewick,  the  engraver. 
Ptd.  miniatures. 

JOHNSTON,  HENRY.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs. 
with  figures,  etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  N.W.C.S.,  1834-58. 

JOHNSTONE,  G.  W.,  R.S.A.,  R.S.W.  {d.  1901).  Ptd.  landscs. 
A.R.S.A.,  1883  ;  R.S.A.,  1895.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1885-92. 

JOHNSTONE,  WILLIAM  BORTHWICK,  R.S.A.  {b.  Edin- 
burgh,  1804  ;  d.  Edinburgh,  1868).  For  several  years  a  solicitor. 
Ptd.  miniatures,  historical  subjects,  and  landscs.  with  figures. 
A.R.S.A.,  1840  ;  R.S.A. ,  1848.  Curator  of  Nat.  Gall,  of  Scotland. 
Wrote  on  art.     Exhib.  at  R.S.A.  from  1836,  and  elsewhere. 

JONES,  MISS  CHARLOTTE  {d.  1847).  Ptd.  miniatures. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1801-23. 

JONES,  SIR  THOMAS  ALFRED,  P.R.H.A.  {b.  1823  [?]  ;  d. 
1893).  Stud,  at  Schs.  of  Royal  Dublin  See.  and  R.H.A.  R.H.A., 
1861  ;  P.R.H.A.,  1870.  Ptd.  portraits  and  genre.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
1872-9. 

JOPLING,  JOSEPH  MIDDLETON  {b.  London,  1831  ;  d. 
Chelsea,  1884).  For  a  time  a  clerk  in  the  War  Office.  Assoc,  of 
N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  historical  and  genre  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
S.B.A.  and  N.W.C  S.,  1848-84. 

JOSEPH,  GEORGE  FRANCIS,  A.R.A.  {b.  1764;  d.  1846). 
Stud,  of  R.A.;  A.R.A. ,  1813.  Ptd.  miniatures,  historical  and  fancy 
subjects,  oil  portraits,  etc.  Worked  in  London  and  Cambridge. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.L,  1788-1846. 

JOY,  JOHN  CANTILOE  (&.  Yarmouth,  1806;  d.  London, 
1866).  Removed  to  Portsmouth  circ.  1832,  and  subsequently  to 
London.  Ptd.  shipping  in  conjunction  with  his  brother,  Wm.  Joy. 
Exhib.  at  S.B.A.,  1826-7. 

JOY,  WILLIAM  {b.  Yarmouth,  1803  ;  d.  1867).  Removed  to 
Portsmouth  circ.  1832,  and  subsequently  to  London.  Ptd.  shipping 
in  conjunction  with  his  brother,  J.  C.  Joy.     Exhib.  1823-45. 

JUTSUM,  HENRY  {b.  London,  1816  ;  d.  London,  1869).  PupH 
of  Jas.  Stark.  Assoc,  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  water-cols, 
and  in  oils.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1836-69. 


KAUFFMANN— KETTERLIN  227 

KAUFFMANN,  MARIA  ANNA  ANGELICA  KATHARINA, 
RA.  {b.  Coire,  Switzerland,  1741 ;  d.  Rome,  1807).  Daughter  of 
a  portrait  ptr.,  with  whom  she  went  to  Italy.  Came  to  England, 
1766  ;  Foundation  Memb.  of  RA.,  1768.  Settled  at  Rome,  1782. 
Ptd.  portraits  and  classical  subjects  in  oils  and  water-cok. 
Exhib.  at  Free  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1765-97. 

KAY,  JOHN  {b.  nr.  Dalkeith,  1742  ;  d.  1830).  Son  of  a  stone- 
mason. Apprenticed  to  a  barber.  Practised  miniature  ptg.  and 
etching  at  Edinburgh. 

KEAN,  MICHAEL  {b.  Dublin;  d.  London,  1823).  Stud,  at 
the  Dublin  Acad.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  drew  crayon  portraits. 
Became  a  partner  in  the  Derby  china  works.  Exhib.  at  Free  S.A. 
and  R.A.,  1765-90. 

KEARNAN,  THOMAS.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1823-58. 

KEARNEY,  WILLIAM  HENRY  {b.  1801  [?] ;  d.  1858).  Vice- 
Pres.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.,  figure  subjects,  and  portraits. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1823-58. 

KEATE,  GEORGE,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.  {b.  Trowbridge,  1729  ;  d. 
1797).  Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  Incorp. 
S.A.  and  R.A.,  1766-89. 

KEELING,  WILLIAM  KNIGHT,  R.I.  {b.  Manchester,  1807  ; 
d.  Barton-on-Irwell,  1886).  Assistant  of  W.  Bradley,  the  portrait 
ptr.,  in  London.  Pres.  of  Manchester  Acad,  of  Fine  Arts.  Ptd. 
portraits  and  figure  subjects  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib., 
chiefly  at  N.W.C.S.  (R.I.),  1840-85. 

KEENE,  CHARLES  SAMUEL  {b.  Hornsey,  1823  ;  d.  1891). 
Son  of  a  solicitor.  Apprenticed  to  a  firm  of  wood  engravers.  Best 
known  for  his  drawings  in  Punch. 

KENDRICK,  MISS  EMMA  ELEONORA  {d.  1871,  aged  83). 
Daughter  of  a  sculptor.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Wrote  on  miniature 
ptg.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1811-40. 

KENWELL,  MISS  ANNA  MARIA.  See  Charretie,  Mrs. 
John. 

KETTERLIN,  LOUIS  [d.  London,  1799).  A  French  minia- 
turist who  practised  for  a  time  in  England. 


228  KING— LAMBORNE 

KING,  HAYNES,  R.B.A.  {b.  Barbados,  1831  ;  d.  London,  1904). 
Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1864.  Ptd.  genre.  Exhib.  from  1855  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  and  R.B.A. 

KIRBY,  JOSHUA,  F.R.S.  {b.  Parham,  Sulifolk,  1716  ;  d.  and 
bd.  Kew,  1774).  Son  of  a  schoolmaster.  Worked  at  Ipswich  as  a 
coach  and  house  ptr.,  and  then  came  to  London.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Friend  of  Gainsborough.  Taught  drawing  to  the  Prince  of  Wales 
(George  IIL),  and  was  clerk  of  the  works  at  Kew  Palace.  Pres.  of 
Incorp.  S.A.,  1770  ;   exhib.  there,  1761-70. 

KITCHINMAN,  J.  {d.  London,  1781,  aged  40).  Stud,  at  Ship- 
ley's School.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Exhib.  at  Free  S.A.  and  R.A., 
1766-81. 

KNIGHT,  JOHN  BUXTON  {b.  Sevenoaks,  1842;  d.  1908). 
Stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
etc.,  1861-1907. 

KNIGHT,  JOHN  PRESCOTT,  R.A.  (&.  Stafford,  1803;  d. 
London,  1881).  Son  of  a  comedian.  Stud,  under  R.  Sass  and 
G.  Clint,  and  from  1823  at  R.A.  Schs.  Ptd.  portraits  and  genre 
subjects.  A.R.A.,  1836  ;  R.A.,  1844  ;  Prof,  of  Perspective,  1839  ; 
Sec.  to  R.A.,  1848.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1824-78),  B.I.,  and  S.B.A. 

KNIGHT,  MISS  MARY  ANNE  (&.  1776;  d.  1851).  Pupil 
of  A.  Plimer.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S., 
1803-31. 

LA  CAVE,  P.  Drawing  master.  Ptd.  landscs.  Signed  "  Le 
Cave  "  and  "  La  Cave."     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1801. 

LADBROOKE,  ROBERT  {b.  1770  ;  d.  Norwich,  1842).  Friend 
of  Crome  ;  helped  to  establish  the  Norwich  Soc,  1803.  Ptd. 
landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  Norwich,  1805-33,  3-nd 
at  R.A.  and  B.I.,  1811-22. 

LAMBERT,  GEORGE  {b.  Kent,  1710  ;  d.  1765).  Scene  ptr. 
and  landsc.  ptr.  Friend  of  Hogarth.  First  Pres.  of  Incorp. 
S.A. 

LAMBERT,  JAMES,  JUN.  Son  of  James  Lambert,  Sen. 
Ptd.  landscs.,  flowers,  and  genre  subjects.  Exhib.  at  Free  S.A. 
and  R.A.  1769-78. 

LAMBORNE,  PETER  SPENDELOWE  {b.  London,  1722  ;  d. 
Cambridge,  1774).  Architectural  draughtsman,  miniaturist,  and 
engraver.  Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.,  1766.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A,, 
1760-74. 


LAMONT— LAWSON  229 

LAMONT,  THOMAS  R.,  A.R.W.S.  {d.  1898).  Ptd.  genre 
subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  from  1861. 

LANCE,  GEORGE  {b.  Little  Easton,  Essex,  1802  ;  d.  Sunny- 
side,  nr.  Birkenhead,  1864).  Pupil  of  Haydon ;  stud,  of  R.A. 
Ptd.  fruit,  flowers,  portraits,  etc.,  in  oils  and  water-cols,  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1828-64. 

LANDSEER,  CHARLES,  R.A.  {b.  1799;  d.  London,  1879). 
Son  of  John  Landseer,  A.E.,  and  bro.  of  Sir  Edwin  and  Thomas 
Landseer.  Pupil  of  his  father  and  B.  R.  Haydon  ;  stud,  of  R.A., 
1816.  Made  sketches  in  Portugal  and  S.  America.  Ptd.  landscs. 
A.R.A.,  1837  ;  R-A.,  1845  ;  Keeper,  1851-74.  Bequeathed  £10,000 
to  R.A.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1822-79. 

LANDSEER,  SIR  EDWIN  HENRY,  R.A.  {b.  London,  1802  ; 
d.  London,  1873  ;  bd.  St.  Paul's  Cath.).  Son  of  John  Landseer, 
A.E.,  and  brother  of  Charles  and  Thomas  Landseer,  Stud,  of 
R.A.,  1816;  A.R.A.,  1826;  R.A.,  1831.  Knighted,  1850.  Ptd. 
animals  ;  executed  some  sculpture.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A., 
and  O.W.C.S.,  1815-73. 

LANDSEER,  GEORGE  {b.  1834  [?]  ;  d.  London,  1878).  Son  of 
Thomas  Landseer,  and  nephew  of  Charles  and  Edwin  Landseer. 
Spent  many  years  in  India.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  portraits,  in  oils  and 
water-cols,     Exhib,  at  R.A,,  B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1850-8. 

LANE,  THEODORE  {b.  1800  ;  d.  1828).  Pupil  of  J.  Barrow. 
Ptd.  humorous  genre  subjects,  and  miniatures  ;  also  etched.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.L,   and  R.B.A.,   1816-30. 

LAPORTE,  GEORGE  HENRY  {b.  1799  ;  d.  1873).  Memb. 
of  N.W.C.S,  Ptd.  animals,  figures,  and  hunting  subjects  ;  was 
animal  ptr.  to  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  Exhib,  at  R.A.,  B.L, 
R.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1821-73. 

LAPORTE,  JOHN  {b.  1761  ;  d.  London,  1839).  Memb.  of 
Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Taught  drawing  at  Addiscombe 
Milit.  Acad.  Published  works  on  drawing.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.  (1779-1832),  BT.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S. 

LAPORTE,  MISS  MARY  ANNE.  Memb.  of  N.W.CS.  Ptd. 
portraits.     Exhib,  at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  N,W.C,S,,  1813-45. 

LAWSON,  CECIL  GORDON  [b.  Salop,  1849  ;  ^-  Chelsea,  1882  ; 
bd.  Haslemere).  Son  of  W.  Lawson,  portrait  ptr.  Came  to  London, 
1861.  Largely  self-taught  in  art.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water- 
cols.  ;  drew  on  wood  for  book-illns.  Exhib.  from  1S70  at  R.A.  and 
Grosvenor  Gallery, 


230  LEAKEY— LENS 

LEAKEY,  JAMES  {b.  Exeter,  1775  ;  d.  Exeter,  1865).  Ptd. 
miniatures,  oil  portraits,  landscs.,  and  genre  subjects.  Exhib.  at 
K.A.,  1821-46. 

LE  CAPELAIN,  JOHN  {b.  Jersey,  1814  [?]  ;  d.  Jersey,  1848). 
Self-taught  in  art.  Came  to  London,  1832.  Ptd.  marine  and 
landsc.  subjects.     Worked  for  Queen  Victoria. 

LEE,  FREDERICK  RICHARD,  R.A.  {b.  Barnstaple,  1798; 
d.  South  Africa,  1879).  Was  for  a  time  in  the  Army.  Stud,  of  R.A., 
1818.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  still  life.  A.R.A.,  1834;  R.A.,  1838; 
H.R.A.,  1871.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1822-70. 

LEE,  JOSEPH  (d.  Gravesend,  1859,  aged  79).  Ptd.  in  enamel 
miniature  portraits  and  copies  of  old  masters.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and 
S.B.A.,  1809-53. 

LEE,  WILLIAM  {b.  1810  ;  d.  London,  1865).  Ptd.  French  and 
English  figure  subjects.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1844-55. 

LEICESTER,  SIR  JOHN  FLEMING.     Sec  De  Tabley,  Lord. 

LEIGH,  MISS  CLARA  MARIA.     See  Pope,  Mrs.  Alexander. 

LEIGHTON,  FREDERIC,  P.R.A.,  R.W.S.  (LORD  LEIGHTON 
OF  STRETTON)  {b.  Scarborough,  1830  ;  d.  London,  1896  ;  bd.  St. 
Paul's  Cath.).  Son  of  a  doctor.  Pupil  of  ]\Ieli  at  Rome  ;  stud,  at  the 
Acad,  at  Florence,  and  under  Steinle  at  Frankfort  ;  spent  some  time 
at  Brussels  and  Paris.  Settled  in  London,  1859.  A.R.A.,  1864  ; 
R.A.,  1868 ;  P.R.A.,  1878.  Ptd.  mythological  subjects,  etc., 
chiefly  in  oils  ;  executed  sculptures  and  book-illns.  Exhib.  from 
1855  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  Grosvenor  Gallery,  etc. 

LEITCH,  WILLIAM  LEIGHTON  {b.  Glasgow,  1804  5  ^-  Lon- 
don, 1883).  Son  of  a  manufacturer.  Employed  for  a  time  by  a 
sign  ptr.  ;  scene  ptr.  at  Glasgow,  1824,  and  afterwards  in  London. 
Stud,  in  Italy  for  5  years.  Memb.  and  Vice-Pres.  of  N.W.C.S., 
Taught  water-col.  ptg.  to  Oueen  Victoria.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I., 
S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1832-83. 

LEMAN,  R.  (&.  1799;  d.  1863).  Ptd.  landscs.  Worked  at 
Norwich. 

LENS,  BERNARD  {b.  London,  1682  ;  d.  Knightsbridge,  1740). 
Son  of  an  engraver.  Miniaturist  and  etcher.  Drawing  master  at 
Christ's  Hospital ;  miniature  ptr.  to  George  I.  and  XL 


LESLIE— LINES  231 

LESLIE,  CHARLES  ROBERT,  R.A.  {b.  Clerkenwell,  1794  ;  d. 
London,  1859).  Educ.  in  America,  but  returned  in  1811.  Stud,  of 
R.A.,  1813,  and  pupil  of  West.  A.R.A.,  1821  ;  R.A.,  1826.  Prof, 
of  ptg.,  1847-52.  Ptd.  humorous  subjects  derived  from  standard 
authors.  Wrote  hves  of  Constable  and  Reynolds.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1813-59. 

LESSORE,  JULES,  R.L  {d.  1892).  Memb.  of  R.I.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  figure  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  N.W.C.S., 
etc.,  1879-92. 

LEWIS,  CHARLES  JAMES,  R.I.  {b.  1836  ;  d.  Chelsea,  1892). 
Memb,  of  Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  genre, 
in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  R.S.A.,  R.L,  etc., 
1853-93. 

LEWIS,  FREDERICK  CHRISTIAN  (6.  London,  1779;  d. 
Enfield,  1856).  Apprenticed  to  Stadler,  an  engraver.  Stud,  of 
R.A.  Executed  many  engravings.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water- 
cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1802-53. 

LEWIS,  GEORGE  ROBERT  {b.  1782  ;  d.  1871).  Brother  of 
F.  C.  Lewis.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd.  portraits,  landscs.,  and  figures 
in  oils  and  water-cols. ;  published  antiquarian  works.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  etc.,  1817-59. 

LEWIS,  JOHN  FREDERICK,  R.A.  {b.  London,  1805  ;  d.  and 
bd.  Walton-on-Thames,  1876).  Son  of  F.  C.  Lewis.  Ptd.  animals  in 
oils,  and  afterwards  interiors,  figures,  Eastern  scenes,  etc.,  in  water- 
cols.  Memb.  and  Pres.  of  O.W.C.S.  ;  A.R.A.,  1859  ;  R.A.,  1865  ; 
H.R.A.,  1876.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1820-77. 

LEWIS,  WILLIAM.  Brother  of  F.  C.  Lewis.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1804-38),  B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S. 

LEYDE,  OTTO  THEODOR,  R.S.A.,  R.S.W.  {b.  1835  ;  d.  1897). 
Ptd.  figure  subjects.  A.R.S.A.,  1870  ;  R.S.A.,  1880.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.  from  1877. 

LINDSAY,  THOMAS  [b.  London,  1793  [?]  ;  d.  Cusop,  Hay,  nr. 
Brecon,  1861).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.,  Ptd.  landscs.,  especially  in 
Wales.     Exhib.  at  B.L,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1833-61. 

LINES,  H.  H.  {d.  1888  [?]).  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1818-46. 

LINES,  SAMUEL  RESTELL  {b.  Birmingham,  1804;  d.  Bir- 
mingham, 1833).  Son  of  Samuel  Lines,  an  art  teacher.  Ptd. 
interiors  and  exteriors  of  Haddon  Hall  and  other  old  buildings. 
Was  also  an  etcher  and  lithographer.  Exhib.  at  S.B.A.,  and 
N.W.C.S.,  1832-3. 


232  LINNELL— LUCAN 

TLINXELL,  JOHN  (h.  Bloomsbury,  1792;  d.  RedhiU,  1882; 
hd.  Reigate).  Pupil  of  John  Varley  ;  stud,  of  R.A.,  1805.  Memb. 
of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  portraits,  and  in  later  life 
chiefly  landscs.  in  oils.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1807-81. 

LINTON,  WILLIAM  [h.  Liverpool,  1788  ;  d.  1876).  Worked 
chiefly  in  London.  Travelled  in  Sicily,  Greece,  etc.  Memb.  of 
S.B.A.,  1823-42.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A., 
O.W.C.S.,  1817-71. 

LIOTARD,  JEAN  ETIENNE  {h.  Geneva,  1702  ;  d.  Geneva, 
1789).  Pupil  of  J.  B.  Masse  and  F.  Lemoyne  at  Paris.  Travelled 
considerably.  Visited  England.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  crayon 
portraits.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1773-4. 

LIVERSEEGE,  HENRY  {h.  Manchester,  1803  ;  d.  Manchester, 
1832).  Came  to  London,  1827.  Ptd.  genre,  scenes  from  Shake- 
speare and  Scott,  etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1828-32. 

LLOYD,  MRS.  HUGH.     See  Moser,  Miss  Mary. 

LOCKER,  EDWARD  HAWKE  {h.  1777  ;  d.  1849).  Amateur. 
Held  various  posts,  includmg  that  of  Civil  Commissioner.  Ptd. 
landscs. 

LOCKHART,  WILLIAM  EWART,  R.S.A.,  A.R.W.S.  {h.  Dum- 

friesshire,  1846  ;  d.  1900).  Stud,  under  Scott  Lauder  at  Trustees' 
Acad.,  Edinburgh.  A.R.S.A.,  1870 ;  R.S.A.,  1878.  Frequently 
visited  Spain.  Settled  in  London,  1896.  Ptd.  portraits,  genre, 
anecdotes,  and  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.S.A.,  and  R.W.S. 

LOFTHOUSE,  MRS.  {nee  Mary  Forster)  {b.  1853  ;  d.  1885). 
Daughter  of  an  artist.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1873-S5. 

LOUND,  THOMAS  {b.  1803  ;  d.  Norwich,  1861).  A  brewer. 
Ptd.  landscs.  and  coast  scenes,  especially  of  Norfolk,  in  oils  and 
water-cols.  Memb.  of  Norwich  Soc.  Exhib.  at  Norwich,  1820-33, 
and  at  R.A.  {1846-55)  and  B.I. 

LOVER,  SAMUEL,  R.H.A.  [b.  Dublin,  1797  ;  d.  Jersey,  1868  ; 
bd.  Kensal  Green).  Son  of  a  stockbroker.  Best  known  as  a  writer, 
but  was  also  a  miniature  ptr.  R.H.A.,  1822.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
1832-62. 

LUCAN,  LADY  {b.  1740  ;  d.  1815).  Nee  Margaret  Smath  ;  mar- 
ried Sir  Charles  Bingham,  afterwards  Earl  of  Lucan.  Ptd.  minia- 
tures, and  copies  of  miniatures  by  Cooper,  Hoskins,  and  others. 


LUCAS— MACPHERSON  233 

LUCAS,  SAMUEL  {b.  Hitcliin,  1S05  ;  rf.1870).  Ptd.  landscs.  birds, 
and  flowers,  in  oils  and  water-cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1830-66. 

LUCAS,  WILLIAM.  Assoc,  of  The  Inst,  till  1882.  Ptd.  por- 
traits.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  1856-80. 

LUNDGREN,  EGRON  SILLIF  (b.  Sweden,  1815  ;  d.  Stock- 
holm, 1875).  Pupil  of  L.  Cogniet  at  Paris.  Came  to  London,  1853. 
Visited  India  and  Egypt.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  portraits 
and  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1862-75. 


MACALLUM,  JOHN  THOMAS  HAMILTON,  R.I.,  R.S.W.  {b. 

1843  ;  d.  1896).  Memb.  of  Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols.  Ptd.  scenes 
of  fishermen's  life,  etc.  Exhib.  from  1866,  at  R.A.,  R.B.A., 
N.W.C.S.,  etc. 

Mcculloch,  HORATIO,  R.S.A.  {b.  Glasgow,  1806  ;  d.  Edin- 
burgh,  1867).  Son  of  a  weaver.  Assoc,  of  Scottish  Acad.,  1834  ; 
Memb.,  1838.     Ptd.  Scotch  landscs. 

MACDONALD,  JOHN  B.,  R.S.A.  (d.  1901).  Ptd.  landscs. 
A.R.S.A.,  1862 ;  R.S.A.,  1877.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1866-76. 

MACKENZIE,  FREDERICK  {b.  1787  ;  d.  1854).  Pupil  of 
J.  A.  Repton,  an  architect  ;  employed  by  John  Britton.  Memb. 
of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Memb.  and  Treas.  of  O.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  views  of  Gothic  buildings,  etc.,  and  published  some  engravings. 
Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1804-53. 

McKEWAN,  DAVID  HALL  {b.  1817  ;  d.  1873).  Memb.  of 
N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S, 
1836-73. 

McLACHLAN,  T.  HOPE  (6.  1845;  c^.  1897).  Educ.  atTrin.  Coll., 
Cambridge.  Called  to  the  Bar.  Memb.  of  New  English  Art  Club  and 
Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols.  Ptd.  landscs.  with  figures,  in  oils  and  water- 
cols.    Exhib.  from  1875  at  R.  A.,  Grosvenor  Gallery,  New  Gallery,  etc. 

MacLEAY,  KENNETH,  R.S.A.,  R.S.W.  {b.  Oban,  1802  ;  d. 
Edinburgh,  1878).  Stud,  at  Edinburgh.  Ptd.  miniatures  and 
water-col.  portraits. 

MACLISE,  DANIEL,  R.A.  {b.  Cork,  1806  ;  d.  Chelsea,  1870  ; 
bd.  Kensal  Green).  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1828.  A.R.A.,  1835  ;  R.A., 
1840.  Hon.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  portraits,  etc.,  in  oils  and 
water-cols.     Exhib.   at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1829-71. 

MACPHERSON,  M.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  portraits. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  N.W.C.S.,  1828-34. 

30 


234  MAHONEY— MARSHALL 

MAHOXEY,  JAMES  {d.  1879).  Assoc,  of  The  Inst.  Ptd. 
genre.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  1866-78. 

MAISEY,  THOMAS  {d.  1840).  Pres.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
landscs.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,O.W.C.S.,  and  NAV.C.S.,  1818-40. 

M  ALTON,  JAMES  {d.  Marylebone,  1803).  Topographical 
draughtsman.  Son  of  Thomas  Malton,  Sen.  Pubhshed  works  on 
art  and  architecture.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  Incorp.  S.A.,  and  Free  S.A., 
1761-1803. 

MALTON,  THOMAS,  SEN.  {b.  1726  ;  d.  Dublin,  1801).  Kept 
ashopin  the  Strand;  but  aftenvards  went  to  Dublin,  where  he  taught 
drawing.     Drew  topographical  subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1772-85. 

MALTON,  TPIOMAS,  J  UN.  {b.  1748  ;  d.  London,  1804).  Son  of 
Thomas  Malton,  Sen.  Stud,  of  R.A.  and  gold  medallist  there,  1782. 
Worked  with  his  father  at  Dublin,  and  was  for  a  time  with  an  archi- 
tect. Ptd.  architectural  views  and  theatrical  scenery,  and  executed 
aquatints.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1773-1803. 

MAPLESTONE,  HENRY  {d.  1884).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1841-84. 

MARGETTS,  MRS.  MARY  {d.  1886).  Ptd.  flowers.  Memb. 
of  N.W.C.S.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  N.W.C.S.,  1841-77. 

MARKS,  HENRY  STACY,  R.A.,  R.W.S.  {b.  London,  1829  ; 
d.  and  bd.  Hampstead,  1898).  Son  of  a  coach  builder.  Pupil  at 
J.  M.  Leigh's  Art  Sch,  ;  stud,  of  R.A.,  1851,  and  at  the  Iicole  des 
Beaux-Arts,  Paris.  A.R.A.,  1871  ;  R.A.,  1878  ;  H.R.A.,  1896. 
Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  Shakespearian  subjects,  birds,  landscs., 
etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1853-97),  B.I.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc. 

MARLOW,  WILLIAIM  {b.  Southwark,  1740  ;  d.  Twickenham, 
1813).  Stud,  under  Scott,  the  marine  ptr.,  and  at  St.  Martin's 
Lane  Acad.  Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.  Travelled  in  France  and 
Italy.  Ptd.  landscs.,  country  seats,  shipping,  cattle,  etc.  Exhib. 
at  Incorp.  S.A.,  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1762-1807. 

MARSHAL,  ALEXANDER.  Worked  towards  the  end  of  the 
17th  century.     Ptd.  flowers,  and  copies  after  Van  Dyck. 

MARSHALL,  THOMAS  FALCON  {b.  Liverpool,  1818  ;  d. 
Kensington,  1878).  Assoc,  of  Liverpool  Acad.,  1843  ;  Memb.,  1846. 
Came  to  London,  1844.  Ptd.  landscs.,  portraits,  and  genre  and 
historical  subjects.  Exhib.  at  Liverpool,  and  at  R.A.  (1839-78), 
B.I.,  and  S.B.A. 


MARTIN— MEEN 


235 


MARTIN,  AMBROSE.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1830-44. 

MARTIN,  ELIAS,  A.R.A.  {b.  Sweden,  1739;  d.  Stockholm, 
1818).  Came  to  England,  1769.  A.R.A.,  1770.  Ptd.  portraits, 
landscs.,  and  genre  subjects  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
1769-90. 

MARTIN,  JOHN  [b.  nr.  Hexham,  1789  ;  d.  Douglas,  I.O.M., 
1854).  Apprenticed  to  a  coach  ptr.  Pupil  of  B.  Musso  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne.  Came  to  London,  1806.  !Memb.  of  the  Belgian 
Acad.  Ptd.  Biblical  and  historical  subjects,  and  landscs.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1811-52. 

MASON,  GEORGE  HEMMING,  A.R.A.  {b.  Wetley  Abbey, 
Staffs.,  1818  ;  d.  Hammersm.ith,  1872 ;  bd.  Brompton).  Stucl. 
medicine.  Went  to  the  Continent,  1843  ;  lived  at  Rome  for  several 
years.  Returned  to  England,  1858.  A.R.A.,  1869.  Ptd.  landscs. 
animals,  and  genre.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1857-72. 

MAURER,  J.  Swiss  draughtsman  and  engraver.  Made  topo- 
graphical drawings  of  London  about  1741-6. 

MAWLEY,  GEORGE  {b.  London,  1838;  d.  London,  1873). 
Stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
S.B.A.,  etc.,  1858-72. 

MAY,  PHILIP  WILLIAM,  R.I.  ("  PHIL  MAY  ")  {b.  Wortley, 
nr.  Leeds,  1864  ;  d.  1903  ;  bd.  Kensal  Green).  Son  of  a  brass- 
founder.  Spent  4  years  with  stroUing  actors.  Joined  Sydney 
Bulletin  in  1885,  and  was  3  years  in  Australia.  Drew  for  Punch. 
Best  known  as  a  humorous  black-and-white  artist. 

MAY,  WALTER  WILLIAM,  R.I.  {b.  1831  ;  d.  1896).  Memb. 
of  Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols.  Ptd.  sea  pieces.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
R.B.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  from  1859. 

MEADOW^S,  JOSEPH  KENNY  {b.  Cardiganshire,  1790  ;  d. 
1874).  Son  of  a  naval  officer.  Drew  on  wood  forbook-illns.  Ptd. 
portraits  and  figure  subjects  ;  drew  book-illns.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and 
S.B.A.,  1830-8. 

MEE,  MRS.  {nee  Anne  Foldsone)  {b.  1775  [?]  ;  d.  1851). 
Daughter  of  a  portrait  ptr.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Was  patronised 
by  the  Prince  of  Wales  (George  IV.).  Exhib.  at  R.A,  and  B.I., 
1804-37. 

MEEN,  :\IRS.  MARGARET.  Ptd.  flowers.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
etc.,  1775-1810. 


236  MELVILLE— MOGFORD 

MELVILLE,  ARTHUR,  RVV.S.,  A.R.S.A.  {h.  1858  ;  d.  1904). 
Stud,  at  Paris  and  Grez.  Travelled  much  in  Asia,  etc.  A.R.S.A., 
1886.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  various  subjects  derived  from 
Spain,  the  East,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  The  Inst.,  etc., 
from  1878. 

MEVES,  AUGUSTUS  {d.   Shoreditch,    1818).     Miniature  ptr. 

MEYER,  H.  {h.  Holland  ;  d.  London,  1793).  Ptd.  landscs.  in 
water-col.  and  body-col. 

MEYER,  JEREMIAH,  R.A.  {h.  Tubingen,  1735  ;  d.  Kew, 
1789  ;  hd.  Kew).  Son  of  an  artist.  Stud,  at  Shipley's  Acad,  in 
St.  Martin's  Lane,  and  under  Zincke.  Foundation  Memb.  and 
Keeper  of  R.A.  ;  director  of  Incorp.  S.A.  Ptd.  miniatures  in 
water-col.  and  enamel.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1760-83. 

MIDDLETON,  JOHN  (b.  Norwich,  1827  ;  d.  1856).  Pupil  of 
Ladbrooke,  Stannard,  and  Hy.  Bright.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.  and  B.I.,  1847-55. 

MILES,  EDWARD  (b.  and  d.  Yarmouth).  Miniature  ptr.  to 
Duchess  of  York  and  Queen  Charlotte  ;  practised  in  London.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1775-97- 

MILLAIS,  SIR  JOHN  EVERETT,  BART.,  P.R.A.  {h.  South- 
ampton, 1829  ;  d.  1896  ;  hd.  St.  Paul's  Cathedral).  Pupil  at 
Sass's  Sch.  ;  stud,  of  R.A.  when  11  years  old.  Helped  to  found 
the  Pre-Raphaehte  Brotherhood.  A.R.A.,  1853  ;  R.A.,  1863  ; 
P.R.A.,  1896.  Ptd.  historical  and  subject  pictures,  portraits,  etc., 
in  oils  and  water-cols.  ;  drew  in  black  and  white.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  etc.,  from  1846. 

MILLER,  J.  [d.  Bloomsbury,  1764).     Miniature  ptr. 

MILLER,  JAMES.  Ptd,  landscs.  (sometimes  with  cattle)  and 
architectural  subjects.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1773-91. 

MILLINGTON,  JAMES  HEATH  {h.  Cork  ;  d.  1873).  Stud, 
of  R.A.,  1826.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A., 
1831-70. 

MITCHELL,  PHILIP,  R.I.  {h.  1814  ;  d.  1896).  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.I.  from  1854. 

MOGFORD,  JOHN,  R.I.  {h.  London,  1821  ;  d.  1885).  Son 
of  a  ptr.  Stud,  at  Govt.  Sch.  of  Design,  Somerset  House,  and  at 
R.A.  Son-in-law  of  F.  Danby.  Memb.  of  Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil 
Cols.  Ptd.  seascapes  and  rocky  coast  scenes.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1846-85, 


MOLE— MORI  SON  237 

MOLE,  JOHN  HENRY,  V.P.R.I.  (b.  Alnwick,  1S14  ;  d.  1886). 
Was  for  some  years  in  a  solicitor's  office.  Ptd.  miniatures  and 
landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  from  1845. 

MONAMY,  PETER  {b.  Jersey,  1670  [?]  ;  d.  Westminster,  1749). 
Apprenticed  to  a  house  ptr.  in  London.     Ptd.  sea  pieces,  etc. 

MOORE,  ALBERT  JOSEPH,  A.R.W.S.  {b.  York,  1841  ;  d. 
1893).  Fourteenth  child  of  Wm.  Moore,  ptr.  ;  bro.  of  Henry  and 
J.  C.  Moore.  Came  to  London,  1855.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1858.  Ptd. 
figures,  often  in  Greek  costume.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  R.W.S., 
etc.,  1857-93. 

MOORE,  CHARLES.  Assoc,  of  O.W^C.S.  Made  architcc- 
tural  drawings  ;  drew  for  Britton  and  Ackermann.  Exhib,  at 
O.W.C.S.,  1822-8. 

MOORE,  GEORGE  BELTON  {b.  1805  ;  d,  1875).  Taught 
drawing  at  Woolwich  Milit.  Acad,  and  University  Coll.,  London. 
Wrote  on  art.  Ptd.  architectural  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L, 
S.B.A.,  etc.,  1830-70. 

MOORE,  HENRY,  R.A.,  R.W.S.  {b.  York,  1831  ;  d.  Margate, 
1895).  Ninth  son  and  pupil  of  Wm.  Moore,  ptr.  ;  bro.  of  Albert 
and  J.  C.  Moore.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Began  as  a  Pre-Raphaelite,  but 
afterwards  ptd.  chiefly  marine  subjects.  A.R.A.,  1885  ;  R.A., 
1893.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1866-75,  and  Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols. 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  d'Honneur.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A., 
and  O.W.C.S.,  from  1853. 

MOORE,  JOHN  COLLINGHAM  {b.  Gainsborough,  1829  ; 
d.  1880).  Son  of  Wm.  Moore,  ptr.  ;  bro.  of  Albert  and  Henry 
Moore.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1851.  Ptd.  portraits,  Italian  scenes,  etc., 
in  oils  and  water-cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1852-80),  etc. 

MORE,  SIR  ANTONIO  {b.  Utrecht,  1525  ;  d.  Antwerp,  1581). 
Worked  in  Spain,  England,  and  the  Netherlands.  Ptd.  portraits  in 
oils,  and  miniatures. 

MORIN,  EDWARD.  Assoc,  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  domestic 
subjects.     Exhib.  at  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1858-78. 

MORISON,  DOUGLAS  {b.  Tottenham,  1810  ;  d.  1847  c?]). 
Son  of  a  doctor.  Pupil  of  F.  Tayler.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  ; 
Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.,  interiors  of  mansions,  etc.  ; 
produced  lithographs.  Exhib,  at  R.A.,  N  W.C.S.,  and  O.W.C.S,, 
1836-46. 


238  MORLAND— MUSS 

MORLAXD,  GEORGE  (b.  London,  1763  ;  d.  London,  1804  ; 
bd.  ground  of  St.  James's  Chapel,  Hampstead  Road).  Son  of  a 
portrait  ptr.,  H.  R.  jMorland.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Copied  Flemish 
and  Dutch  masters.  Ptd.  animals,  genre  subjects,  and  landscs. 
with  figures,  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1773- 
1804. 

MORTIMER,  JOHN  HAMILTON,  A.R.A.  {b.  Eastbourne,  1741; 
d.  London,  1779  ;  bd.  High  Wjxombe).  Son  of  a  Customs  officer. 
Pupil  of  Hudson,  R.E.  Pine,  Reynolds,  and  Cipriani.  Drew  and  ptd., 
in  oils  and  water-cols.,  banditti,  illns.  of  Chaucer,  Shakespeare,  etc., 
and  mythological  subjects.  A.R.A.,  1778.  Vice-Pres.  of  Incorp. 
S.A.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1762-79. 

MOSER,  GEORGE  MICHAEL,  R.A.  {d.  London,  1783  ;  bd.  St. 
Paul's,  Co  vent  Garden).  Son  of  a  Swiss  sculptor.  Came  to  England 
at  an  early  age.  Manager  of  St.  ]\Iartin's  Lane  Acad.  Memb.  of 
Incorp.  S.A.,  1766.  Foundation  Memb.  (1768)  and  Keeper  of  R.A. 
Ptd.  enamel  portraits  ;  was  also  a  chaser  and  medallist.  E.xhib.  at 
Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1760-70. 

MOSER,  MARY,  R.A.  (&.  1744  ;  d.  London,  1819).  Daughter 
of  G.  M.  Moser,  an  enameller.  Foundation  Memb.  of  R.A.  Ptd. 
flowers  and  fruit.  Married  a  Captain  Hugh  Lloyd.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,1769-1802. 

MULLER,  WILLIAM  JAMES  {b.  Bristol,  1812  ;  d.  Bristol, 
1845).  Pupil  of  J.  B.  Pyne.  Toured  on  the  Continent,  in  Egypt, 
etc.  Ptd.  landscapes,  seascapes,  etc.,  in  oil  and  water-cols. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1833-45),  B.I.,  and  S.B.A. 

MULREADY,  WILLIAM,  R.A.  {&.  Ennis,  Ireland,  1786  ;  d. 
Bayswater,  1863  ;  bd.  Kensal  Green).  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1800. 
Married  a  sister  of  John  Varley.  A.R.A.,  1815  ;  R.A.,  1816.  lUus. 
"  Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  etc.  Ptd.  portraits,  landscs.,  and  genre 
subjects,  mostly  in  oils.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1804-62),  B.I.,  and  S.B.A. 

:\IUNX,  PAUL  SAXDBY  {b.  Greenwich,  1773  ;  d.  I\Iargate, 
1845).  Son  of  a  landsc.  ptr.  Ptd.  landscs.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S. 
E.xhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1799-1815. 

MURRAY,  MRS.  HENRY  JOHN  {nee  Elizabeth  Heaphy) 
{d.  San  Remo,  1882).  Daughter  of  Thomas  Heaphy.  Memb.  of 
N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  portraits,  genre  subjects,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1834-82. 

MUSS,  CHARLES  {b.  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1779  ;  d.  1824).  Son 
of  an  Italian  artist.  Ptd.  enamel  copies  of  old  masters.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  1800-23. 


NAFTEL— NEWTON 


239 


NAFTEL,  MISS  MAUD,  A.R.W.S.  {b.  1856  ;  d.  i8go).  Daughter 
of  P.  J.  Naftel.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  llowcrs.  Exliib.  at  R.A.,  R.W.S., 
etc.,  1875-89. 

NAFTEL,  PAUL  JACOB,  R.W.S.  {h.  in  Channel  Islands  ;  d. 
1891).  Ptd.  landscs.  Taught  drawing  in  London  from  1870. 
Exhib.,  chiefly  at  O.W.C.S.,  1850-91. 

NAISH,  WILLIAM  {b.  Axbridge,  Somerset;  d.  1800).  Ptd. 
miniatures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1786-1800. 

NASH,  EDWARD  {b.  1778  ;  d.  London,  1821).  Miniaturist  ; 
pupil  of  Samuel  Shelley  ;  friend  of  Southey,  Coleridge,  and  Words- 
worth.    Worked  for  a  time  in  India.     Exhiix  at   R.A.,  1800-20. 

NASH,  FREDERICK  {b.  Lambeth,  1782  ;  d.  Brighton,  185G). 
Son  of  a  builder.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in 
Water  Cols.,  and  of  O.W.C.S.  Drew  l;ook  illns.  Ptd.  landscs.  and 
views  of  towns.  E.xhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc., 
1799-1856. 

NASH,  JOSEPH  {b.  Great  Marlow,  1808  ;  d.  Bayswater,  1878). 
Son  of  a  clergyman.  Pupil  of  A.  Pugin.  lUus.  novels,  etc., 
but  chiefly  devoted  himself  to  architectural  drawings  of  interiors  and 
exteriors.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Produced  lithographs.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1831-79. 

NATTES,  JOHN  CLAUDE  (b.  1765  [?] ;  d.  London,  1822). 
Pupil  of  Hugh  Deane.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  topographical 
views  in  Italy,  England,  Scotland,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1781-1814) 
and  O.W.C.S. 

NEALE,  JOHN  PRESTON  {b.  1780;  d.  Tattingstone,  nr. 
Ipswich,  1847).  Was  for  a  time  a  clerk  in  the  Post  Office.  Ptd. 
topographical  views,  churches,  etc.,  chiefly  in  water-cols.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.  (1797-1844),  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S. 

NESFIELD,  WILLIAM  ANDREWS  {b.  Chester-le-Street,  1793  ; 
d.  1881).  Son  of  a  rector  of  Brancepeth.  Educ.  at  Winchester, 
Cambridge,  and  Woolwich.  Served  in  the  Peninsular  War.  Left 
the  Army,  1816.  Ptd.  landscs.,  and  was  a  landsc.  gardener.  Memb. 
of  O.W.C.S.     Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  1823-51. 

NEWTON,  ALFRED  PIZZEY  (or  PIZZI),  R.W.S.  {b.  Rayleigh, 
Essex,  1830 ;  d.  Rock  Ferry,  1883).  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.  (1855-81),  O.W.C.S.,  and  S.B.A. 

NEWTON,  MRS.  CHARLES  J.  {nee  Mary  Severn)  {b.  1832  ; 
d.  1866).  Daughter  of  Joseph  Severn.  Drew  portraits  in  crayons 
and  water-cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1S63-6. 


240  NEWTON— NIXON 

NEWTON,  JOHN  EDWARD.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
fruit,  landscs.,  etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1858-83. 

NEWTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  JOHN  {b.  London,  1785  ;  d.  London, 
1869).  Son  of  James  Newton,  engraver.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Miniature 
ptr.  to  Queen  Adelaide.    Knighted,  1837.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1808-63. 

NICHOLL,  ANDREW,  RTI.A.  {b.  Belfast,  1804  ;  d.  1886).  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  flowers.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S., 
1832-67. 

NICHOLSON,  ALFRED  (6.  Whitby,  1788  ;  d.  London,  1833). 
Son  of  Francis  Nicholson.  Was  for  a  time  in  the  Navy.  Ptd, 
Irish  and  other  landscs. 

NICHOLSON,  FRANCIS  {b.  Pickering,  1753  ;  d.  London,  1844). 
Ptd.  animals,  portraits,  landscs.  (especially  with  streams),  ship- 
wrecks, etc.  Early  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Worked  at  Whitby, 
Knaresborough,  Ripon,  and  London.  Was  a  lithographer.  Exhib. 
at  Incorp.  S.A.,  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1799-1833. 

NICHOLSON,  WILLIAM,  R.S.A.  {b.  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1784  ; 
d.  Edinburgh,  1844).  Settled  at  Edinburgh,  1820  ;  a  founder  and 
Memb.  of  the  Scottish  Acad.,  1826.  Ptd.  portraits  in  water-cols, 
and  oils  ;  also  etched  and  engraved.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S., 
1808-22. 

NICOL,  ERSKINE,  A.R.A.,  R.S.A.  {b.  Leith,  1825  ;  d.  1904). 
Apprenticed  to  a  house  ptr.  Stud,  at  Trustees'  Acad.,  Edinburgh. 
A.R.S.A.,  1855  ;  R.S.A.,  1859.  Came  to  London,  1862.  A. R.A. 
1866  ;  Hon.  Retired  Assoc,  1885.  Ptd.  Irish  genre  subjects.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.  (from  1851),  B.I.,  etc. 

NIExMANN,  EDMUND  JOHN  {b.  Islington,  1813  ;  d.  Brixton 
Hill,  1876).  Engaged  for  a  time  at  "  Lloyd's."  Worked  at  High 
Wycombe  and  in  London.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L, 
S.B.A.,  etc.,  1844-72. 

NINHAM,  HENRY  {b.  Norwich,  1793  ;  d.  Norwich,  1874).  Son 
of  an  heraldic  ptr.  Ptd.  armorial  bearings  on  coaches.  Exhib.  at 
Norwich  oil  and  water-col.  ptgs.  of  landscs.  and  old  buildings  in 
Norfolk,  1816-31. 

NIXON,  JAMES  {b.  1760  [?];d.  1818) .  A  London  merchant  who 
drew  country  seats,  etc.  ;  was  also  an  etcher.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
1781-1815. 

NIXON,  JAMES,  A.R.A.  {b.  about  1741  ;  d.  Tiverton,  1812). 
Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.  ;  stud,  of  R.A.  ;  A.R.A.,  1778.  Ptd.  minia- 
tures, and  a  few  portraits  and  historical  subjects  in  oils.  Exhib, 
at  Incorp.  S.A.,  R.A.,  and  B.L,  1765-1807, 


NOBLETT— ORME  241 

NOBLETT,  H.  JOHN.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1832-5. 

NORTHCOTE,  JAMES,  R.A.  (b.  Plymouth,  1746  ;  d.  1831). 
Son  of  a  watchmaker.  Pupil  of  Reynolds,  and  stud,  of  R.A.,  1771. 
Ptd.  portraits  and  historical  subjects.  Lived  in  Italy,  1777-80. 
A.R.A.,  1786  ;  R.A.,  1787.  Wrote  on  art.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I., 
and  S.B.A.,  1773-1831. 


OAKES,  JOHN  WRIGHT,  A.R.A.,  H.R.S.A.  {b.  nr.  Middlewich, 
Cheshire,  1820  ;  d.  Kensington,  1887  ;  bd.  Brompton).  Educ.  at 
Liverpool.  Assoc,  of  Liverpool  Acad.,  1847  ;  Memb.,  1850  ;  Sec, 
1853-4  ;  retired,  1859.  Moved  to  London,  1859.  Assoc,  of  The 
Inst.  ;  A.R.A.,  1875  ;  Hon.  R.S.A.,  1883.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1847-88. 

OAKLEY,  OCTAVIUS  {b.  1800  ;  d.  Bayswater,  1867).  Memb. 
of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  portraits,  gipsies,  landscs.,  genre  subjects,  etc. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1826-67. 

O'CONNOR,  JOHN,  R.I.,  R.H.A.  {b.  Ireland,  1832  ;  d.  Hants, 
1889).  Scene  ptr.  and  drawing  master.  Ptd.  landscs.,  architectural 
subjects,  etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  R.L,  etc.,  1853-88. 

OLIVER,  ISAAC  {d.  1617  ;  bd.  St.  Anne's  Church,  Blackfriars). 
Miniature  painter  of  French  descent. 

OLIVER,  PETER  {d.  1648  ;  bd.  St.  Anne's  Church,  Blackfriars). 
Son  of  Isaac  Oliver.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Was  employed  by  Charles  I. 
to  make  miniature  copies  of  paintings  in  his  collection. 

OLIVER,  WILLIAM  {b.  1805  ;  d.  1853).  Ptd.  landscs.,  often 
foreign.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.. 
N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1829-54. 

OLIVER,  MRS.  WILLIAM,  R.L  {nee  Emma  Sophia  Eburne-, 
afterwards  married  Mr.  John  Sedgwick)  {b.  1819;  d.  1885).  Ptd. 
landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1842-86. 

O'NEILL,  HUGH  {b.  Bloomsbury,  1784;  d.  Bristol,  1824). 
Son  of  an  architect.  Befriended  by  Dr.  Monro.  Taught  drawing 
at  Oxford,  Edinburgh,  Bath,  and  Bristol.     Ptd.  old  buildings,  etc. 

ORAM,  EDWARD.  Son  of  an  architect  and  ptr.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Was  an  assistant  of  De  Loutherbourg.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and 
R.A.,  1766-99. 

ORME,  DANIEL  {d.  1802).  Ptd.  miniatures  and  oil  pictures. 
Was  also  an  engraver.     Exhib.  at  R.A,,  1797-1801. 

31 


242  OVEREND— PATTEN 

OVEREND,  WILLIAM  HEYSHAM  {b.  1851  ;  d.  1898).  Educ. 
at  Charterhouse.  Drew  in  black  and  white  for  Illustrated  London 
News,  etc.,  and  ptd.  naval  subjects  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Memb. 
of  Inst,  of  Ptrs.  in  Oil  Cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  from  1872. 

OWEN,  SAMUEL  {b.  1768  [?]  ;  d.  Sunbury,  1857).  Ptd. 
shipping  and  battle  pieces.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water 
Cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1794-1807. 


PALMER,  SAMUEL  {b.  Newington,  1805  ;  d.  RedhiU,  1881). 
Largely  self-taught  in  art.  Ptd.  landscs.,  etc.,  in  oils  and  water- 
cols.  Married  a  daughter  of  John  Linnell.  Spent  2  years  in  Italy. 
Memb.  of  the  Etching  Club.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and 
O.W.C.S.,  1819-82. 

PARKER,  HENRY  PERLEE  [b.  Devonport,  1795  ;  d.  London, 
1873).  Son  of  a  drawing  teacher.  Went  to  Newcastle-on-Tyne 
circ.  1816,  to  Sheffield  circ.  1840,  and  to  London  in  1844. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc.,  1817-63. 

PARRIS,  EDMUND  THOMAS  {b.  Marylebone,  1793  ;  d.  1873). 
Apprenticed  to  a  firm  of  jewellers.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1816.  Ptd. 
historical,  religious,  and  genre  subjects,  in  oils  and  water-cols. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1816-74. 

PARS,  WILLIAM,  A.R.A.  {b.  London,  1742  ;  d.  Rome,  1782). 
Son  of  a  chaser.  Stud,  at  Shipley's  Sch.,  St.  Martin's  Lane,  and 
R.A.  Schs.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  portraits.  Memb.  of  Free  S.A. ; 
A.R.A.,  1770.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1760-76. 

PASQUIER,  E.  J.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib. 
at  S.B.A.  and  N.W.C.S.,  1828-32. 

PASTORINI,  J.  {d.  1839,  aged  66).  An  Italian  miniaturist  who 
worked  in  London.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1812-34. 

PATON,  WALLER  HUGH,  R.S.A.,  R.S.W.  (6.  1828  ;  d.  Edin- 
burgh, 1895).  Brother  of  Sir  Noel  Paton.  A.R.S.A.,  1857  ;  R.S.A., 
1865.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  1860-85,  and 
in  Scotland. 

PATTEN,  GEORGE,  A.R.A.  (&.  1801 ;  d.  1865).  Son  and  pupil 
of  a  miniature  ptr.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1816.  Ptd.  miniatures,  portraits 
in  oils,  subject  pictures,  and  landscs.  A.R.A.,  1837.  Exhib  at 
R.A.  and  B.I.,  1819-64. 


PAYNE— PHILLIP  243 

PAYNE,  WILLIAM.  Employed  at  Plymouth  Dockyard.  Self- 
taught  in  art.  Came  to  London,  1790.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S. 
Fashionable  teacher  of  drawing.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  Incorp. 
S.A.,  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1776-1830. 

PEARSON,  CORNELIUS  (6.  Boston,  Lines  ;  d.  1891).  Appren- 
ticed to  an  engraver  in  London.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  S.B.A., 
etc.,  1843-91. 

PEEL,  JAMES,  R.B.A.  {h.  Newcastlc-on-Tyne,  1811  ;  d. 
Reading,  1906).  Pupil  of  Dalziel,  the  father  of  the  engravers. 
Came  to  London,  1840.  Ptd.  landscs.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1871. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  R.B.A.,  etc.,  from  1842. 

PENLEY,  AARON  EDWIN  (6.  1807  ;  d.  Lewisham,  1870). 
Ptd.  miniatures  and  other  portraits,  and  landscs.  Wrote  on  art. 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Prof,  of  drawing  at  Addiscombe  Milit.  Acad, 
and  Woolwich.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1835-70. 

PENSON,  R.  KYRKE,  R.I.  {b.  1815  ;  d.  1886).  Ptd.  sea 
pieces,  views  of  buildings,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc., 
1836-72. 

PERIGAL,  ARTHUR,  R.S.A.,  R.S.W.  {h.  London,  1816  ;  d. 
and  hd.  Edinburgh,  1884).  A.R.S.A.,  1841  ;  R.S.A.,  1868  ;  Treas. 
of  R.S.A.,  1880.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  etc.,  1858-84,  and  in  Scotland. 

PETIT,  REV.  JEAN  LOUIS  (&.  1801  ;  d.  Lichfield,  1868). 
B.A.  of  Trinity  Coll.,  Cambridge.  Proihiced  etchings  and  water- 
col,  drawings  of  architecture,  etc.  Wrote  on  architectural  and 
antiquarian  subjects. 

PETITOT,  JEAN  {h.  Geneva,  1607  ;  d.  Vevey,  1691).  Son  of  a 
sculptor  and  architect.  Worked  in  England  and  France  as  ptr.  of 
miniature  portraits  in  enamel.     Returned  to  Switzerland,  1687. 

PETITOT,  JEAN  LOUIS  (&.  Blois,  1652  ;  d.  London  [?]).  Son 
of  Jean  Petitot.     Ptd.  miniature  portraits  in  enamel. 

PETRIE,  GEORGE,  P.R.H.A.  (&.  Dublin,  1789  ;  d.  Dublin, 
1866).  Son  of  a  portrait  ptr.  Stud,  at  Dublin  Society's  Schs.  Keen 
antiquarian.  Ptd.  landscs.  A.R.H.A.,  1826  ;  R.H.A.,  1828  ;  and 
after\vards  Pres.     Wrote  on  antiquarian  subjects. 

PHILLIP,  JOHN,  R.A.  {h.  Aberdeen,  1781  ;  d.  Kensington, 
1867).  Son  of  a  soldier.  Pupil  of  T.  M.  Joy  in  London  ;  stud, 
of  R.A.,  1837.  A.R.A.,  1857  ;  P-A.,  1859.  Ptd.  portraits  and 
historical  and  genre  subjects,  chiefly  in  oils.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I., 
and  S.B.A.,  1836-67. 


244  PHILLIPS— PLACE 

PHILLIPS,  GILES  FIRMAN  {b.  1780  ;  d.  1867).  Ptd.  views 
on  the  Thames,  and  other  landscs.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Wrote 
on  art.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1830-66. 

PHILP,  JAMES  GEORGE,  R.L  {b.  Falmouth,  1816  ;  d.  1885). 
Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1848-85. 

PICKERING,  GEORGE  {b.  Yorkshire,  1794  [?]  ;  d.  Birkenhead, 
1857).  Ptd.  landscs.  Taught  drawing  at  Chester.  Exhib.  at 
S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  and  Liverpool  Acad.,  1815-28. 

PICKERSGILL,  FREDERICK  RICHARD  {b.  London,  1820  ; 
d.  Isle  of  Wight,  1900).  Nephew  of  H.  W.  Pickersgill,  R.A.,  and  of 
W.  F.  \Mtherington,  R.A. ;  pupil  of  the  latter ;  stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd. 
scenes  from  Shakespeare,  Milton,  etc.  A.R.A.,  1847  '■>  K-A.,  1857; 
Keeper  of  R.A.,  1873-87  ;  H.R.A.,  1888.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1839-75) 
and  B.I.  (1841-7). 

PIDGEON,  HENRY  CLARK  {b.  1807;  d.  London,  1880). 
Taught  drawing  in  London  ;  became  Prof,  at  Liverpool  Institution 
about  1843  ;  Assoc,  of  Liverpool  Acad.,  1847;  Memb.,  1848;  Hon. 
Secretary,  1850  ;  retired,  1865  ;  was  also  an  Assoc,  of  The  Inst,  and 
Pres.  of  the  Sketching  Club.  I\Iade  drawings  of  antiquities,  etc. 
Exhib.  at  S.B.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  1838-80. 

PILLEAU,  HENRY,  R.L  {b.  1815  ;  d.  1899).  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.  (R.L),  from  1850. 

PILSBURY,  WILMOT,  R.W.S.  {d.  1908).  Stud,  at  the  Bir- 
mingham Sch.  of  Art  and  the  Art  Training  Sch.,  South  Kensington. 
For  some  years  Headmaster  of  the  Leicester  Sch.  of  Art.  Ptd. 
landscs.     Exhib.  from  1866  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc. 

PINE,  SIMON  (&.  Dublin ;  d.  1772).  Son  of  an  engraver ;  brother 
of  R.  E.  Pine.  Practised  miniature  ptg.  in  Ireland  and  at  Bath. 
Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1765-71. 

PINWELL,  GEORGE  JOHN  {b.  High  Wycombe,  1842;  d. 
Haverstock  Hill,  1875  ;  bd.  Highgate).  Son  of  a  builder.  Stud,  at 
Heatherley's  Sch.  Drew  book  illns.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib. 
at  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1865-75. 

PIXELL,  MISS  MARIA.  Pupil  of  S.  Gilpin  [?].  Ptd.  landscs. 
in  oil  and  water-cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1793-1811. 

PLACE,  GEORGE.  Son  of  a  Dublin  linen  draper.  Stud,  in 
Schs.  of  Irish  Acad.  Came  to  London,  1791  ;  afterwards  removed  to 
Yorkshire.     Ptd.  miniatures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1791-7. 


PLIMER -PORTER  245 

PLIMER,  ANDREW  {b.  Wellington,  Salop,  1763  ;  d.  Brighton, 
1837  ;  bd.  Hove).  Son  of  a  watchmaker  ;  brought  up  to  father's 
trade  ;  travelled  for  a  time  with  gipsies  ;  became  servant  to  Cosway. 
Practised  miniature  ptg.  in  London,  Exeter,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
etc.,  1786-1830. 

PLIMER,  NATHANIEL  {b.  Wellington,  Salop,  1757  ;  d.  1822  [?]). 
Brother  of  Andrew  Plimer.  Brought  up  to  liis  father's  trade  ; 
travelled  for  a  time  with  gipsies  ;  became  assistant  to  Henry  Bone. 
Ptd.  miniatures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  Incorp.  S.A.,  1787-1815. 

PLOTT,  JOHN  {b.  Winchester,  1732;  d.  Stoke,  Winchester, 
1803).  Was  for  a  time  clerk  to  an  attorney.  Came  to  London, 
1756.  Pupil  of  R.  Wilson  and  N.  Hone.  Subsequently  returned 
to  Winchester.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  portraits  in  oil  ;  made 
drawings  of  natural  objects.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A., 
1764-1803. 

POCOCK,  NICHOLAS  {b.  1741  [?] ;  d.  Maidenhead,  1821).  Son 
of  a  Bristol  merchant.  Became  captain  of  a  merchant  vessel. 
Encouraged  in  art  by  Reynolds.  An  original  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  landscs.  and  marine  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  and 
O.W.C.S.,  1782-1817. 

POLACK,  SOLOMON  {b.  The  Hague,  1757  ;  d.  Chelsea,  1839). 
Ptd.  miniatures.  Worked  in  London  and  Dublin.  Exhib.  at  R.A. 
and  S.B.A.,  1790-1835. 

POOLE,  PAUL  FALCONER,  R.A.  {b.  Bristol,  1807  ;  d.  Hamp- 
stead,  1879  ;  bd.  Highgate).  Self-taught  in  art.  Ptd.  landscs.  and 
historical  and  genre  subjects.  A.R.A.,  1846  ;  R.A.,  1861 ;  H.R.A., 
1879.  Memb.  of  The  Inst.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  S.B.A., 
1830-79. 

POPE,  ALEXANDER  {b.  Cork  ;  d.  London,  1835).  Son  of  a 
miniature  ptr.  Stud,  at  the  Dublin  Art  Sch.  Came  to  London, 
1783.     Actor  and  miniature  ptr.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1787-1821. 

POPE,  MRS.  ALEXANDER  (d.  1838).  Nee  Clara  Maria  Leigh  ; 
daughter  of  Jared  Leigh,  an  artist ;  married  Francis  WTieatley, 
R.A.,  and  subsequently  Alexander  Pope,  miniature  ptr.  She  ptd. 
flowers  and  miniatures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1796-1838. 

PORTER,  SIR  ROBERT  KER  {b.  Durham,  1777  ;  d.  and  bd. 
St.  Petersburg,  1842).  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1790.  Ptd.  altar-pieces, 
theatrical  scenery,  panoramas,  etc.,  and  made  travel  sketches. 
Travelled  extensively  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Married  a  Russian 
princess.  Was  knighted.  Consul  in  Venezuela,  1826-41.  Wrote 
several  works.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1792-1832. 


246  POUNCY— PUGIN 

POUNCY,  B.  T.  (d.  Lambeth,  1799).  Pupil  of  WooUett,  the 
engraver.  Executed  engravings,  and  ptd.  landscs.  in  water-cols. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  Incorp.  S.A.,  1772-89. 

POWELL,  C.  M,  {d.  1824).  Began  hfe  as  a  sailor.  Self-taught 
in  art.  Ptd.  marine  subjects  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A. 
and  B.L,  1783-1821. 

POWELL,  JOHN  {b.  1780  [?]).  Ptd.  landscs.  Taught  drawing. 
Executed  some  etchings.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1796-1833)  and  O.  W.C.S. 

POWELL,  JOSEPH  {d.  1834).  Pres.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  por- 
traits, etc.,  in  enamel.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S., 
etc.,  1808-34. 

POWER,  ELLEN.     Ptd.  flowers.     Worked  circ.  1700. 

POYNTER,  AMBROSE  {b.  London,  1796;  d.  Dover,  1886). 
Pupil  of  T.  S.  Boys.  Became  an  architect.  Ptd.  figures  and  archi- 
tectural subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1817-52. 

PREWITT,  WILLIAM.  Ptr.  in  enamel.  Pupil  of  Zinckc. 
Worked  from  about  1735. 

PRICE,  WILLIAM  LAKE  {b.  1810).  Articled  to  A.  Pugin  ; 
pupil  of  De  Wint.  Travelled  extensively.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  portraits,  architectural  and  historical  subjects,  etc.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1828-52. 

PROUT,  JOHN  SKINNER  (6.  Plymouth,  1806  ;  d.  Camden 
Town,  1876).  Nephew  of  Samuel  Prout.  Spent  some  time  in 
Australia.  Memb.  of  The  Inst.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  old  buildings. 
Exhib.,  chiefly  at  N.W.C.S.,  1839-76. 

PROUT,  SAMUEL  {b.  Plymouth,  1783  ;  d.  Camberwell,  1852). 
Ptd.  landscs.  and  old  buildings.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in 
Water  Cols,  and  of  O.W.C.S.  Executed  lithographs.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.L,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1803-51. 

PUGIN,  AUGUSTUS  CHARLES  {b.  in  France,  1762  [?] ;  d. 
London,  1832  ;  bd.  St.  Mary's  Church,  Islington).  Stud,  of  R.A. 
Fostered  the  revival  of  Gothic  architecture.  Ptd.  architectural 
subjects.  Memb.  of  O.W\C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  O.W.C.S., 
1799-1831. 

PUGIN,  AUGUSTUS  WELBY  NORTHMORE  {b.  London, 
1812  ;  d.  and  bd.  Ramsgate,  1852).  Son  and  pupil  of  Augustus 
Pugin.  Fostered  the  revival  of  Gothic  architecture,  on  which  he 
wrote.  Ptd.  architectural  subjects.  Lost  his  reason,  1851.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1849-52. 


PYNE— RAYNER  247 

PYNE,  CHARLES  CLAUDE  {b.  1802;  d.  Guildford,  1878). 
Ptd.  landscs.,  often  foreign.  Taught  drawing  at  Guildford.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.  (1839)  and  B.L  (1836). 

PYNE,  GEORGE  {b.  1800  [?]  ;  d.  1884).  Son  of  W.  H.  Pyne. 
Ptd.  interiors  and  exteriors  of  buildings.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S. 
Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.  and  S.B.A.,  1826-43. 

PYNE,  JAMES  BAKER  {b.  Bristol,  1800  ;  d.  1870  ;  bd.  High- 
gate).  Articled  to  an  attorney.  Self-taught  in  art.  Came  to 
London,  1835.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1841,  and  afterwards  Vice-Pres, 
Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and 
B.L,  1828-70. 

PYNE,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (&.  1769  ;  d.  Paddington,  1843). 
Son  of  a  leather-seller.  Ptd.  landscs.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Wrote 
books,  magazine  articles,  and  stories.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S., 
1790-1815. 

RAEBURN,  SIR  HENRY,  R.A.  {b.  Stockbridge,  Edinburgh, 
1756  ;  d.  Edinburgh,  1823).  Apprenticed  to  a  goldsmith.  Stud,  in 
Italy.  A.R.A.,  1813  ;  R.A.,  1814.  Knighted,  1822.  Ptd.  minia- 
tures in  early  life,  but  is  best  known  for  his  portraits  in  oils.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1792-1823. 

RAIMBACH,  ABRAHAM  (&.  London,  1776;  d.  Greenwich, 
1843).  Son  of  a  Swiss.  Apprenticed  to  J.  Hall,  engraver  ;  stud,  of 
R.A.  Best  known  as  engraver,  but  was  also  a  miniature  ptr. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1797-1805. 

RAIMBACH,  DAVID  WILKIE  {b.  1820  ;  d.  1895).  Son  and 
pupil  of  Abraham  Raimbach,  the  engraver.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Draw- 
ing master  at  Limerick  and  Birmingham.  Ptd.  portraits,  landscs., 
etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  S.B.A.,  1844-68. 

RATHBONE,  JOHN  {b.  Cheshire,  1750  [?]  ;  d.  1807).  Self- 
taught  in  art.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Worked  in 
Manchester,  London,  and  Preston.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A., 
1785-1806. 

RAWLE,  SAMUEL  {b.  1771  ;  d.  i860).  Engraver  and  draughts- 
man.    Ptd.  views  of  country  seats.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1801  and  1806. 

RAYNER,  MISS  NANCY  {b.  1827  ;  d.  1855).  Daughter  and 
pupil  of  Samuel  Rayner.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  rustic  figures, 
interiors,  and  portraits.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1848-55. 


248  RAYNER— REINAGLE 

RAYNER,  SAMUEL.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  ;  but  was  expelled, 
1851.  Ptd.  views  of  old  buildings.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A., 
O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1821-72. 

READ,  SAMUEL,  R.W.S.  {b.  Needham  Market,  1815  [?]  ; 
d.  Sidmouth,  1883).  Worked  at  first  with  a  lawyer.  Came  to 
London,  1841.  Leamt  drawing  on  wood  from  J.  W.  Wh^inper. 
Drew  for  the  Illustrated  Loudon  News.  Ptd.  interiors  and  exteriors 
of  buildings.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1843-83. 

READY,  WILLIAM  JAMES  DURANT  {h.  London,  1823  ;  d. 
Brighton,  1873).  Son  of  a  clerk  in  the  Customs.  Self-taught  in 
art.     Ptd.  marine  subjects  in  oils  and  water-cols.     Exhib.  1861-7. 

REDGRAVE,  RICHARD,  C.B.,  R.A.  [h.  Pimlico,  1804;  d. 
Kensington,  1888).  Ptd.  scenes  from  the  Bible  and  the  poets, 
landscs.,  genre,  etc.,  chiefly  in  oils.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1826  ;  A.R.A., 
1840  ;  R.A.,  1851 ;  H.R.A.^  1881.  Director  of  Art  Division,  South 
Kensington  Museum,  and  Surveyor  of  Crown  Pictures.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.  (1825-83),  B.I.,  and  S.B.A. 

REDMOND,  THOMAS  {d.  Bath,  1785,  aged  about  40).  Son  of 
a  clergyman  at  Brecon  ;  apprenticed  to  a  house  ptr. ;  stud,  at  St. 
Martin's  Lane  Acad.  Memb.  of  Free  S.A.  Ptd.  miniatures  and 
drew  crayon  portraits  at  Bath.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  Free  S.A., 
and  R.A.,  1762-83. 

REED,  JOSEPH  CHARLES  (h.  1822;  d.  London,  1877). 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  The  Inst.,  etc., 
1860-77. 

REINAGLE,  GEORGE  PHILIP  {h.  London,  1802  ;  d.  London, 
1835).  Son  of  R.  R.  Reinagle.  Ptd.  marine  subjects  in  oils  and 
water-cols. ;  copied  Dutch  masters.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A., 
1822-35. 

REINAGLE,  PHILIP,  R.A.  {h.  Scotland,  1749;  d.  Chelsea, 
1833).  Son  of  a  musician.  Pupil  of  Allan  Ramsay.  Stud,  of  R.A. 
Ptd.  portraits,  animals,  hunting  scenes,  and  landscs.  in  oils  and 
water-cols.  Made  good  copies  of  Dutch  masters.  A.R.A.,  1787  ; 
R.A.,  1811.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1773-1832. 

REINAGLE,  RAMSAY  RICHARD,  R.A.  (&.  1775  ;  d.  Chelsea, 
1862).  Son  and  pupil  of  P.  Reinagle,  R.A.  Stud,  in  Italy  and 
Holland.  Ptd.  portraits  and  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  A.R.A. 
1814  ;  R.A.,  1822  (expelled  1848).  Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1788-1857), 
B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S. 


REPTON— RICHARDSON  249 

REPTON,  HUMPHREY  {b.  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1752  ;  d.  nr. 
Romford,  Essex,  1818).  Ptd.  landscs.  Landsc.  gardener.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1787-1802. 

REVELEY,  WILLEY  {d.  London,  1799).  Architect.  Visited 
Rome  and  Athens.  Drew  classical  antiquities.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
1781-93. 

REVETT,  N.  {b.  Brandeston  Hall,  Suffolk,  1721  ;  d.  London, 
1804).  Travelled  in  Greece  and  Italy.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  architec- 
tural subjects. 

REYNOLDS,  MISS  ELIZABETH.     See  Walker,  Mrs.  William. 

REYNOLDS,  MISS  FRANCES  {b.  Plympton,  1729  ;  d.  1807). 
Sister  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  Ptd.  miniature  portraits  and 
miniature  copies  of  Reynolds's  works. 

REYNOLDS,  SAMUEL  WILLIAM,  SEN.  {b.  London,  1773  ; 
d.  Bayswater,  1835  ;  bd.  Paddington).  Pupil  of  W.  Hodges. 
Stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd.  landscs.  Engraved  in  mezzotint  after  Rey- 
nolds and  others.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1797-1834. 

RICHARDS,  JOHN  INIGO,  R.A.,  F.S.A.  {d.  1810).  Founda- 
tion  Memb.  of  R.A.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  theatrical  scenery.  Sec. 
to  R.A.,  1788.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1769-1809)  and  Incorp.  S.A. 

RICHARDSON,  EDWARD  {d.  1875).  Assoc,  of  N.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  N.W.C.S.,  1856-75. 

RICHARDSON,  GEORGE.  Eldest  son  of  T.  M.  Richardson, 
Sen.  Secretary  of  Newcastle  Water  Col.  Soc.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  B.I.  and  N.W.C.S.,  1828-33. 

RICHARDSON,  THOMAS  MILES,  SEN.  {b.  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne,  1784  ;  d.  there,  1848).  Apprenticed  to  an  engraver,  and 
later  to  a  cabinet  maker.  Master  of  St.  Andrew's  Gram.  Sch., 
1806.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Assoc,  of  N.W.C.S. 
Founder  of  Newcastle  W.C.S.,  1831.  Exhib.,  1814-47,  at  R.A.,  B.I., 
S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  and  N.W.C.S. 

RICHARDSON,  THOMAS  MILES,  JUN.,  R.W.S.  {b.  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  1813  ;  d.  there,  1890).  Son  of  T.  M.  Richardson,  Sen. 
Ptd.  landscs.  in  Scotland,  Italy,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A., 
O.W.C.S.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1832-89. 

32 


250  RICHMOND— ROBERTS 

RICHMOND,  GEORGE,  R.A.  {h.  Brompton,  1809  ;  d.  London, 
1896).  Son  of  T.  Richmond,  a  miniature  ptr.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1824. 
Was  a  portrait  ptr.  and  sculptor.  Resided  in  Italy,  1837-9.  A.R.A., 
1857  ;  R.A.,  1866  ;  H.R.A.,  1887.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A., 
1825-88. 

RICHMOND,  THOMAS  {h.  Kew,  1771  ;  d.  London,  1837).  A 
miniature  ptr.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1795-1825. 

RICHMOND,  THOMAS,  J  UN.  {b.  London,  1802  ;  d.  Keswick. 
1874).  Son  of  Thomas  Richmond;  portrait  ptr.  in  oils  and  water- 
cols.  Visited  Rome,  and  became  a  friend  of  Ruskin  and  Joseph 
Severn.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  S.B.A.,  1822-60. 

RICHTER,  HENRY  J.  {h.  i^yyz  ;  d.  1857).  Portrait  ptr.  in 
oils  and  water-cols.  ;  engraver  and  etcher.  Son  of  a  German  en- 
graver. Pupil  of  Stothard  ;  stud,  of  R.A.,  1790.  Pres.  of  Asso- 
ciated Artists  in  Water  Cols.,  1811-12;  Mcmb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib, 
at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1788-1856. 

RIGAUD,  STEPHEN  FRANCIS  {h.  London,  1777  ;  d.  1861). 
Son  of  J.  F.  Rigaud,  R.A.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Early  Memb.  and  Treas. 
of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  imaginative,  allegorical,  and  poetical  subjects. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1797-1852. 

RIPPINGILLE,  EDWARD  VILLIERS  {h.  King's  Lynn,  1798  ; 
d.  Swan  Village,  Staffs.,  1859).  Son  of  a  farmer.  Self-taught  in 
art.  Visited  Italy  and  the  East.  Ptd.  genre  subjects.  Lectured 
on  art.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1813-57),  B.I.,  and  S.B.A. 

RIVIERE,  HENRY  PARSONS,  A.R.W.S.  [h.  1811  ;  d. 
London,  1888).  Stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd.  landscs.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 
Lived  at  Rome,  1865-84.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S., 
and  N.W.C.S.,  1832-88. 

ROBERTS,  DAVID,  R.A.  (6.  Stockbridge,  nr.  Edinburgh, 
1796  ;  d.  London,  1864).  Son  of  a  shoemaker.  Apprenticed  to 
a  house  ptr.  Came  to  London,  1822.  Ptd.  theatrical  scenery, 
landscs.,  and  buildings  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Vice-Pres.  of  S.B.A. , 
1824.  A. R.A. ,  1838  ;  R.A.,  1841.  Travelled  considerably.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.  (1826-64),  B.L,  and  S.B.A. 

ROBERTS,  THOMAS  SOTELLE  (or  SAUTELLE),  R.H.A. 
Articled  to  an  architect.  Ptd.  landscs.  Memb.  Dublin  Incorpora- 
tion of  Artists.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1789-1818),  B.L,  O.W.C.S.,  etc. 


ROBERTSON— ROOKER  2  5 1 

ROBERTSON,  ALEXANDER  {b.  Aberdeen,  1772  ;  d.  New 
York,  1841).  Son  of  a  cabinet  maker  ;  bro.  of  Andrew  Robertson. 
Stud,  of  R.A.  ;  pupil  of  S.  Shelley.  Emigrated  to  America,  1792. 
Ptd.  miniatures. 

ROBERTSON,  ANDREW,  A.R.H.A.  {b.  Aberdeen,  1777 ;  d. 
Hampstead,  1845).  Son  of  a  cabinet  maker.  Pupil  of  Alexander 
Nasmyth.  M.A.,  Aberdeen,  1794.  Came  to  London  about  1801. 
Entered  R.A.  Schs.  Memb.  and  Sec.  of  Associated  Artists  in 
Water  Cols.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc., 
1802-42. 

ROBERTSON,  ARCHIBALD  {b.  Monymusk,  1765  ;  d.  1835). 
Son  of  a  cabinet  maker  ;  bro.  of  Andrew  Robertson.  Stud,  at 
Edinburgh  and  the  R.A.  ;  pupil  of  Reynolds.  Ptd.  portraits  in 
oils  and  miniature.     Emigrated  to  America,  1791. 

ROBERTSON,  CHARLES,  R.W.S.,  R.E.  {d.  1891).  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  figures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1863-91. 

ROBERTSON,  GEORGE  {b.  London,  1748  [?] ;  d.  Newington 
Butts,  1788).  Son  of  a  wine  merchant.  Stud,  at  Shipley's  Sch. 
Travelled  in  Italy  and  Jamaica.  Vice-Pres.  of  Incorp.  S.A.  Ptd. 
landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  (1772)  and  Incorp.  S.A. 

ROBERTSON,  WILLIAM  {d.  1856).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  sea  pieces.     Exhib.  at  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1829-35. 

ROBINS,  THOMAS  SEWELL  {b.  1814;  d.  1880).  Memb.  of 
N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  marine  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L, 
S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1829-79. 

ROBSON,  GEORGE  FENNEL  {b.  Durham,  1788  ;  d.  London, 
1833  ;  bd.  Durham).  Son  of  a  wine  merchant.  Pupil  of  Harle  at 
Durham.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Memb.  and 
Pres.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc., 
1807-33. 

ROCHARD,  FRANCOIS  THEODORE  {b.  in  France,  1798  ; 
d.  London,  1858).  Stud,  at  Paris.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Memb.  of 
N.W.C.S.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1820-57. 

ROGERS,  GEORGE.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A. 
and  R.A.,  1761-93. 

ROOKER,  MICHAEL  "  ANGELO  "  {b.  London,  1743  ;  d.  1801). 
Son  and  pupil  of  Edward  Rooker,  the  engraver.  Pupil  of  P. 
Sandby  ;  stud,  at  St.  Martin's  Lane  Acad,  and  R.A.  Schs.  (1769) ; 
A.R.A.,  1770.  Ptd.  theatrical  scenery,  views  of  towns,  etc.  Exe- 
cuted engravings.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1767-1800.  ., 


2  52  ROSE— ROWLANDSON 

ROSE,  MRS.  SUSAN  PENELOPE  {nee  Gibson)  {d.  1700,  aged 
48  ;  bd.  Co  vent  Garden  Church).  Daughter  of  Gibson  the  Dwarf. 
Ptd.  miniatures. 

ROSENBERG,  MISS  FANNY.     See  Harris,  Mrs. 

ROSENBERG,  GEORGE  F.  {b.  Bath  [?],  1825 ;  d.  Bath,  i86g). 
Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.     Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  1846-69. 

ROSS,  MISS  CHRISTINA  P.,  R.S.W.  {d.  1906).  Ptd.  figure 
subjects. 

ROSS,  ROBERT  THORBURN,  R.S.A.  {b.  Edinburgh,  1816  ; 
d.  1876).  Pupil  of  Simson  and  Sir  W.  Allan.  A.R.S.A.,  1852  ; 
R.S.A.,  1869.  Ptd.  portraits  and  genre.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and 
S.B.A.,  1871-9. 

ROSS,  SIR  WILLIAM  CHARLES,  R.A.  (b.  London,  1794  ;  d. 
i860  ;  bd.  Highgate).  Son  of  H.  and  Maria  Ross,  ptrs.  Stud,  of 
R.A.,  1808.  Assistant  to  Andrew  Robertson,  1814.  A.R.A.,  1838  ; 
R.A.,  1843.  Knighted,  1842.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  other  portraits. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.I.,  1809-59. 

ROSSETTI,  GABRIEL  CHARLES  DANTE  ("  Dante  Gabriel 
Rossetti  ")  {b.  London,  1828  ;  d.  and  bd.  Birchington,  Kent,  1882). 
Son  of  a  prof,  of  Italian  at  King's  Coll.  Pupil  of  J.S.  Cotman  ;  stud, 
of  R.A.,  1846  ;  worked  also  with  Ford  Madox  Brown.  Helped  to 
found  the  Pre-Raphaelite  sch.  Ptd.  portraits,  romantic  and  poeti- 
cal subjects,  etc.,  in  oils  and  water-cols. 

ROSSITER,  MISS  MARY.  See  Harrison,  Mrs.  George 
Henry. 

ROWBOTHAM,  THOMAS  LEESON,  SEN.  {b.  1783;  d. 
1853).  Worked  at  Bath  and  Bristol,  and  was  for  a  time  drawing 
master  at  the  Naval  Sch.  at  New  Cross.     Ptd.  landscs. 

ROWBOTHAM,  THOMAS  LEESON,  J  UN.  {b.  Dublin,  1823  ; 
d.  Kensington,  1875).  Son  and  pupil  of  T.  L.  Rowbotham,  Sen. 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Drawing  master  at  the  Naval  Sch.  at  New 
Cross.  Ptd.  Continental  and  other  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1840-75. 

ROWLANDSON,  THOMAS  (&.  London,  1756;  d.  London, 
1827).  Stud,  of  R.A.  Drew  caricatures,  landscs.,  and  genre 
subjects.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1775-87. 


RUSKIN— SCHETKY  253 

RUSKIN,  JOHN,  H.R.W.S.  {b.  London,  1819  ;  d.  Brantwood, 
Coniston,  1900  ;  bd.  Coniston).  Son  of  a  wine  merchant.  Famous 
art  critic.  Ptd.  architectural  subjects,  etc,  Slade  Prof,  of  Art  at 
Oxford,  1869-84.     Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1873-84. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN,  R.A.  {b.  Guildford,  1745  ;  d.  Hull,  1806).  Son 
of  a  bookseller.  Stud,  under  F.  Cotes,  R.A.,  and  at  St.  Martin's 
Lane  Acad.  Ptd.  miniatures  and  crayon  portraits.  A.R.A.,  1772  ; 
R.A.,  1788.     Exhib.  1768-1806,  chiefly  at  R.A. 


SAMUEL,  GEORGE  {d.  circ.  1824).  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and 
water-cols,     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.I.,  1785-1823. 

SANDBY,  PAUL,  R.A,  (&,  Nottingham,  1725  ;  d.  London, 
1809).  Drawing  master  at  the  Milit.  Acad,,  Woolwich,  Ptd. 
landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Etcher  and  aquatint  engraver, 
Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A. ;  Foundation  Memb.  of  R.A.  Exhib.  at 
Incorp,  S.A.,  Free  S.A.,  R.A.,  and  B.L,  1760-1809. 

SANDBY,  THOMAS,  R.A,  {b.  Nottingham,  1721  ;  d.  1798). 
Brother  of  P.  Sandby,  R.A.  Deputy  Ranger  of  Windsor  Great 
Park  ;  planned  Virginia  Water.  Foundation  Memb.  of  R.A.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  architectural  subjects.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A., 
1767-82. 

SANDERS,  GEORGE  L.  {b.  Kinghorn,  1774  ;  d.  London, 
1846).  Pupil  of  Smeaton,  a  coach  ptr.,  at  Edinburgh,  Came  to 
London,  1807,     Ptd.  miniatures  and  oil  portraits. 

SANDERS,  JOHN  {d.  nr,  Bristol,  1825).  Stud,  of  R,A,,  1769. 
Ptd,  portraits,  etc.  Exhib,  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A., 
1771-1824. 

SASSE,  RICHARD  {b.  1774  ;  d.  Paris,  1849).  Ptd.  landscs.,  often 
with  figures  and  cattle.  Teacher  of  drawing  to  Princess  Charlotte, 
1811.     Settled  in  Paris,  1825,     Exhib,  at  R.A.  and  B.L,  1791-1813. 

SCHARF,  GEORGE  {b.  Mainburg,  nr.  Munich,  1788  ;  d.  West- 
minster, i860).  Came  to  England,  1816.  One  of  the  early  htho- 
graphers.  ]Made  topographical  drawings,  etc.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S, 
Father  of  Sir  George  Scharf,  K.C.B,  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and 
N,W,C,S,,  1817-50. 

SCHETKY,  JOHN  ALEXANDER  {d.  Sierra  Leone,  1824), 
Brother  of  J.  C.  Schetky.  Officer  in  the  3rd  Dragoon  Guards 
Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.     Ptd.  landscs. 


254  SCHETKY— SERRES 

SCHETKY,  JOHN  CHRISTIAN  {b.  Edinburgh,  1778  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, 1874).  Pupil  of  Nasmyth.  ]\Iemb.  of  Associated  Artists  in 
Water  Cols.  Successively  Prof,  of  Drawing  at  Royal  Milit.  Coll., 
Great  Marlow,  Royal  Naval  Coll.,  Portsmouth,  and  East  India  Coll., 
Addiscombe.  Marine  ptr.  to  George  IV.,  William  IV.j  and  Queen 
Victoria.  Travelled  abroad.  Ptd.  marine  subjects  in  oils  and 
water-cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1808-72. 

SCHNEBBELIE,  JACOB  C.  {b.  London,  1760  ;  d.  London,  1792). 
Son  of  a  Swiss  confectioner,  whose  trade  he  followed  for  a  time. 
Learnt  drawing  from  P.  Sandby.  Draughtsman  to  Soc.  of  An- 
tiquaries. Made  topographical  drawings  ;  also  etched.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1786-91. 

SCHNEBBELIE,  ROBERT  BLEMME  [d.  1849  [?]).  Son  of 
J.  C.  SchnebbeUe.  Ptd.  views  of  old  buildings,  etc.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  1803-21. 

SCOTT,  MISS  M.  (MRS.  BROOKBANK).  Daughter  of  Wm. 
Scott.  Lived  at  Brighton.  Lady  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  fruit 
flowers.     Exhib.  at  S.B.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1823-33. 

SCOTT,  SAMUEL  {b.  London  ;  d.  Bath,  1772).  Friend  of 
Hogarth.  Ptd.  topographical  and  marine  views  in  oils  and  water- 
cols.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1761-71. 

SCOTT,  WTLLIAM.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Lived  at  Brighton. 
Ptd.  landscs.  and  rustic  architecture.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S., 
etc.,  1810-55. 

SCOTT,  WILLIAM  BELL,  H.R.S.A.  {b.  Edinburgh,  1811  ;  d. 
Penkill  Castle,  1890).  Pupil  of  his  father,  Robert  Scott,  an  engraver, 
and  of  his  brother,  David  Scott,  R.S.A.  ;  stud,  at  the  Trustees'  Acad. 
Exhib.  at  R.S.A.,  1833.  Came  to  London,  1837.  ^Master  at  the 
Govt.  Sch.  of  Design.  H.R.S.A.,  1887.  Wrote  poetry,  etc.  Ptd. 
historical  and  genre  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc., 
1840-73. 

SCOULER,  JAMES  {b.  1741  [?]  ;  d.  between  1810  and  1820). 
Miniature  ptr.    Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1761-87. 

SEDGWICK,  MRS.  JOHN.     See  Oliver,  Mrs.  WiUiam,  R.I. 

SERRES,  DOMINIC,  R.A.  {b.  Auch,  Gascony,  1722  ;  d.  1793). 
Became  a  sailor.  Brought  as  a  prisoner  about  1758  to  England, 
where  he  settled.  Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.,  1765.  Foundation  Memb. 
of  R.A.,  1768;  Librarian  to  R.A. ,1792.  Ptd.  sea  pieces.  Exhib. 
at  Incorp.  S. A.,  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A. ,  1761-93. 


SERRES— SHEPHEARD  255 

SERRES,  DOMINIC  M.  Younger  son  of  D.  Serres,  R.A.,  and 
brother  of  J.  T.  Serres.  Taught  drawing  and  ptd.  landscs.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1778-1804. 

SERRES,  JOHN  THOMAS  {b.  London,  1759  ;  d.  London,  1825  ; 
bd.  Marylebone).  Son  of  D.  Serres,  R.A,  Taught  drawing  at 
Chelsea  Naval  Sch.  ;  was  draughtsman  to  the  Admiralty.  Married 
Miss  Wilmot,  the  soi-disant  Princess  of  Cumberland,  who  ruined 
him.  Ptd.  marine  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A., 
1780-1825. 

SETCHEL,  MISS  SARAH,  R.I.  {h.  1813  [?]  ;  d.  Sudbury,  nr. 
Plarrow,  1894).  Ptd.  landscs.,  portraits,  and  genre  subjects.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1831-67. 

SEVERN,  JOSEPH  {h.  1793;  d.  Rome,  1879).  Travelling 
stud,  of  R.A.  Friend  of  Keats.  Consul  at  Rome.  Ptd.  portraits, 
and  genre  and  historical  subjects,  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc., 
1817-68. 

SEVERN,  MISS  MARY.     See  Newton,  Mrs.  Charles  J. 

SEYFFARTH,  MRS.  WOLDEMAR.     See  Sharpe,  Miss  Louisa. 

SHALDERS,  GEORGE  {b.  1826  [?] ;  d.  Portsmouth,  1873). 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A., 
and  N.W.C.S.,  1848-73. 

SHARPE,  MISS  ELIZA  {b.  1796  [?] ;  d.  Burnham  Beeches, 
1874).  Sister  of  Miss  L.  Sharpe.  Ladv  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  portraits.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1817-69. 

SHARPE,  MISS  LOUISA  (MRS.  WOLDEMAR  SEYFFARTH) 
{d.  Dresden,  1843).  Sister  of  the  preceding.  Lady  Memb.  of 
O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  portraits,  anecdotes,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and 
O.W.C.S.,  1817-42. 

SHAW,  HENRY,  F.S.A.  {b.  London,  1800  ;  d.  London,  1873). 
Ptd.  architectural  subjects,  etc.  Published  works  on  ornament. 
Fellow  of  Soc.  of  Antiquaries.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1821-48. 

SHELLEY,  SAMUEL  [b.  Whitechapel,  1750  [?] ;  d.  London, 
1808  [?]).  Mainly  self-taught  in  art.  Ptd.  miniatures,  and  copied 
works  of  Reynolds  in  miniature.  Foundation  Memb.  and  Treas. 
of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S., 
1773-1808. 

SHEPHEARD,  GEORGE  {b.  1770  [?]  ;  d.  1842).  Stud,  of  R.A. 
Ptd.  landscs.  and  figure  subjects  ;  was  also  an  engraver.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.  (1811-42),  etc. 


256  SHEPHEARD— SIMS 

SHEPHEARD,  GEORGE  WALLWYN  {b.  1804;  d.  1852). 
Eldest  son  of  G.  Shcpheard.  Travelled  much  on  the  Continent. 
Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1836-51. 

SHEPHERD,  GEORGE.  Topographical  draughtsman.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc.,  1800-42. 

SHEPHERD,  GEORGE  SIDNEY  {d.  1858  [?]).  Son  of  George 
Shepherd.  Ptd.  topographical  and  rustic  subjects,  and  still 
life.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S., 
1831-58. 

SHEPHERD,  THOMAS  HOSMER.  Perhaps  a  brother  of  G.  S. 
Shepherd.  Made  many  drawings  of  buildings  in  London  and  else- 
where.    Exhib.  1831-2. 

SHERIFF,  C.  A  Scotch  miniature  ptr.  Came  to  London, 
1773  ;  worked  at  Bath,  1796-1800  ;  went  in  1800  to  India  ;  said 
to  have  died  there  shortly  after.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  etc., 
1770-1831. 

SHERLOCK,  WILLIAM  P.  {b.  1780  [?]).  Son  of  Wm.  Sherlock, 
miniature  ptr.  Ptd.  landscs.  Imitated  style  of  R.  Wilson.  Pub- 
lished some  etchings.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1801-10. 

SHERRIN,  JOHN,  R.I.  {b.  1819  ;  d.  1896).  Ptd.  fruit  and 
flowers.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  R.I.,  etc.,  1859-96. 

SHUTE,  JOHN  {b.  Cullompton,  Devon  ;  d.  1563  [?] ).  Miniature 
ptr.  and  architect. 

SILLETT,  JAMES  {b.  Norwich,  1764  ;  d.  1840).  Stud,  of  R.A., 
1781-90.  Pres.  of  Norwich  Soc,  1815.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  still 
life,  in  oils  and  water-cols.,  and  miniatures.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc., 
1796-1837. 

SIMONAU,  GUSTAVE  ADOLPHE  (6.  Bruges,  1810 ;  d. 
Brussels,  1870).  Assoc,  of  N.W.C.S.  Worked  in  London  for  a 
time.     Exhib.  at  N.W.C.S.,  1859-70. 

SIMPSON,  WILLIAM,  R.L,  F.R.G.S.  (b.  Glasgow,  1823;  d. 
Willesden,  1899).  Apprenticed  to  lithographers.  Became  a  war 
artist.  Ptd.  landscs.,  etc.  Travelled  extensively.  Wrote  many 
works.     Exhib.  at  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  from  1874. 

SIMS,  G.  {d.  1840).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1829-40. 


SIMSON— SMITH  257 

SIMSON,  WILLIAM,  R.S.A.  (b.  Dundee,  1800;  d.  London, 
1847).  Stud,  at  Trustees'  Acad.,  Edinburgh.  Ptd.  coast  views, 
hunting  scenes,  portraits,  etc.  Spent  some  years  in  Italy.  Memb. 
of  Scottish  Acad.,  1830.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1826-68. 

SINGLETON,  HENRY  {b.  London,  1766;  d.  Kensington, 
1839).  Pupil  of  an  uncle,  a  miniature  ptr.  ;  stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd. 
portraits  and  drew  book  illns.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc.,  1780- 
1839. 

SKILL,  FREDERICK  JOHN  (b.  1824  [?]  ;  d.  1881).  Memb.  of 
The  Inst.  Ptd.  landscs.  Spent  some  years  at  Venice.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  S.B.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  1858-81. 

SKIRVING,  ARCHIBALD  {b.  Garleton,  nr.  Haddington,  1749  ; 
d.  Inveresk,  1819).  Son  of  a  farmer.  Self-taught  in  art.  Studied 
in  Italy.     Ptd.  miniatures  and  crayon  portraits. 

SLEAP,  JOSEPH  AXE  (6.  London,  1808;  d.  1859).  Ptd. 
river  and  lake  subjects,  etc.     Exhib.  1858-9. 

SLOCOMBE,  CHARLES  PHILIP  {b.  1832;  d.  1895).  Ptd. 
landscs.,  and  executed  etchings.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  etc., 
1850-82. 

SMART,  JOHN  {b.  Norfolk,  1741  ;  d.  London,  1811).  Stud. 
St.  Martin's  Lane  Acad.  Memb.  and  Vice-Pres.  of  Incorp.  S.A. 
Ptd.  miniatures  and  crayon  portraits.  Spent  a  few  years  in  India. 
Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1762-1811. 

SMART,  JOHN,  R.S.A.,  R.B.A.,  R.S.W.  {b.  Leith,  1838  ;  d. 
1899).  Apprenticed  to  his  father,  an  engraver  and  lithographer  ; 
pupH  of  H.  McCulloch.  A.R.S.A.,  1871  ;  R.S.A.,  1877.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  genre.  Exhib.  at  R.S.A. ,  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc., 
from  i860. 

SMITH,  MISS  EMMA  [b.  1787  [?]).  Daughter  of  J.  R.  Smith, 
engraver.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Ptd.  minia- 
tures and  subject  pictures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1799-1808. 

SMITH,  FREDERICK  COKE  {d.  1839).  Travelled  in  Turkey 
and  Canada  ;  ptd.  scenes  in  those  countries  and  elsewhere. 

SMITH,  JOHN  {b.  Irthington,  1749  ;  d.  Marylebone,  1831  ; 
bd.  St.  George's  Chapel,  Uxbridge  Road).  Known  as  "  Warwick 
Smith  "  and  "  Italian  Smith."  Memb.  and  Pres.  of  O.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  Italian  and  other  landscs.     Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1807-23. 

33 


258  SMITH— STANFIELD 

SMITH,  JOHN  THOMAS  ("  ANTIQUITY  SMITH  ")  {b.  1766  ; 
d.  London,  1833).  Stud,  of  R.  A.  ;  pupil  of  K.  Sherwin,  the  engraver. 
Taught  drawing.  Keeper  of  Prints  at  Brit.  Mus.  from  1816.  Ptd. 
topographical  subjects  and  portraits  ;  also  etched  and  engraved. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1787-8. 

SMITH,  JOSEPH  CLARENDON  {b.  London,  1778 ;  d.  1810). 
Son  of  a  builder.  Went  to  sea  at  an  early  age,  but  was  afterwards 
placed  with  an  engraver.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water 
Cols.     Ptd.  topographical  subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1806-12. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  COLLINGWOOD,  R.W.S.  {b.  Greenwich, 
1815  ;  d.  Brixton  Hill,  1887).  Received  instruction  from  J.  D. 
Harding.  Memb.  and  Librarian  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  marine,  landsc, 
and  architectural  views.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and 
O.W.C.S.,  1836-87. 

SNELLING,  MATTHEW.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Worked  about 
1647-78. 

SOLOMON,  SIMEON  (&.  1842  c?];  d.  London,  1905).  Ptd. 
scenes  from  Dante,  the  Bible,  etc.,  and  genre  subjects.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  etc.,  1858-72. 

SOUNES,  WILLIAM  HENRY  {b.  London,  1830  ;  d.  Sheffield, 
1873).  Stud,  at  Govt.  Sch.  of  Design,  Somerset  House. 
Master  at  Birmingham  Sch.  of  Art  ;  Headmaster  of  Sheffield  Sch. 
of  Art.     Ptd.  interiors.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1846. 

SPEARE,  R.     Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1799-1812. 

SPENCER,  GERVASE  (or  JARVIS)  {d.  1763).  Was  at  one 
time  a  gentleman's  servant,  but  became  a  fashionable  miniature 
ptr.  on  ivory  and  in  enamel.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A. 

SPICER,  HENRY  {b.  Reepham,  Norfolk,  1743  [?] ;  d.  London, 
1804).  Ptd.  miniatures  on  ivory  and  in  enamel.  Ptr.  in  enamel  to 
Prince  of  Wales.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1765-1804. 

SPRY,  WILLIAM.  Ptd.  flowers  and  stiU  life,  in  oils  and  water- 
cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1832-47. 

STANFIELD,  GEORGE  CLARKSON  (&.  London,  1828  ;  d. 
Hampstead,  1878).  Son  of  W.  Clarkson  Stanfield.  Ptd.  seascapes, 
views  of  towns,  etc.     Exhib,  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc.,  1844-76. 

STANFIELD,  WILLIAM  CLARKSON,  R.A.  {b.  Sunderland, 
1793  ;  d.  Hampstead,  1867  ;  bd.  Kensal  Green).  Son  of  an  Irish 
writer.  Was  for  a  time  a  sailor.  Became  a  scene  ptr.  Memb.  of 
S.B.A.,  1824;  A.R.A.,  1832  ;  R.A.,  1835.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  figures 
in  oils  and  water-cols.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1820-67. 


STANLEY— STEWART  259 

(?»T  STANLEY,  CALEB  ROBERT  [b.  1795  [?]  ;  d.  London,  1868). 
Stud,  in  Italy.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1812-67. 

STANTON,  G.  CLARK,  R.S.A.  {b.  Birmingham,  1832  ;  d.  1894). 
Stud,  at  Birmingham  Sch.  of  Art,  and  in  Italy.  Went  to  Edin- 
burgh, 1855.  A.R.S.A.,  1862  ;  R.S.A.,  1885.  Ptd.  portraits,  book 
illns.,  and  designs. 

STARK,  ARTHUR  JAMES  {b.  Chelsea,  1831  ;  d.  1902).  Son 
and  pupil  of  J.  Stark  ;  influenced  by  E.  Bristowe,  a  Windsor  ptr. 
Ptd.  landscs.  and  animals.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  etc., 
1848-87. 

STARK,  JAMES  {b.  Norwich,  1794  ;  d.  London,  1859  ;  bd. 
Norwich).  Son  of  a  dyer.  Pupil  of  Crome.  Memb.  of  Norwich 
Soc,  1812.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1817.  Ptd.  landscs.,  chiefly  in  oils. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1812-59. 

STEELE,  MISS  JANE.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water 
Cols.     Ptd.  views  of  towns.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1810-12. 

STEELE,  JEREMIAH.  Came  to  London  from  Nottingham. 
Ptd.  miniatures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.L,  1801-26. 

STEERS,  MISS  FANNY  {d.  1861).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
landscs.     Exhib.  at  N.W.C.S.,  1846-60. 

STEPHANOFF,     FRANCIS     PHILIP     {b.    Brompton    Row, 

1788  [?]  ;  d.  West  Hanham,  Gloucestershire,  i860).  Son  of  a 
Russian  ptr.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1801.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists 
in  Water  Cols.  Ptd.  portraits,  interiors  with  figures,  historical 
subjects,  etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1807-45. 

STEPHANOFF,  JAMES  {b.  Brompton  Row,  1787  [?] ;  i. 
Bristol,  1874).  Brother  of  F.  P.  Stephanoff.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd. 
subjects  from  the  Bible,  legends,  and  the  poets  ;  also  portraits,  etc. 
Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols,  and  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.L,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1810-59. 

STEVENS,  FRANCIS  (b.  1781  ;  d.  Exeter,  1823).  Called 
"  Stevens  of  Exeter."  Pupil  of  P.  S.  Munn  (?).  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S. 
and,  in  1810,  of  Norwich  Soc.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L, 
and  O.W.C.S.,  1804-23. 

STEWART,  ANTHONY  {b.  Crieff,  Perths.,  1773  ;  d.  London, 
1846  ;  bd.  Norwood).  Pupil  of  A.  Nasmyth.  Ptd.  landscs.  and 
miniatures,  especially  of  children.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1807-20. 


26o  STOCKS— SWAINE 

STOCKS,  ARTHUR,  R.I.  {h.  London,  1846  ;  d.  1889).  Son 
and  pupil  of  Lumb  Stocks,  engraver  ;  stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd.  genre. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.I.,  etc.,  1860-90. 

STONE,  FRANK,  A.R.A.  {h.  Manchester,  1800  ;  d.  1859  ;  hd. 
Highgate).  Son  of  a  cotton  spinner.  Came  to  London,  1831. 
Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  ;  A.R.A.,  1851.  Drew  book  illns.,  and  ptd. 
genre  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S., 
1833-60. 

STOTHARD,  THOMAS,  R.A.  {h.  London,  1755  ;  d.  London, 
1834  ;  hd.  Bunhill  Fields).  Stud,  of  R.A. ,1777.  Drew  book  illns. 
and  ornamental  designs  ;  ptd.  scenes  from  well-known  poems  and 
novels.  A.R.A.,  1791 ;  R.A.,  1794 ;  Librarian  of  R.A.,  1812.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.L,  and  S.B.A.,  1778-1834. 

STRANGE,  SIR  ROBERT  (b.  Pomona,  Orkney,  1721  ;  d. 
London,  1792  ;  hd.  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden).  Said  to  have  fought 
at  Culloden.  Stud,  at  Paris  and  in  Italy.  Engraver  and  minia- 
turist. Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.,  1766.  Knighted,  1787.  Exhib. 
at  Incorp.  S.A.,  1760-75. 

STREETES,  GWILLIM.  Ptd.  miniatures.  Was  ptr.  to  Ed- 
ward VI.  in  1 55 1. 

STUART,  JAMES  ("ATHENIAN  STUART")  {h.  London, 
1713  ;  d.  London,  1788).  Went  to  Rome  on  foot.  Made  drawings  at 
Athens  for  the  Dilettanti  Soc.  Also  worked  as  an  architect.  Exhib . 
at  Free  S.A.,  1765-83. 

STUART.  THE  HON.  MISS  LOUISA.  See  Waterford  Mar- 
chioness  of. 

STUMP,  JOHN  [d.  1863).  Stud,  of  R.A.  Ptd.  miniatures, 
landscs.,  and  oil  portraits.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S., 
etc.,  1802-49. 

SULLIVAN,  LUKE  {h.  Ireland,  1705  [?]  ;  d.  1771).  Stud,  in 
London  under  Thomas  Major.  Engraver  and  miniature  ptr.  Memb. 
and  Director  of  Incorp.  S.A.  ;    exhib.  there,  1764-70. 

SUTCLIFFE,  THOMAS  {h.  Yorkshire  ;  d.  Headingley,  1871). 
Ptd.  landscs.     Assoc,  of  N.W.C.S.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  and  N.W.C.S., 

1856-71. 

SWAINE,  FRANCIS  {d.  Chelsea,  1782).  Memb.  of  Free  S.A., 
1763.  Ptd.  marine  subjects,  moonlight  scenes,  etc.,  in  oils  and 
water-cols.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  Free  S.A.  1862-73. 


SYER  -TEM PLETO WN  16 1 

SYER,  JOHN,  R.I.  {b.  Atherstone,  1815  ;  d.  Exeter,  1885). 
Stud,  under  Fisher,  a  Bristol  artist.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  water-cols, 
and  oils.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.  (1856-75)  and  The  Inst.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1833-85. 

SYKES,  GODFREY  {b.  Malton,  1825  ;  d.  Brompton,  1866). 
Apprenticed  to  an  engraver.  Stud,  at  Govt.  Sch.  of  Design, 
Sheffield.  Ptd.  interiors,  etc.  Assisted  in  the  decoration  of  the 
South  Kensington  (now  Victoria  and  Albert)  Museum.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  1862-4. 

SYME,  PATRICK,  R.S.A.  {b.  Edinburgh,  1774  ;  d.  Dollar,  N.B., 
1845).  Taught  drawing  at  Edinburgh.  Foundation  Memb.  of 
Scottish  Acad.,  1826.    Ptd.  flowers  and  fruit.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1817. 

TAVERNER  (or  TAVENER),  WILLIAM  {b.  1703  ;  d.  1772). 
Son  of  a  procurator-general  of  the  Court  of  Arches  at  Canterbury. 
Ptd.  landscs.,  especially  woody  scenes.     Wrote  plays. 

TAYLER,  FREDERICK,  R.W.S.  {b.  Boreham  Wood,  nr. 
Elstree,  1802  ;  d.  W.  Hampstead,  1889).  Educ.  at  Eton  and  Har- 
row. Stud,  at  Sass's  Acad.,  R.A.  Schs.,  under  Vernet  in  Paris,  and 
at  Rome.  Pres.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  sporting  and  country  scenes,  and 
illns.  of  past  times.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1830-89. 

TAYLER.  J.  M.     Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 

TAYLOR,  ALFRED  HENRY  {d.  1868).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  portraits,  etc.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1832-67. 

TAYLOR,  GEORGE  LEDWELL  [b.  1788;  d.  Broadstairs, 
1873).  Became  an  architect.  Ptd.  views  of  ruins,  etc.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  1820-2. 

TAYLOR,  WILLIAM  B.  SARSFIELD  {b.  1781  ;  d.  1850). 
Son  of  a  map  engraver  at  Dublin.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
landscs.,  battle  pieces,  and  marine  views.  Wrote  on  various  sub- 
jects.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc.,  1829-47. 

TEERLINCK,  LAVINA.  Ptd.  miniatures  for  Henry  VI 1 1,  and 
Queen  Elizabeth. 

TELBIN,WILLIAM  {b.  1813  ;  d.  1873).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  landscs.  and  theatrical  scenery.  Exhib.  at  B.I.,  S.B.A., 
N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1839-74. 

TEMPLETOWN,  LADY  {d.  1823  or  1824).  Daughter  of  Sir 
W.  S.  Boughton,  Bart.  Ptd.  landscs.  Designed  for  Wedgv.ood. 
Lived  for  some  time  at  Rome. 


iGi  THACKERAY— THORNHILL 

THACKERAY,  WILLIAM  MAKEPEACE  [h.  Calcutta,  1811  ; 
d.  London,  1863  ;  hd.  Kensal  Green).  Educ.  at  Charterhouse  and 
Cambridge.  Best  known  for  his  novels.  Amateur  water-col.  ptr.  ; 
drew  book  illns.,  etc. 

THEOBALD,  HENRY  {d.  1849).  Assoc,  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd. 
genre  subjects.     Exhib.  at  N.W.C.S. 

THIRTLE,  JOHN  [b.  Norwich,  1777  ;  d.  Norwich,  1839  ;  hd. 
Thorpe  Hamlet).  Son  of  a  shoemaker.  First  practised  as  a  minia- 
ture ptr.  ;  afterwards  ptd.  landscs.  and  views  of  towns.  Memb. 
of  the  Norwich  Soc,  where  he  exhib.  ;  exhib.  also  at  R.A.,  1808. 

THOMAS,  GEORGE  HOUSMAN  (&.  London,  1824 ;  d.  Bou- 
logne, 1868),  Apprenticed  to  a  wood  engraver  ;  stud,  under  G.  W. 
Bonner,  and  at  Paris.  Worked  for  a  New  York  newspaper,  and  for 
the  Illustrated  London  News.  Ptd.  pictures  of  ceremonies,  etc. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.I.,  1851-68. 

THOMAS,  WILLIAM  CAVE  {b.  London,  1820).  Stud,  at  R.A. 
Schs.  and  at  Munich.     Ptd.  figures.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  till  1884. 

THOMAS,  WILLIAM  LUSON,  R.L  {b.  1830  ;  d.  1900).  Wood 
engraver  and  landsc.  ptr.  Worked  in  Paris,  New  York,  Rome,  and 
London.  Memb.  of  Inst,  of  Oil  Ptrs.  Founded  the  Graphic  and 
Daily  Graphic.     Exhib.  at  S.B.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  from  i860. 

THOMPSON,  JAMES  ROBERT.  Drew  for  Britton's  publica- 
tions.  Ptd.  architectural  views  and  scenes  of  elephant-hunting. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1808-43. 

THOMSON,  REV.  JOHN  {b.  Dailly,  Ayr,  1778  ;  d.  Dudding- 
ston,  1840).  Known  as  "  Thomson  of  Duddingston."  Son  of  a 
Presbyterian  minister.  Assisted  in  art  by  A.  Nasmyth.  Ptd. 
landscs.  Exhib.  in  Scotland,  and,  1813-31,  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and 
S.B.A. 

THOMSON,  WILLIAM  JOHN,  R.S.A.  (&.  Savannah,  1771 ; 
d.  Edinburgh,  1845).  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols. 
Memb.  of  Scottish  Acad.,  1830.  Ptd.  miniatures,  etc.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  etc.,  1796-1843. 

THORBURN,  ROBERT,  A.R.A.  {b.  Dumfriesshire,  1818 ; 
d.  Tunbridge  Wells,  1885).  Stud,  at  Trustees'  Acad.,  Edinburgh, 
under  Allan  ;  also  at  R.A.,  1836.  A.R.A. ,  1848.  Ptd.  miniatures. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1837-84,  and  at  Edinburgh,  1846-55. 

THORNHILL,  SIR  JAMES  {b.  Melcombe  Regis,  1675  ;  d.  nr. 
Weymouth,  1734).  Pupil  of  Highmore,  a  portrait  ptr.  Ptd.  alle- 
gorical subjects,  chiefly  in  oils.  Ptd.  the  great  hall  at  Greenwich 
Hospital. 


I 


THROSBY— TURNBULL  263 

THROSBY,  JOHN  {b.  1740  [?]  ;  d.  1803).  Parish  clerk  of  St. 
Martin's,  Leicester.  Wrote  and  illus.  works  on  antiquarian  sub- 
jects ;   ptd.  landscs. 

THURSTON,  JOHN  (b.  Scarborough,  1774  ;  d.  Holloway,  1822). 
Engraver  ;  drew  book  illns.,  etc.,  chiefly  in  pencil  and  Indian  ink. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1794-1829. 

TIDEY,  ALFRED  {d.  Acton,  1892,  aged  83).  Ptd.  minia- 
tures. Was  abroad,  iS^j-by.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  etc., 
1831-77- 

TIDEY,  HENRY  F.  {b.  Worthing,  1813  ;    d.  London,  1872). 

Memb.    of    N.W.C.S.  Ptd.    miniatures,    genre,    Scriptural,    and 

poetical  subjects,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S., 
1839-72. 

TILLEMANS,  PIETER  {b.  Antwerp,  1684  ;  d.  Norton,  Suffolk, 
1734).  Son  of  a  diamond  cutter.  Came  to  England,  1708.  Ptd. 
copies  from  old  masters,  landscs.,  hunts,  animals,  etc. 

TOPHAM,  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  (b.  Leeds,  1808  ;  d.  Cordova, 
1877).  Apprenticed  to  an  engraver.  Came  to  London  about  1830. 
Ptd.  landscs.  and  scenes  of  peasant  life  in  Ireland,  Spain,  etc.  Memb. 
of  N.W.C.S.  and  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  N.W.C.S.,  O.W.C.S., 
etc.,  1832-77. 

TOUSSAINT,  AUGUSTUS  {d.  Lymington,  Hants,  between 
1790  and  1800).  Son  of  a  jeweller.  Apprenticed  to  Jas.  Nixon, 
A. R.A.     Ptd.  miniatures  on  ivory  and  in  enamel.     Exhib.  at  R.A., 

1775-88. 

TOWNE,  CHARLES  {d.  1850  [?]).  Memb.  of  Liverpool  Acad., 
1810  ;  Vice-Pres.,  1812-13.  Ptd.  landscs.  and  animals.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc.,  1799-1823. 

TOW^'E,  FRANCIS  {b.  1740;  d.  London,  1816).  PupU  of 
William  Pars.  Lived  much  abroad.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at 
Incorp.  S.A.,  Free  S.A.,  R.A.,  and  B.I.,  1762-1815. 

TRESHAM,  HENRY,  R.A.  {b.  DubUn,  1756  [?]  ;  d.  London, 
1814).  Came  to  London,  1775.  Spent  14  years  abroad.  A. R.A. 
1791 ;  R.A.,  1799;  Prof,  of  Ptg.,  1807-9.  P**^-  portraits,  landscs., 
genre  and  mythological  subjects.  Drew  book  illns.  Wrote  several 
works.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1789-1806. 

TURNBULL,  MRS.    See  Bartholomew,  Mrs.  Valentine. 


264  TURNER— VARLEY 

TURNER,  JOSEPH  MALLORD  WILLIAM  {b.  London,  1775  ; 
d.  Chelsea,  1851  ;  bd.  St.  Paul's  Cathedral).  Son  of  a  hairdresser. 
Pupil  of  Thomas  Malton,  Jun.,  and  Thomas  Hardwick.  Befriended 
by  Dr.  Monro.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1789  or  1790.  Ptd.  landscs.,  views 
of  towns,  etc.,  in  oils  and  water-cols.  A.R.A.,  1799;  R.A.,  1802; 
Prof,  of  Perspective,  1807-37.  Famous  for  effects  of  light  and 
colour.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1790-1850. 

TURNER,  WILLIAM  {b.  Blackbourton,  Oxon.,  1789  ;  d.  1862). 
Known  as  "Turner  of  Oxford."  Pupil  of  John  Varley.  Taught 
drawing  at  Oxford.  Ptd.  landscs.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I..  S.B.A..  and  O.W.C.S..  1807-62. 


UNDERWOOD,  THOMAS  RICHARD  {d.  Auteuil,  1836). 
Studied  at  Dr.  Monro's.  Friend  of  Girtin  and  Francia.  Made 
topographical  drawings.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1789-1801. 

UPHAM,  JOHN  WILLIAM  {b.  Offwell,  nr.  Honiton,  1772  ; 
d.  1828  ;  bd.  Wyke  Regis).  Ptd.  landscs.,  and  executed  etchings. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1801-12. 

UWINS,  THOMAS,  R.A.  {b.  PentonviUe,  1782;  d.  and  bd. 
Staines,  1857).  Trained  as  an  engraver.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Designed 
book  illns.  Memb.  and  Sec.  of  O.W.C.S.  Spent  some  years  in 
Italy.  A.R.A.,  1833  ;  R.A.,  1S38  ;  Librarian  of  R.A.,  1844-55. 
Keeper  of  Nat.  Gall.,  1847.  ^td.  subjects  from  novels  and  poems  ; 
also  Italian  scenes,  etc.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S., 
and  N.W.C.S.,  1809-57. 


VACHER,  CHARLES  {b.  Westminster,  1818  ;  d.  South  Ken- 
sington, 1883).  Stud,  in  Italy.  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1838-81. 

VARLEY,  ALBERT  FLEETWOOD  {d.  Brompton,  1876, 
aged  72).  Eldest  son  of  John  Varley.  Taught  drawing.  Ptd. 
landscs. 

VARLEY,  CORNELIUS  {b.  Hackney,  1781  ;  d.  Highbury, 
1873).  Brother  of  John  Varley.  Befriended  by  Dr.  Monro. 
Foundation  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1803-69. 

VARLEY,  EDGAR  JOHN  {d.  1888).  Grandson  of  John  Varley. 
Painted  landscs.  Curator  of  Architectural  Museum,  Westminster. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  1861-87. 


VARLEY— WAGEMAN  265 

VARLEY,  JOHN  (b.  Hackney,  1778  ;  d.  Highbury,  1842). 
Apprenticed  to  a  silversmith.  Pupil  of  J.C.  Barrow.  Befriended 
by  Dr.  Monro.  Ptd.  landscs.  Helped  to  found  O.W.C.S.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1798-1843. 

VARLEY,  WILLIAM  FLEETWOOD  {b.  1785  [?] ;  d.  Ramsgate, 
1856).  Brother  of  John  Varley.  Taught  drawing  at  Bath,  Oxford, 
etc.     Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1804-18. 

VERELST,  SIMON  {b.  Antwerp,  1637  or  1640  ;  d.  London, 
1710).     Ptd.  flowers  and  portraits. 

VERTUE,  GEORGE  (b.  London,  1684  ;  d.  1756  ;  bd.  West- 
minster Abbey).  Antiquary  and  engraver.  Drew  antiquities, 
portraits,  topographical  views,  etc.,  in  water-cols. 

VICKERS,  ALFRED  GOMERSAL  {b.  Lambeth,  1810  ;  d. 
Pentonville,  1837).  Son  of  Alfred  Vickers,  a  landsc.  ptr.  Ptd. 
landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Visited  Russia.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1827-37. 

VILLIERS,  JEAN  FRANCOIS  MARIE  HCET  (6.  Paris, 
1772;  d.  London,  1813).  Son  of  J.  B.  M.  Hiiet.  Settled  in 
England  about  the  beginning  of  the  last  century.  Memb.  of 
Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.,  1807.  Ptd.  miniatures,  animals, 
etc.  Exhib.  at  Paris  Salon,  1799-1812,  and  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc., 
1803-13. 

VINCENT,  GEORGE  {b.  Norwich,  1796  ;  d.  1831  [?]).  Son  of 
a  weaver.  Pupil  of  Crome.  Ptd.  landscs.  in  oils  and  water-cols. 
Exhib.  at  Norwich  from  i8ii,and  at  R.A.,B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S., 
1814-31. 

VIOLET,  PIERRE  {d.  1819,  in  his  71st  year).  Miniature  ptr. 
to  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette.  Came  to  England  and  taught 
drawing.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1790-1819. 

VIVARES,  FRANCOIS  {b.  nr.  Montpellier,  1709  ;  d.  London, 
1780  ;  bd.  Paddington).  Apprenticed  to  a  tailor.  Came  to  London 
about  1727,  and  stud,  under  J.  B.  Chatelain.  Ptd.  and  engraved 
landscs.  Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A,  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  1766  and 
1768. 

WAGEMAN,  THOMAS  CHARLES  (b.  1787  [?]  ;  d.  1863). 
Memb.  of  N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  portraits  in  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  R.A., 
B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1816-57. 

34 


266  WALKER— WARD 

WALKER,  FREDERICK,  A.R.A.  (6.  Marylebone,  1840  ;  d. 
St.  Fillan's,  Perths.,  1S75  ;  bd.  Cookham).  Son  of  a  designer 
of  jewellery.  Stud,  at  the  Brit.  Mus.,  Leigh's  Sch.,  and  R.A. 
Schs.  Designed  book  illns.  Ptd.  sentimental  subject  pictures, 
landscs.,  etc.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  ;  A.R.A.,  1871.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1863-75. 

WALKER,  JAMES  WILLIAM  (b.  Nonvich,  1S31  ;  d.  Brock- 
dish,  Norfolk,  1898).  Apprenticed  to  a  decorative  ptr.  Stud,  at 
Norwich  Sch.  of  Design.  Taught  drawing  in  London,  and  at  Bolton 
and  Southport.  Ptd.  English  and  Continental  landscs.  E.xhib. 
at  R.A.,  The  Inst.,  etc.,  from  1862. 

WALKER,  WILLIAM  (6.  Hackney,  1780  ;  d.  Sawbridgeworth, 
1863).  Pupil  of  R.  Smirke,  R.A.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists 
in  Water  Cols.,  1807,  and  of  O.W.C.S.  Travelled  in  the  East. 
Ptd.  topographical  subjects.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S., 
1813-49. 

WALKER,  MRS.  WILLIAM  {nk  Reynolds,  Miss  Elizabeth) 
(b.  London,  1800;  d.  London.  1876).  Daughter  of  S.  W.  Reynolds, 
engraver.  Married  William  Walker,  engraver,  1829.  Engraver  and 
miniature  ptr.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1818-50. 

WALLIS,  GEORGE  (6.  Wolverhampton,  181 1  :  d.  Wimbledon, 
1891).  Headmaster  of  Schs.  of  Art  at  Spitaltu-lds,  Manchester,  and 
Birmingham.     Kecj>cr  at  South  Kensington  Museum.     Ptd.  landscs. 

WALLIS,  JOSHUA  (6.  1789;  (/.  Walworth,  1862).  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  snow  scenes.     Exhib.  at  K.A.,  1809-20. 

WALMSLEY,  THOMAS  {b.  Dublin,  1763  ;  d.  Bath,  1805).  Son 
of  a  major.  Ptd.  theatrical  scenery,  and  landscs.  in  body-colour. 
Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  R.A.,  1790-6. 

WALTON,  ELIJAH  (/>.  Manchester,  1833;  d.  nr.  Bromsgrove, 
1880).  Stud,  at  the  Birmmgham  Sch.  of  Design,  and  at  R.A.  Sclis. 
Travelled  in  Norwav,  the  E^t,etc.  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  at  R..\., 
B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1851-66. 

WALTON,  MISS  MARY  ANNE.  Sec  Fielding,  Mrs.  Theodore 
Henry. 

WARD,  EDWARD  MATTHEW,  R.A.  (6.  Pimlico,  1816  ;  d. 
Windsor,  1879).  Stud,  at  R.A.,  1835  ;  at  Acad,  of  St.  Luke  at 
Rome,  1836;  and  later  at  Munich.  A.R.A. ,  1846;  R.A.,  1855; 
Hon.  Memb.  of  The  Inst.  Ptd.  historical  anecdotes.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1834-78. 


WARD— WEBBER  267 

WARD,  JAMES,  R.A.  {b.  London,  1769  ;  d.  Cheshunt,  1859). 
Pupil  of  J.  R.  Smith  and  his  brother,  William  Ward.  Ptd.  chiefly 
animals,  but  also  figures,  etc.  A.R.A.,  1807  ;  R.A.,  1811.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc.,  1790-1855. 

WARING,  JOHN  BURLEY  {h.  Lyme  Regis,  1823  ;  d-  Hastings, 
1875).  Son  of  a  captain  in  the  Navy.  Pupil  of  S.  Jackson.  Ap- 
prenticed to  an  architect.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Spent  2  years  in  Italy. 
Practised  as  an  architect.  Ptd.  flowers,  landscs.,  etc.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  1846-59. 

WARREN,  HENRY  {h.  London,  1794;  d.  London,  1879). 
Pupil  of  Nollekens.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1818.  Memb.  and  Pres.  of 
N.W.C.S.  Ptd.  Eastern  scenes  and  incidents,  though  he  had  never 
been  to  the  East.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S., 
1823-72. 

WATERFORD,  LOUISA,  MARCHIONESS  OF  {d.  1891). 
Second  daughter  of  Charles,  Lord  Stuart  de  Rothesay  ;  married 
3rd  Marquis  of  Waterford,  1842.  Ptd.  figures.  Exhib.  at  Gros- 
venor  Gall.,  etc.,  1877-82. 

WATSON,  JOHN  DAWSON,  R.W.S.  {h.  Yorkshire,  1832;  d. 
Conway,  1892).  Stud,  at  Manchester  Sch.  of  Design,  1847,  and  at 
R.A.  Schs.,  1851  ;  pupil  of  A.  D.  Cooper.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.,  1882. 
Drew  book  illns.  and  genre  subjects,  and  designed  mosaics  and 
frescoes.  Exhib.  at  Manchester,  R.A.,  B.L,  R.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S., 
1851-93- 

WATTS,  GEORGE  FREDERICK,  O.M.,  R.A.  {h.  London,  1817  ; 
d.  1904  ;  hd.  Compton).  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1835  ;  won  a  prize  at  the 
Westminster  Hall  competition,  1843,  and  went  to  Florence  for  4 
years.  Ptd.  portraits,  allegorical  and  mythological  subjects,  and 
landscs.,  chiefly  in  oils  ;  was  also  a  sculptor.  A.R.A.,  1867  ;  R.A., 
1868  ;  H.R.A.,  1896.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  R.B.A.,  Grosvenor 
Gall.,  etc.,  from  1837. 

WATTS,  WALTER  HENRY.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists 
in  Water  Cols.  Ptd.  miniatures  ;  also  worked  in  oils.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.L,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1803-30. 

WEBBER,  JOHN,  R.A.  {h.  London,  1752 ;  d.  London,  1793). 
Son  of  a  Swiss  sculptor  named  Weber.  Stud,  at  Paris  for  5  years ; 
stud,  of  R.A.,  1775.  Accompanied  Capt.  Cook  on  his  third  voyage. 
Ptd.  landscs.     A.R.A.,  1785  ;  R.A.,  1791.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1776-92. 


268  WEBER— WEST 

WEBER,  OTTO,  R.H.A.,  A.R.W.S.  {b.  Berlin,  1832  ;  d.  London, 
1S88).  Worked  at  Paris  and  Rome,  and,  from  1872,  in  London. 
Ptd.  landscs.,  cattle,  etc.,  in  oils  and  water-cols.  Exhib.  at  the  Paris 
Salon,  and,  from  1874-88,  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc. 

WEBSTER,  MOSES  {b.  Derby,  1792  ;  d.  1870).  Ptd.  flowers 
on  porcelain  ;  also  painted  flower  pieces  and  landscs.  Taught 
drawing  at  Derby  and  Nottingham.     Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  1818. 

WEEDON,  AUGUSTUS  WALFORD,  R.L,  R.B.A.  {b.  1838  ; 
d.  1908).  Ptd.  landscs.  Exhib.  from  1859  ^^  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  R.L, 
etc. 

WEHNERT,  EDWARD  HENRY  {b.  London,  1813 ;  d.  Kentish 
Town,  1868).  Son  of  a  German  tailor.  Ediic.  in  Germany.  Memb. 
of  N.W.C.S.  Drew  book  illns.,  and  ptd.  historical  genre  subjects. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1833-69. 

WEIGALL,  CHARLES  HARVEY  {d.  1877).  Memb.  of  N.W.C.S. 
Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  and  N.W.C.S.,  1810-76. 

WEIR,  HARRISON  WILLIAM  {b.  Lewes,  1824 ;  d.  Apple- 
dore,  Kent,  1906 ;  bd.  Sevenoaks).  A  keen  naturalist.  Drew 
animals  and  birds  for  various  periodicals  and  books.  Memb.  of 
N.W.C.S.  Originated  cat-shows  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.L,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1843-80. 

WELLS,  WILLIAM  FREDERICK  (b.  London,  1762 ;  d.  Mit- 
cham,  1836).  Pupil  of  J.  J.  Barralet.  Travelled  extensively. 
One  of  the  founders,  and  Pres.,  of  the  O.W.C.S.  Prof,  of  drawing 
at  Addiscombe  Milit.  Coll.  Friend  of  Turner.  Ptd.  landscs.  in 
oils  and  water-cols.     Exhib.  a.t  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1795-1813. 

WERNER,  KARL  FRIEDRICH  HEINRICH  (CARL 
WERNER)  {b.  Weimar,  1808;  d.  1894).  Stud,  at  Leipzig  and 
Munich.  Travelled  in  the  East,  etc.  Ptd.  views  of  towns,  genre 
subjects,  etc.  Memb.  of  The  Inst,  and  the  Venetian  Acad. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  The  Inst.,  1860-78. 

WEST,  BENJAMIN,  P.R.A.  {b.  Springfield,  U.S.A.,  1738;  d. 
London,  1820  ;  bd.  St.  Paul's  Cathedral).  Went  to  Italy,  1760  ; 
came  to  England,  1763.  Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.,  1765.  Foundation 
Memb.  of  R.A.,  1768  ;  P.R.A. ,  1792.  Ptd.  portraits,  historical  and 
religious  subjects,  landscs.,  etc.  Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  R.A.,  and 
B.L,  1764-1819. 

WEST,  WILLIAM  (b.  Bristol,  1801  ;  d.  Chelsea,  1861).  Known 
as  "  Waterfall  West  "  and  "  Norway  West."  Ptd.  landscs.  Memb. 
of  S.B.A.,  1851.     Exhib.,  chiefly  at  S.B.A.,  from  1824. 


WESTALL— WILD  169 

WESTALL,  RICHARD,  R.A.  {b.  1765  ;  d.  1836).  Stud,  of  R.A., 
1785.  Ptd.  historical  subjects,  landscs.,  etc.  ;  designed  book  illns. 
A.R.A.,   1792;    R.A.,  1794.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A., 

1784-1836. 

WESTALL,  WILLIAM,  A.R.A.  {b.  Hertford,  1781 ;  d.  1850). 
Pupil  of  his  brother,  R.  Westall ;  stud,  of  R.A.  Visited  Australia, 
China,  India,  etc.  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.,  and 
of  O.W.C.S.  ;  A.R.A. ,  1812.  Ptd.  topographical  subjects.  Exhib. 
at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1801-49. 

WHEATLEY,  FRANCIS,  R.A.  {b.  London,  1747  ;  d.  1801).  Son 
of  a  master  tailor.  Stud,  at  Shipley's  Sch.  and  R.A.  Schs.  (1769). 
Practised  for  a  time  as  a  portrait  ptr.  at  Dublin.  Ptd.  genre 
subjects,  landscs.,  etc.,  in  oils  and  water-cols.  A.R.A.,  1790  ;  R.A., 
1791.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.,  R.A.,  etc.,  1765-83. 

WHEATLEY,  MRS.  FRANXIS.     See  Pope,  Mrs.  Alexander. 

WHICHELO,  C.  JOHN  M.  {d.  1865).  Ptd.  landscs.,  marine 
subjects,  views  of  harbours,  etc.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  and  O.W.C.S. 

WHISTLER,  JAMES  ABBOTT  McNEILL  {b.  Lowell,  Mass., 
1834  ;  d.  London,  1903).  Son  of  a  military  engineer.  Stud,  at 
West  Point  Milit.  Acad.  Became  draughtsman  to  Coast  Survey 
Dept.,  Washington.  Came  to  Europe,  1855.  Memb.  of  S.B.A., 
1884;  Pres.,  1886;  resigned,  1888.  Ptd.  portraits,  views  of  towns, 
landscs.,  etc.,  in  oils  and  water-cols. ;  executed  pastels  and  etchings. 
Exhib.  from  1859  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  Grosvenor  Gall.,  etc. 

WHITAKER,  GEORGE  {b.  1834  ;  ^-  i874)-  Pupil  of  Charles 
Williams.  Ptd.  views  of  shipping,  sea-coasts,  and  wild  scenery. 
Exhib.  at  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1859-73. 

WHITTAKER,  JAMES  WILLIAM  {b.  Manchester ;  d.  Bettws- 
y-Coed,  1876).  Apprenticed  to  an  engraver  to  calico  printers. 
Ptd.  landscs.  in  water-cols.  Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.  and  O.W^C.S.,  1862-76. 

WHYMPER,  JOSIAH  WOOD,  R.I.  {b.  Ipswich,  1813  ;  d. 
Haslemere,  1903).  Self-taught  in  art.  Came  to  London,  1830. 
Made  wood  engravings  after  B.  Foster  and  others.  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.,  S.B.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  from  1844. 

WILD,  CHARLES  {b.  London,  1781  ;  d.  London,  1835).  Articled 
to  Thomas  Malton,  Jun.  Ptd.  architectural  subjects,  etc.  Memb., 
Sec,  and  Treas.  of  O.W.C.S.  Made  engravings  of  Gothic  archi- 
tecture.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1803-33. 


270  WILKIE— WOLF 

WILKIE,  SIR  DAVID,  R.A.  (b.  Cults,  Fifeshire,  1785 ;  d.  at  sea, 
nr.  Gibraltar,  1841).  Son  of  a  Scotch  minister.  Stud,  at  the  Trustees' 
Acad.,  Edinburgh,  and  at  the  R.A.  Schs.  (1805).  Ptd.  portraits 
and  genre  subjects.  A.R.A.,  i8og  ;  R.A.,  1811.  Knighted,  1836. 
Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.I.,  1806-42. 

WILLIAMS,  ALFRED  {b.  1832  ;  d.  Ste.  Maxime-sur-Mer,  1905). 
Pupil  of  W.  Bennett.  Ptd.  Alpine  and  other  mountain  scenery. 
Exhib,  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1880-90.     Memb.  of  Alpine  Club  from  1878. 

WILLIAMS,  HUGH  WILLIAM  {b.  at  sea,  1773;  d.  1829). 
Known  as  "  Grecian  Williams."  Memb.  of  Associated  Artists  in 
Water  Cols.  Worked  at  Edinburgh,  etc.  Travelled  in  Italy, 
Greece,  etc.     Ptd.  landscs.     Exhib.,  1808-9. 

WILLIAMS,  PENRY  (0.  Merthyr  Tydvil,  1800  [?]  ;  d.  Rome, 
1885).  Son  of  a  house  ptr.  Stud,  at  R.A.  Schs.  Ptd.  genre 
subjects.  Assoc,  of  O.W.C.S.  Settled  at  Rome,  1827.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S.,  1822-69. 

WILLIS,  HENRY  BRITTAN,  R.W.S.  {b.  Bristol,  1810  ;  d. 
1884).  Son  of  an  artist.  Came  to  London,  1843.  Ptd.  landscs., 
often  with  cattle.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  O.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1844-83. 

WILSON,  ANDREW  {b.  Edinburgh,  1780 ;  d.  Edinburgh,  1848). 
Pupil  of  A.  Nasmyth.  Stud,  of  R.A.  Visited  Italy.  Memb.  and 
Sec.  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.  Drawing  master  at 
Sandhurst  Milit.  Coll.  ;  subsequently  master  of  the  Trustees'  Acad., 
Edinburgh.  Lived  in  Italy,  1826-47.  Exhib.  at  B.I.,  etc.,  1808-34, 
and  at  Edinburgh. 

WIMPERIS,  EDMUND  M.,  V.P.R.I.  {b.  Chester,  1835  ;  d.  1900). 
Apprenticed  to  M.  Jackson,  a  London  wood  engraver.  Drew  for 
various  periodicals.  Ptd.  landscs.  Memb.  of  S.B.A.  and  Soc.  of 
Oil  Ptrs.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  R.B.A.,  R.I.,  etc.,  from  1859. 

WINTOUR,  JOHN  CRAWFORD,  A.R.S.A.  (b.  1825;  d.  1892). 
Ptd.  landscs.     A.R.S.A.,  1859. 

WITHERINGTON,  WILLIAM  FREDERICK,  R.A.  [b.  London, 
1785  ;  d.  London,  1865).  Stud,  at  R.A.  Schs.  from  1805.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  genre  subjects.  A.R.A.,  1830  ;  R.A.,  1840  ;  H.R.A., 
1863.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  etc.,  1808-63. 

WOLF,  JOSEPH,  R.I.  {b.  Morz,  nr.  Koblenz,  1820  ;  d.  London, 
1899).  Drew  and  lithographed  birds.  Came  to  London,  1848. 
Illus.  works  on  natural  history.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  The  Inst., 
etc.,  1849-81. 


WOOD— W  YATVI LLE  2  7 1 

WOOD,  LEWIS  JOHN,  R.I.  {b.  1813  ;  d.  1901).  Ptd.  landscs. 
Exhib.  from  1831  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  R.I.,  etc. 

WOOD,  THOMAS  {b.  London,  1800  ;  d.  Conisborough,  1878). 
Second  son  of  J.  G.  Wood,  F.S.A.,  and  father  of  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood. 
Ptd.  marine  subjects  and  landscs.  Memb.  of  N.\\'.C.S.  Drawing 
master  at  Harrow,  1835-71.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  N.W.C.S., 
1828-53. 

WOOD,  WILLIAM  {b.  1768  ;  d.  London,  1809).  Memb.  and 
President  of  Associated  Artists  in  Water  Cols.,  1807.  Ptd.  minia- 
tures.    Exhib.  at  R.A.,  etc.,  1788-1808. 

WOODFORDE,  SAMUEL,  R.A.  {b.  Ansford,  Somersetshire, 
1763  ;  d.  Bologna,  1817).  Son  of  a  solicitor.  Stud,  of  R.A.,  1782. 
Spent  several  years  in  Italy.  A.R.A.,  1800  ;  R.A.,  1807.  Ptd. 
portraits  and  genre.  Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  B.I.,  1784-1815.  Re- 
turned to  Italy,  1815. 

WORLIDGE,  THOMAS  {d.  and  bd.  Hammersmith,  1766). 
Engraver,  etcher,  and  miniature  ptr.  Practised  at  Bath  and  in 
London.     Exhib.  at  Incorp.  S.A.  and  Free  S.A.,  1761-66. 

WRIGHT,  JOHN  {d.  1819).  Miniature  ptr.  Worked  in  London. 
Committed  suicide.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1795-1819. 

WRIGHT,  JOHN  MASEY  (or  MASSEY)  {b.  PentonviUe,  1777 ; 
d.  1866).  Son  of  an  organ  builder.  Ptd.  theatrical  scenery  ; 
designed  book  illns.  ;  ptd.  subjects  from  well-known  authors. 
Memb.  of  O.W.C.S.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  S.B.A.,  and  O.W.C.S., 
1808-66. 

WRIGHT,  JOHN  WILLIAM  {b.  1802  [?] ;  d.  1848).  Son  of 
a  miniature  ptr.  ;  pupil  of  T.  Phillips,  R.A.  Memb.  and  Sec.  of 
O.W.C.S.  Ptd.  portraits,  scenes  from  Shakespeare,  etc.  ;  was  also 
an  engraver.     Exhib.  at  R.A.  and  O.W.C.S.,  1823-48. 

WYATT,  HENRY  {b.  Thickbroom,  nr.  Lichfield,  1794;  d. 
Prestwich,  1840).  Stud,  of  R.A.  and  pupil  of  Sir  T.  Lawrence. 
Practised  as  a  portrait  ptr.  at  Birmingham,  Liverpool,  Manchester, 
and  in  London  ;  also  ptd.  genre  subjects  and  landscs.  Exhib.  at 
R.A.,  B.I.,  and  S.B.A.,  1817-38. 

WYATVILLE  (WYATT),  SIR  JEFFRY,  R.A.  {b.  Burton-on- 
Trent,  1766  ;  d.  London,  1840  ;  bd.  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor). 
Stud,  architecture  under  his  uncles,  Samuel  and  James  Wyatt. 
Enlarged  Windsor  Castle.  A.R.A.,  1822  ;  R.A.,  1824.  Knighted, 
1828.     Ptd.  architectural  subjects.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  1786-1839. 


2  72  WYLD— ZUCCARELLI 

WVLD,  WILLIAM  {b.  London,  1806  ;  d.  Paris,  1889.)  TraveUed 
with  H.  \'einet  ;  pupil  of  Francia  ;  friend  of  Bonington.  Assoc,  of 
The  Inst.  Ptd.  views  of  towns.  Exhib.  at  R.A.,  B.I.,  and  The 
Inst.,  1849-82,  and  at  Paris. 


YOUNG,  TOBIAS  (d.  1824).  Worked  at  Southampton.  Ptd. 
landscs.  and  theatrical  scenery.     Exhib.  at  B.I.,  1821. 

YOUNGMAN,  JOHN  MALLOWS  {b.  1817  ;  d.  1899).  Stud, 
at  Sass's  Acad.,  1836.  Etched  and  ptd.  landscs.  Assoc,  of 
The  Inst.     Exhib.  at  R.A.,  N.W.C.S.,  etc.,  1834-82. 


ZINXKE,  CHRISTIAN  FREDERICK  {b.  Dresden,  1684;  d. 
South  Lambeth,  1767).  Came  to  England  about  1706.  Studied 
under  Boit.  Patronised  by  George  II.  Ptd.  miniature  portraits  in 
enamel. 

ZUCCARELLI,  FRANCESCO,  R.A.  {b.  Pitigliano,  nr.  Florence, 
1702  ;  d.  Florence,  1788).  Stud,  at  Florence  and  Rome.  Came 
to  London  and  ptd.  landscs.,  scenes  from  Shakespeare,  theatrical 
scenery,  etc.  Memb.  of  Incorp.  S.A.  and  Foundation  Memb.  of 
R.A.  Returned  to  Italy,  1773.  Executed  etchings.  Exhib.  at 
Incorp.  S.A.,  Free  S.A.,  and  R.A.,  1765-82. 


INDEX 


Absolon,  John,  115,  121 

Alexander,  William,  37 

Aquarelle,  4 

Aquatint,   34 

Arnald,  G.,  A.R.A.,  109 

Art  and  Art  Critics,  150 

Art   of  Drawing   and   Painting    in 

Water  Colours,  29 
Arts,  Society  for  the  Encouragement 

of,  13,  14,  17,  56 

Barber,  John  T.,  19 
Barlow,  Francis,  24 
Barret,  George,  Sen.,  R.A.,   18,  37, 

57 
Barret,  George,  Jun.,  Sj 
Beauclerk,  Lady  Diana,  39 
Beaumont,  Sir  George,  42,  53 
Beckford,  William,  42 
Bennett,  W.  J.,  71,  77 
Bentley,  Charles,  96,  98,  109 
Bewick,  Thomas,  129 
Blake,  William,  139 


273 


Bodleian  Library,   10 

Bogle,  John,  19 

Bone,  C.  R,,  20 

Bone,  Henry,  R.A.,  20 

Bone,  H.  Pierce,  20,  71 

Bone,  William,  20 

Bonington,  R.  P.,  81,  82,  116 

Boys,  T.  Shotter,  115,  116 

Brabazon,  Hercules  B.,  151 

Bridges'  History  of  Northamptonshire, 

25 
Brierley,  Oswald,  W.,  115 
Britton,  John,  85,  99 
Bromley,  W.,  109 
Brown,  Ford  Madox,  125,  127 
Buccleuch,  Duke  of,  5 
Buck,  Adam,  19 
Bunbury,  Henry  William,  39 
Burgess,  W.,  106 
Burne-Jones,  Sir  Edward  C,  128 

Caldecott,  Randolph,  120 
Call,  J.  van,  22 

3S 


2  74 


INDEX 


Callow,  William,  R.  W.  S.,  102,  138, 

140 
Cattermole,  G.,  97,  99,  100,  loi 
Chambers,  George,  97 
Cipriani,  Giovanni  Battista,  38 
Cleef,  Joost  van,  6 
Cleveley,  John,  37 
Cleveley,  Robert,  37 
Cleyn,  F.,  li 
Collet,  John,  38 
Collier,  Thomas,  121 
Collins,  R.,  19 
Collins,  Samuel,  16 
Colours,  2,  10,  29 
Constable,  John,  R.A.,  52 
Cooper,  Alexander,  9,  10 
Cooper,  Samuel,  9 
Cooper,  T.  Sidney,  R.A.,  97,  105 
Copper  Plate  Magazine,  The,  48 
Coram,  Captain,  55 
Cornelii,  Lucas,  5 
Cornhill  Magazine,  The,  129,  131 
Cosway,  Maria,  15 
Cosway,  Richard,  R.A.,  12,  13,  14, 

15 

Cotes,  Samuel,  19 
Cotman,  John  Joseph,  84 
Cotman,  John  Sell,  42,  77,  81,  83, 
125 


Cotman,  Miles  E.,  84 
Cowen,  W.,  109,  in 
Cox,  David,  66,  77,  81,  87,  96 
Cozens,  Alexander,  31,  32,  56 
Cozens,  John,  41 
Cristall,  Joshua,  67,  88, 
Crome,  John,  84 
Crosse,  Lawrence,  11 
Cruikshank,  Isaac,  39 


Davenport,  James,  105 

Dayes,  Edward,  27,  36 

Delamotte,  William,  69 

Devis,  Anthony  T.,  37 

De  Wint,  Peter,  42,  73,  74,  76,  81, 

84,  85,  96 
Dickens,  Charles,  94 
Dilettanti  Society,  36 
Dixon,  John,  1 1 
Dobson,  W.  C.  T.,  135 
Dodgson,  G.  H.,  115 
Dossie's  Memoirs  of  Agriculture,  1 3 
Drummond,  S.,  109 
Dudley  Society,  1 18 
Duncan,  E.,  109,  115,  138,  140 
Diirer,  Albrecht,  21 
Durrow,  "  Book  of,"  i 
Du  Sart,  Cornelius,  22 


INDEX 


275 


Edridge,  Henry,  A.R.A.,  81 
Engleheart,  G.,  15,  18 
Engleheart,  John  Cox  D.,  19 
Engravings,  27,  93,  129 
Essex,  William,  20 
Etty,  William,  R.A.,  78 
Evans,  Dr.  John,  26 


Farington,  Joseph,  36,  57 

Father  of    Water  Colour    Painting, 

31,32 
Fellows's,  Sir    Charles,  Expedition, 

96 
Fielding,  Anthony  Vandyke  Copley, 

81,  88,  90,  96,  102,  123 
Fielding,  F.  Nathan,  89 
Fielding,  Newton,  89 
Fielding,  Thales,  89 
Fielding,  Theodore  H.  A.,  89 
Fielding,  Mrs,  Theodore,  89 
Finch,  Francis  Oliver,  97,  98,  99 
Flatman,  Thomas,  il 
Foster,  Birket,  R.W.S.,  93,  138,  143 
Foundling  Hospital  Collection,  55 
Francia,  Louis,  42,  43,  44,  77,  78,  82 
Free  Society  of  Artists,  56 
Fuge,  J.,  109,  III 
Fuseli,  H.,  57 


Gainsborough,  Thomas,  R.A.,  41 
Gtrm,  The,  125 
Gibson,  Richard,  1 1 
Gilbert,  Sir  John,  R.A.,  93,  137 
Gillray,  James,  39 
Gilpin,  Rev.  William,  65 
Gilpin,  Sawrey,  37,  57,  58,  65 
Gilpin,  W.  Sawrey,  60,  64 
Girtin,  Thomas,  42,  45,  46,  47,  48 
Glover,  John,  67,  68 
Good  Words,  129 
Graham's  English  School,  8 
Green,  Charles,  121 
Green,  James,  71 
Green,  Tovmeley,  121 
Greenaway,  Kate,  121 
Gregory,  E.  J.,  R.A.,  120 
Gresse,  John  Alexander,  38 
Greville,  Hon.  Charles,  34 
Grosvenor  Gallery,  147 


Haghe,  Louis,  115,  116,  117 
Harding,  J.  D.,  69,  70,  123 
Havell,  William,  6-/,  68 
Hayes,  Edwin,  115,  121 
Hearne,  Thomas,  35,  36,  81 
Hilliard,  Laurence,  7 
Hilliard,  Nicholas,  6,  7 


276 


INDEX 


Hills,  Robert,  58,  62,  65,  (y"] 
Hilton,  William,  R.A.,  84 
Hine,  Henry,  G.,  121 
Hogarth,  William,  12,  55,  56 
Holbein,  Hans,  4,  5,  6,  23 
Holland,  James,  104,  105 
Hollar,  Wenceslaus,  23 
Holy  Island,  3 
Hone,  Horace,  A.R.A.,  20 
Hone,  Nathaniel,  R.A.,  20 
Homebolt,  Lucas,  5 
Horner,  T.,  97 
Hoskins,  John,  8,  9 
Houghton,  Arthur  Boyd,  129,  133 
Humphrey,  Ozias,  15,  16 
Hunt,  William  Henry,  81,  90 
Hunt,  William  Holman,  123,  125 

Illumination,  Art  of,  i 
Illustrated,  London  News,  The,  93 
Instructions       for       Drawing      and 
Colouring  Landscapes,  28 

Jerrold,  Douglas,  95 
Johnson,  Dr.,  56 


Kauffmann,  Angelica,  40 
Kells^  Book  of,  I 


Landells,  Ebenezcr,  93 

La  Porte,  J.,  71 

Lawrence,  Sir  Thomas,  P.R.A.,  106 

Laxton,  William,  78,  79 

Leech,  John,  93 

Leitch,  W.  Leighton,  115 

Lens,  Bernard,  II 

Le  Prince,  Jean  B,,  34 

Lewis,  John,  F.,  R.A.,  102,  103,  104 

Liber  Siudiorum,  49,  57 

Limnings,  3 

Lindisfarne  Island,  3 

Lindsay,  Sir  Coutts,  Bart.,  147 

Linnell,  John,  42,  66,  1 39 

Linton,  Sir  James  D.,  120 

Lithography,  93 

Lucas,  Master,  4 


Mackenzie,  Frederick,  104 
Macro,  Rev.  Dr.  Cox,  25,  26 
Maisey,  T.,  109,  no,  iii 
Malton,  James,  37 
Malton,  Thomas,  47 
Malton,  Thomas,  Jun.,  37 
Marks,  H.  Stacy,  R.A.,  136 
Marryat,  Captain,  95 
Martin,  John,  78 
Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  11 


I 


INDEX 


277 


Maurer,  J.,  27 

Mee,  Anne,  19 

Melville,  Arthur,  R.W.S.,  144 

Meyer,  Jeremiah,  15 

Millais,    Sir    John    Everett,    Bart., 

P.R.A.,  123,  129,  130,  131 
Mtniatura,  10 
Monamy,  Peter,  24 
Monro,  Dr.  Thomas,  42,  43,  66,  68, 

85,90 
Montagu,  Lady  Wortley,  26 
Moore,  Albert,  A.R.W.S.,  138,  142 
Moore,  Henr}^,  R.A.,  138,  142 
More,  Sir  Antonio,  6 
Morris,  William,  128 
Moser,  Mary,  40,  56,  57 
Miiller,  William  J.,  94,  96 
Mulready,  William,  R.A.,  66 


Nash,  Frederick,  78 

Nash,  Joseph,  97,  loi 

Newcastle  Water  Colour  Society, 
105 

Nev/  English  Art  Club,  150 

New  Society  of  Painters  in  Minia- 
ture and  Water  Colours,  71 

Newton,  Sir  W.  J.,  19 

Nicholson,  Francis,  58,  63,  65 


Nicholson,  F.,  78 
Norgate,  Edward,  10 


Oliver,  Isaac,  7 
Oliver,  Peter,  7,  8, 
Once  a  Week,  129 
"  Opus  Anglicum,"  3 
Ostade,  Adriaan  van,  22 
Oxford  Almanac,  TI.e,  48 


Palmer,  Samuel,  138 

Paper,  30 

Paris  Exhibition  of  1855,  102 

Pars,  William,  36,  56,  57 

Payne,  W.,  35 

Penley,  Aaron  E.,  115 

Pepys,  Samuel,  9 

Phillips,  G.  F.,  109 

Pinwell,  George  J.,  129,  133 

Plimer,  Andrew,  15,  18 

Plimer,  Nathaniel,  15,  18 

Pocock,  Nicholas,  38 

Porter,  Sir  R.  Ker,  44 

Powell,  J.,  109 

Praterita,  1 23 

Prout,  J.  S.,  115 

Prout,  Samuel,  78,  81,  86,  96,  124 


278 


INDEX 


Pugin,  Augustus,  loi 
Punch,  93 
Pyne,  J.  B.,  96 
Pyne,  W.  H.,  46,  58,  65 


Radnor,  Lord,  26 

Read,  Samuel,  138,  141 

Redgrave,  Samuel,  24 

Reeves,  Messrs.  T.  and  W.,  30 

Reinagle,  R.  R.,  69 

Reynolds,    Sir   Joshua,   P.R.A.,    12, 

16 
Richardson,  T.  M.,  Sen.,  105,  109, 

"5 

Richardson,  T.  M.,  Jun.,  104,  105, 

109 
Richmond,  T.,  15 
Roberts,  David,  R.A.,  95,  1 24 
Robertson,  Andrew,  19,  71 
Robson,  G.  F.,  69,  70,  78 
Rooker,  Michael  A.,  35,  57 
Ross,  Sir  William,  R.A.,  19 
Rossetti,  Dante  Gabriel,  123,  125 
Rowlandson,  Thomas,  39 
Royal  Academy,  14,  20,  56,  57 
Rubrication,  2 
Rushout  family,  19 
Ruskin,  John,  89,  123,  124 


St.  Cuthbcrt,  Gospels  of,  3 

St.  Martin's  Lane  Academy,  15,  16, 

17 
Samuel,  G.,  44 
Sandby,  Paul,  R.A.,  30,  32,  33,  34, 

56,57 
Sandby,  Thomas,  R.A.,  32,  33,  34,  57 
Sart,  Cornelius  du,  22 
Schmith,  M.,  45 
Scott,  Samuel,  31 
Serres,  Dominic  M.,  38,  56 
Serres,  John  Thomas,  38 
Shelley,  Samuel,  1 5,  18,  58,  65 
Shepherd,  G.  S.,  109 
Shipley,  William,  1 4 
Short,  Frank,  A.R.A.,  86 
Shute,  John,  6 
Siddal,  Miss,  126 
Smart,  John,  13,  15,  17 
Smith,  John,  "  Warwick,"  36 
Smith,  J.  Raphael,  43,  48,  84 
Society,  Brothers',  43,  44 
Society  of  Artists  of  Great  Britain, 

56 
Somerset  House  Gazette,  The,  46,  65 
Spencer,  Gervase,  12 
Stanfield,  W.  Clarkson,  94,  95 
Stretes,  Guillim,  6 
Sullivan,  Luke,  12 


iNDE^t 


179 


Tapestry  Worb,  Royal,  1 1 

Tavener,  William,  31 

Tayler,  J.  Frederick,   R.W.S.,   102, 

135.  136,  137 
Taylor,  VV.  B.  S.,  109,  no 
Teerlinck,  Lavina,  6 
Ten  o'clock,  150 
Thackeray,  VV.  M.,  131 
Tillemans,  Pieter,  25,  26 
Topham,  F.  W.,  115 
Travelling  Artists,  36 
Turner,    Joseph    Mallord    William, 

R.A.,  42,  43,  46,  57,  124 

Underwood,  T.,  44,  45 

Van  Call,  J.,  22 

Van  Cleef,  Joost,  6 

Van  Mander,  4 

Varley,  Cornelius,  66 

Varley,  John,  42,  66,  87,  89,  90,  98 

"  Vathek,"  42 

Vickers,  A.  G.,  109 

Villiers,  J.  F.  Hiiet,  71 

Vizetelly,  Henry,  93 


Wageman,  T,  109,  in 

Walker,  Frederick,  A.R.A.,  129,  131  - 

133 
Walpole,  Horace,  4,  6,  9 
Warren,  Henry,  109, 114,  iji; 
Waterlow,    Sir    Ernest    A       R.A., 

138 
Webber,  John,  37,  57 
Wehnert,  E.  H.,  11^ 
Weir,  Harrison,  115,  121 
Wells,  Frederick,  60 
Wells,  William  F.,  57,  64 
West,  Benjamin,  P.R.A.,  76 
Westall,  Richard,  R.A.,  57 
Wheatley,  Francis,  R.A.,  38,  57 
Whistler,  J.  A.  McNeill,   129,   147, 

148 
Wilson,  Andrew,  76 
Wilson,  Richard,  R.A.,  41,  56 
Wimperis,  E.  M,,  121 
Wood,  W.,  71 
Woollett,  W.,  35 
Worthington,  44 

Zincke,  Christian  F.,  20 


PRINTED  BY 

HAZELL,   WATbO.N    ANU   VINEY,    LD., 

LONDON   AND  AYLESBURY, 

ENGLAND. 


UNIVERSITY  OP  CALIFORNIA  I 
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